(Redirected from 2nd millennium AD)
On the
Gregorian calendar, the '2nd millennium' commenced on
1 January,
1001, and ended at the end of
31 December,
2000. It is perhaps more popularly (albeit incorrectly) thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of the year
1000 and finishing at the end of the year
1999.
Summary
The 2nd millennium encompasses the
High Middle Ages, the
Renaissance, the
Early Modern Age, the age of
Colonialism,
Industrialisation, the rise of
nation states and
democracy, and culminates in the
20th century with the impact of
science, widespread
education, and universal
heathcare and
vaccinations in many nations. The centuries of expanding large-scale
warfare with
high-tech weaponry (of the
World Wars and
nuclear bombs) are offset by growing
peace movements from the
United Nations, the
Peace Corps, religious campaigns warning "violence begets violence" (
Christianity, etc.), plus
doctors/
healthworkers crossing borders to reduce injuries or
disease, and the return of the
Olympics as contest without combat.
From the
16th century, major
population movements had set in, initially from
Europe and
Africa (via
Atlantic slave trade) to the
New World, with subsequent increased migration from
Asia to the
Americas, beginning the ever-accelerating process of
globalization.
The tremendous power of technological advancements (with
World War II called the "Scientist's war") leads the
U.S. military to attempt to restrict all
scientific research as classified. However, many scientists (with
Einstein) prevail in explaining intellectual
freedom, and new technology is developed by governments, industry, and
academia across the world, with education shared by many international
conferences and
journals. The development of
moveable type,
radio,
television, and the
Internet spread information worldwide, within minutes, in
audio,
video, and
print-image format to educate, entertain, and alert billions of people by the end of the
20th century.
As information spread, sophisticated
stealth monitoring groups expanded to check access to dangerous technology, and many products became manufactured with built-in
chemical indicators,
micro-printing, or
GPS/radio-locators to back-trace the origin or routing of those products.
The interwoven international
trade led to the formation of
multi-national corporations, with home offices in multiple countries. International business ventures reduced the impact of
nationalism in popular thought.
World population doubles over the first seven centuries of the millennium, from 310 million in AD 1000 to 600 million in AD 1700, and increases tenfold over its last three centuries, rising to 6070 million in AD 2000.
Some significant persons
1001–1500
★
Ferdowsi (
935–
1020), Persian poet
★
Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis) (
936–
1013), Arab Andalusian physician, father of modern
surgery, author of ''
Al-Tasrif''
★
Brian Boru (
941–
1014), Irish High King
★
Basil II (
958–
1025), Byzantine Emperor
★
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) (
965–
1039), Iraqi scientist, father of
optics, pioneer of the
scientific method, considered the "first
scientist", author of the ''
Book of Optics''
★
Murasaki Shikibu (
973–
1025), Japanese author
★
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (
980–
1037), Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist, and author of ''
The Book of Healing'' and ''
The Canon of Medicine''
★
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (
973–
1048), Persian scientist and polymath, father of
geodesy, considered the "first
anthropologist"
★
William the Conqueror {
1028–
1087), Norman Conqueror of England, victor in the
Battle of Hastings
★
Shen Kuo (
1031–
1095), Chinese astronomer, geologist, mathematician, encyclopedist, geographer, official, diplomat, and general who was famous for being the first to write of the
magnetic compass and
Bi Sheng's
movable type printing
★
Omar Khayyám (
1048–
1131), Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
★
Pierre Abélard (
1079–
1142), French philosopher
★
Bhaskara II (
1114–
1185), Indian mathematician, founder of
differential calculus
★
Su Song (
1020–
1101), Chinese astronomer, mechanical engineer, horologist, pharmacologist, mineralogist, and cartographer famous for his astronomical
clocktower featuring an
escapement mechanism and
chain drive
★
Al-Khazini (fl.
1115–
1130), Muslim physicist and astronomer, considered the greatest scholar from
Merv
★
Averroes (
1126–
1198), Arab Andalusian philosopher and physician, founder of
Averroism, a precursor to
secularism
★
Bernart de Ventadorn (ca.
1130–ca.
1190), troubadour
★
Maimonides (
1135–
1204), Jewish philosopher
★
Al-Jazari (
1136–
1206), Arab inventor and mechanical engineer, father of
robotics, father of modern
engineering
★
Saladin (
1137–
1193), Kurdish Muslim military leader
★
Minamoto no Yoritomo (
1147–
1199), first Shogun of Japan
★
Genghis Khan, (ca.
1162/
1167–
1227), Mongolian conqueror
★
Jayavarman VII (ca.
1181–ca.
1219) Khmer king (Cambodia)
★
Thomas Aquinas (
1225–
1274), Italian theologian
★
Dante Alighieri (
1265–
1321), Italian poet
★
John Wycliffe (ca.
1320–
1384), English theologian and early proponent of reform in the
Roman Catholic Church
★
Mansa Musa (
14th century), Malian leader
★
Ibn Khaldun (
1332–
1406), Arab Tunisian philosopher and historian, the father of
demography,
historiography,
philosophy of history and
sociology
★
Timur (
1336–
1405), founder of
Timurid Empire
★
Madhava of Sangamagrama (
1350–
1425), Indian mathematician, founder of
mathematical analysis
★
Yongle Emperor of
China (
1360–
1424), considered among the greatest Chinese emperors.
★
Jan Hus (
1369–
1415), Bohemian religious thinker and reformer.
★
Zheng He (
1371–
1435), Chinese explorer.
★
Johannes Gutenberg (ca.
1398–
1468), Inventor of movable type
printing press
★
St. Thomas Becket (1118–1170), Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Saint
★
Petrarch (
1304–
1374), Italian poet and
Renaissance Humanist
★
Joan of Arc (
1412–
1431), heroine of France and saint
★
Lorenzo de' Medici (
1492–
1519) Italian statesman, poet and patron
1500–1800
★
Isabella of Castile (
1451–
1504) and
Ferdinand II of Aragon (
1452–
1516) Spanish monarchs
★
Christopher Columbus (
1451–
1506), Italian explorer
★
Leonardo da Vinci (
1452–
1519), Italian artist, philosopher and scientist
★
Vasco da Gama (
1469–
1524), Portuguese navigator
★
Nicolaus Copernicus (
1473–
1543), astronomer and mathematician
★
Ferdinand Magellan (
1480–
1521), Portuguese explorer
★
Raphael (
1483–
1520), Italian artist
★
Babur (
1483–
1530), founder of India's
Mughal Empire, descendant of
Timur.
★
Martin Luther (
1483–
1546), German religious reformer.
★
Suleiman the Magnificent (
1495–
1566), Turkish sultan, poet, patron
★
Jyeshtadeva (
1500–
1575), Indian mathematician and astronomer, writer of the world's first
calculus text.
★
Akbar (
1542–
1605), considered the greatest of the
Mughal emperors
★
Miguel de Cervantes (
1547–
1616), Spanish playwright and novelist
★
Lope de Vega (
1562–
1635), Spanish playwright and poet
★
Christopher Marlowe (
1564–
1593), English playwright and poet
★
William Shakespeare (
1564–
1616), English playwright and poet
★
Galileo Galilei (
1564–
1642), Italian scientist/
astronomer, father of modern
physics
★
Jahangir (
1569–
1627), one of the greatest Mughal emperors
★
Thomas Hobbes (
1588–
1679), founder of modern
Political Philosophy
★
Shah Jahan (
1592–
1666), one of the greatest Mughal emperors, builder of the
Taj Mahal
★
René Descartes (
1596–
1650), French philosopher and mathematician
★
Pedro Calderón de la Barca (
1600–
1681), Spanish playwright and poet
★
Molière (
1622–
1673), French playwright, actor and director
★
John Locke (
1632–
1704), English philosopher
★
Jean Racine (
1639–
1699), French playwright
★ Sir
Isaac Newton (
1642–
1727),
physicist,
astronomer, and inventor of
calculus
★
Matsuo Basho (
1644–
1694), Japanese poet
★
Peter the Great (
1672–
1725), Russian Tsar
★
Voltaire (
1694–
1778), French philosopher
★
Benjamin Franklin (
1706–
1790), American founding father and scientist
★
Qianlong Emperor of China (
1711–
1799), considered one of the greatest Chinese emperors
★
David Hume (
1711–
1776), Scottish philosopher
★
Denis Diderot (
1713–
1784), French philosopher
★
Adam Smith (
1723–
1790), Scottish philosopher
★
Catherine the Great (
1729–
1796), Empress of Russia
★
George Washington (
1732–
1799), First American president
★
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (
1749–
1832), German novelist, dramatist, poet, humanist, scientist, philosopher, politician
★
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (
1756–
1791), Austrian composer
★
Maximilien Robespierre (
1758–
1794) French revolutionary leader
★
Friedrich Schiller (
1759–
1805), German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.
★
Hokusai (
1760–
1849), Japanese artist
★
Xu Xiake (
1587–
1641), Chinese geographer and author
★
Xu Guangqi (
1562–
1633), Chinese agronomist, astronomer, and mathematician
★
Byron (
1788–
1824), Anglo-Scottish poet
★
Arthur Wellesley,
Duke of Wellington
★
John Wesley, Protestant
★
Henry VIII, former Catholic
★
Elizabeth I, Protestant, protector of
England
★
Oliver Cromwell, parliamentarian
★
William and Mary, joint monarchs (brought bill of rights to Ireland & England)
===
19th century ===
★
Thomas Jefferson (
1743–
1826), American founding father and president
★
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (
1754–
1838), French politician
★
Alexander von Humboldt (
1769–
1859),
Prussian
naturalist/
explorer ("
continental drift" & scientific
holism)
★
Napoleon I of France (
1769–
1821), French conqueror and emperor
★
Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (
1773–
1859), Austrian politician
★
José de San Martín (
1778–
1850), Argentine military leader
★
Simón Bolívar (
1783–
1830), South American revolutionary and politician
★
Michael Faraday (
1791–
1867), British scientist and inventor
★
Abraham Lincoln (
1809–
1865), American president
★
Charles Darwin (
1809–
1882), British natural scientist
★
Franz Liszt (
1811–
1886), Hungarian
pianist/
composer, inventor of symphonic poems
★
Otto von Bismarck (
1815–
1898), German chancellor
★
Karl Marx (
1818–
1883), German political philosopher
★
Queen Victoria (
1819–
1901), Queen of England & Empress of India
★
Louis Pasteur (
1822–
1895), French microbiologist and chemist.
★
Claude Monet (
1840–
1926), French painter
★
Friedrich Nietzsche (
1844–
1900), German philosopher
★
Thomas Edison (
1847–
1931), Inventor
★
Rhodes of Africa (
1853–
1920)
★
Vincent van Gogh (
1853–
1890), Dutch painter
★
Arthur Rimbaud (
1854–
1891), French poet, adventurer, explorer, businessman
★
Sigmund Freud (
1856–
1939), Austrian psychoanalyst
★
Nikola Tesla (
1856–
1943), Inventor
★
Mangal Pandey (d.
1857), considered to be responsible for the
Indian Mutiny
★
Anton Chekhov (
1860–
1904), Russian playwright and author
★
Henry Ford (
1863–
1947), Industrialist
★
Mahatma Gandhi (
1869–
1948), Indian civil rights leader
★
Henri Matisse (
1869–
1954), French artist
★
Mustapha Kemal Atatürk (
1881–
1938), Turkish soldier, revolutionary and politician
===
20th century ===
★
Marie Curie (
1867–
1934), French physicist of Polish origin
★
David Lloyd George (
1863–
1945), British liberal prime minister
★
Vladimir Lenin (
1870–
1924), First Soviet leader
★
Winston Churchill (
1874–
1965), British prime minister
★
Albert Einstein (
1879–
1955), German physicist
★
Joseph Stalin (
1879–
1953), Soviet leader
★
Pablo Picasso (
1881–
1973), Spanish artist
★
Franklin D. Roosevelt (
1882–
1945), American president
★
Charles Chaplin (
1889–
1977), Silent film actor and director
★
Adolf Hitler (
1889–
1945), German dictator
★
Ho Chi Minh (
1890–
1969), Vietnamese leader
★
Mao Zedong (
1893–
1976), Chinese dictator
★
Walt Disney (
1901–
1966), American film producer and animator
★
Bhagat Singh (
1907–
1931), one of the most famous martyrs of the Indian freedom struggle
★
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (
1876–
1948), Indian Muslim Leader; Father of
Pakistan
★
Norman Borlaug (
1914), father of the Green Revolution
★
Gamal Abdel Nasser (
1918–
1970), Egyptian leader
★
Nelson Mandela (
1918– ), President of South Africa
★
John Paul II (
1920–
2005), Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
★
Martin Luther King, Jr. (
1929–
1968), American civil rights leader
★
Mikhail Gorbachev (
1931), last Soviet leader
★
Ronald Reagan (
1911–
2004), American president
Inventions, discoveries, and introductions
★ '
Communication and
Technology'
★
★
Printing press
★
★
Telegraphy,
Telephone and
Television
★
★
Transistors and
electronics
★
★
Computers
★
★
Public Key Cryptography
★
★
Robotics
★
★
The Internet
★ 'Food and Drink'
★
★
Sugar
★
★
Frozen food
★
★
Powdered milk
★
★
Food processing
★
★
TV dinners and
Fast food
★ '
Mathematics and
Business'
★
★
Calculus
★
★
Insurance
★
★
Rule of Law and
double-entry book-keeping
★ '
Manufacturing'
★
★
Machinery &
machine tools and
Interchangeable Replaceable parts
★
★
Factory
★
★
Circular saw
★
★
The Assembly line
★
★
Plastic
★
★
Nail gun
★ '
Medicine'
★
★
Inoculation,
vaccination &
antibiotics
★
★
Dentistry &
anesthesia
★ '
Power'
★
★
Coal Mining
★
★
Gasoline
★
★
Nuclear power &
waste
★
★
Solar panel
★ '
Science'
★
★ The development of the
scientific method
★
★ Theory of
evolution
★
★ The invention of
genetics and
DNA technology
★
★
Theory of Relativity
★
★
Quantum physics &
Lasers
★ '
Society'
★
★
The Bible in
English
★
★
Christianity (to Americas, Africa, East Indies etc.)
★
★
Negro slaves from Africa
★
★
Capitalism and
socialism
★
★
Universal suffrage and
Parliamentary
Sovereignty
★
★ European explorers colonize
the Americas
★ '
Transportation and
Space exploration'
★
★
Bicycle
★
★
Steam engine and
turbine
★
★
Internal combustion engine
★
★
Railways
★
★
Automobile
★
★
Human Flight
★
★
Landing on the Moon
★
★
Space shuttle,
satellites and the
Space station
★
★
GPS navigation
★ '
Warfare'
★
★
Longbow
★
★
Aircraft carrier
★
★
Nuclear weaponry and the
submarine
★
★
Mechanization of warfare
Centuries and decades
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