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'90377 Sedna' is a trans-Neptunian object, discovered by Michael Brown (Caltech), Chad Trujillo (Gemini Observatory) and David Rabinowitz (Yale University) on November 14, 2003. At the time of its discovery it was the most distant observed natural solar system body. Sedna may qualify as a dwarf planet pending the detailed definition of that category by the International Astronomical Union.

Contents

General information

Orbital characteristics

Physical characteristics

Classification

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

General information

Sedna was discovered during a survey conducted with the Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory near San Diego, California (USA) using Yale's 160 megapixel Palomar Quest camera and was observed within days on telescopes from Chile, Spain, and the USA (Arizona, and Hawaii). NASA's orbiting Spitzer Space Telescope was also pointed toward the object, but could not detect it — putting an upper-bound on its diameter at roughly three-quarters that of Pluto.
The object is named after Sedna, the Inuit goddess of the sea, who was believed to live in the cold depths of the Arctic Ocean. Before Sedna was officially named it had provisional designation ''.

Orbital characteristics

Sedna has a highly elliptical orbit, with its aphelion estimated at 975 AU and its perihelion at about 76.16 AU. At its discovery it was approaching perihelion at about 90 AU from the Sun. It was the farthest from the Sun that any solar system object had up to then been observed, although some objects like long-period comets originally observed at closer distances were most likely further from the Sun than Sedna but too dim to be observed. Eris was later detected at 97 AU.
Sedna's orbit takes about 12,000 years. It will reach perihelion in 2075 or 2076.
When first discovered, Sedna was believed to have an unusually long rotational period (20 to 50 days). A search was thus made for a natural satellite, the most likely cause for such a long rotation, but investigation by the Hubble Space Telescope in March 2004 observed no such object orbiting the planetoid. New measurements from the MMT telescope suggest a much shorter rotation period, only about 10 hours, rather typical for bodies of its size.^[2]
A study done by Hal Levison and Alessandro Morbidelli of the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA) in Nice, France, suggested that the most likely explanation for Sedna's orbit was that it had been perturbed by a close (~800 AU) pass by another star in the first 100 million years or so of the solar system's existence, possibly one of the other stars that formed out of the same collapsing nebula as the Sun.
Alessandro Morbidelli and Harold F. Levison
''Scenarios for the Origin of the Orbits of the Trans-Neptunian Objects 2000 CR105 and 2003 VB12 (Sedna)''
The Astronomical Journal, (2004) '128', pp 2564-2576. Preprint
They proposed another, less probable scenario that managed to explain Sedna's orbit very well —Sedna could have formed around a brown dwarf about 20 times less massive than the Sun and have been captured by the solar system when the brown dwarf passed through it.
Another possible explanation, advanced by Gomes, involves perturbations of Sedna's orbit by a hypothetical distant ‘planet’ (a planetary-sized companion in the inner Oort cloud). Recent simulations show that Sedna's orbit characteristics could be explained by perturbations by a Neptune-mass object at 2000 AU (or less), a Jupiter-mass at 5000AU or even an Earth-mass object at 1000AU.
A distant planetary-mass solar companion may have produced distant detached objects, , Rodney S., Gomes, Icarus, 2006
Another object, , has an orbit similar to Sedna's but a bit less extreme: perihelion is 44.3 AU, aphelion is 394 AU, and the orbital period is 3240 years. Its orbit may have resulted from the same processes that produced Sedna's orbit.

Physical characteristics

Image:EightTNOs.png|thumb|410px|left|Sedna compared to Eris, Pluto, (136472) 2005 FY₉, (136108) 2003 EL₆₁, Varuna, Orcus, Quaoar, and Earth.
#Earth
rect 646 1714 2142 1994 The Earth
#Eris and Dysnomia
circle 226 412 16 Dysnomia
circle 350 626 197 (136199) Eris
#Pluto and Charon
circle 1252 684 86 Charon
circle 1038 632 188 (134340) Pluto
#2005 FY9
circle 1786 614 142 (136472) 2005 FY9
#2003 EL61
circle 2438 616 155 (136108) 2003 EL61
#Sedna
circle 342 1305 137 (90377) Sedna
#Orcus
circle 1088 1305 114 (90482) Orcus
#Quaoar
circle 1784 1305 97 (50000) Quaoar
#Varuna
circle 2420 1305 58 (20000) Varuna
desc none
# - setting this to "bottom-right" will display a (rather large) icon linking to the graphic, if desired
#Notes:
#Details on the new coding for clickable images is here:
#While it may look strange, it's important to keep the codes for a particular system in order. The clickable coding treats the first object created in an area as the one on top.
#Moons should be placed on "top" so that their smaller circles won't disappear "under" their respective primaries.

Sedna has an estimated diameter of between 1180 and 1800 kilometres (730 to 1120 miles). At the time of its discovery it was the largest object found in the solar system since Pluto was discovered in 1930. It is now generally believed to be the 5th largest known trans-Neptunian object after Eris, Pluto, , and . Sedna is so far from the Sun that the temperature never rises above 33 kelvin (−240 °C; −400 °F).
Observations from Chile show that Sedna is one of the reddest objects in the solar system, nearly as red as Mars. Unlike Pluto and Charon, Sedna appears to have very little methane ice or water ice on its surface; Chad Trujillo and his colleagues at the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii suggest that Sedna's dark red color is caused by a hydrocarbon sludge, or tholin, like that found on 5145 Pholus.^[3] Its surface is homogeneous in colour and spectrum; this is probably because Sedna, unlike objects nearer the sun, is rarely impacted by other bodies, which would expose bright patches like that on 8405 Asbolus.^[4]
Sedna's and Triton's spectra have been recently compared suggesting the following common model of the surface: 24% Triton tholin, 7% amorphous carbon, 26% methanol ice with 33% methane.^[5]

Classification

The discoverers have argued that Sedna is actually the first observed body belonging to the Oort cloud, saying that it is too far out to be considered a Kuiper belt object. Because it is a great deal closer to the Sun than was expected for an Oort cloud object, and has an inclination roughly in line with the planets and the Kuiper belt, they described the planetoid as being an inner Oort cloud object, situated in the disc reaching from the Kuiper belt to the spherical part of the cloud.
A number of explanations have been put forward since, including a passing star
Alessandro Morbidelli and Harold F. Levison
''Scenarios for the Origin of the Orbits of the Trans-Neptunian Objects 2000 CR105 and 2003 VB12 (Sedna)''
The Astronomical Journal, (2004) '128', pp 2564-2576. Preprint
^[6] and a distant, planet-sized object.
Rodney S. Gomes, John J. Matese, and Jack J. Lissauer
''A Distant Planetary-Mass Solar Companion May Have Produced Distant Detached Objects''
To appear in Icarus (2006). Preprint

Sedna, together with a few other objects discovered since (e.g. ), prompted suggestions of a new category of distant objects named ''Extended scattered disc'' (E-SDO),^[7] ''detached objects'',^[8] ''Distant Detached Objects'' (DDO)
Rodney S. Gomes, John J. Matese, and Jack J. Lissauer
''A Distant Planetary-Mass Solar Companion May Have Produced Distant Detached Objects''
To appear in Icarus (2006). Preprint or ''Scattered-Extended'' in the formal classification by Deep Ecliptic Survey.
J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, K. B. Clancy, A. A. S. Gulbis, R. L. Millis, M. W. Buie, L. H. Wasserman, E. I. Chiang, A. B. Jordan, D. E. Trilling, and K. J. Meech
''The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical Classification, the Kuiper Belt Plane, and the Core Population.''
The Astronomical Journal, '129' (2006), pp.
preprint.
The last classification, introduces a formal distinction between ''Scattered-Near'' objects (which could be scattered by Neptune) e.g. Eris from ''Scattered-Extended'' objects like Sedna. The distinction is made formally, using the orbital elements (see Tisserand's parameter).
The discovery of Sedna had also resurrected the question of which astronomical objects should be considered planets and which should not. On March 15, 2004, articles in the popular press reported that ''"the tenth planet has been discovered"''. This question was answered under the new International Astronomical Union definition of a planet, adopted on August 24, 2006. Sedna may be made a candidate for consideration as a dwarf planet. It is not, however, considered to be a planet.

See also

★ Scattered disk

★ Asteroid

★ Kuiper belt

★ Oort cloud

★ Planet

★ Definition of planet

★ Planet X – a hypothetical planet beyond Neptune which does not match the characteristics of Sedna

★ Plutino

★ protoplanetary disc – Sedna's orbit appears to imply a similar origin to the planets and asteroids.

★ 50000 Quaoar – a planetoid beyond Pluto's orbit, discovered in 2002.

★ Trans-Neptunian object – an object beyond Neptune's orbit

References

1. Kuiper Belt Object Magnitudes and Surface Colors
2. On the Rotation Period of (90377) Sedna, , B. Scott, Gaudi, Astrophys.J., 2005
3. Distant planetoid Sedna gives up more secrets
4. Sedna: Mysterious Planetoid Slowly Yielding Up Its Secrets
5. Is Sedna another Triton?, M. A. Barucci, D. P. Cruikshank, E. Dotto, F. Merlin, F. Poulet, C. Dalle Ore, S. Fornasier and C. de Bergh, , , Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2005
6. {{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|volume=432
|pages=598–602
|month=2 December
|year=2004
|title=''Stellar encounters as the origin of distant Solar System objects in highly eccentric orbits''
|first=Scott J.
|last=Kenyon
|coauthors=Benjamin C. Bromley
|url=http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/nature03136
|id=
7. ''Evidence for an Extended Scattered Disk?''
8. D.Jewitt, A.Delsanti ''The Solar System Beyond The Planets'' in ''Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences '', Springer-Praxis Ed., ISBN 3-540-26056-0 (2006) Preprint of the article (pdf)

Bibliography

★ Discovery of a candidate inner Oort cloud planetoid (Brown et.al., submitted to ApJ Letters, 16 March 2004)

★ Hurt, Robert. Artist's Concept of Sedna. California, USA: ''Infrared Processing and Analysis Center''. 15 March 2004.

★ Hurt, Robert. Sedna's Orbit Comparisons. California, USA: ''Infrared Processing and Analysis Center''. 15 March 2004.

★ JPL. Most Distant Object in Solar System Discovered. Press release: ''Jet Propulsion Laboratory''. 15 March 2004.

★ Whitehourse, David. Sedna has no moon, say astronomers. BBC News. 14 April 2004.

External links

★ NASA's Sedna page

★ Mike Brown's Sedna page

★ Official press release by NASA JPL/SCC

★ Astronomy Picture of the Day 04 July 2004 – Artist's rendering of view from Sedna

★ Scenarios for the Origin of the Orbits of the Trans-Neptunian Objects and (Sedna) by Alessandro Morbidelli and Harold F. Levison

★ MPEC 2004-S73: Comment on the naming of Sedna

★ Distant Object Could Hold Secrets to Earth's Past

★ Sedna on The Nine Planets Solar System Tour

★ Hubblesite image April 14, 2004