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Español9 MM LUGER PARABELLUM
(Redirected from 9 x 19 mm)
The '9mm Parabellum' pistol cartridge was introduced in 1902 by the German weapons manufacturer ''Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken'' (DWM) for their Luger pistol.[1] It was a higher-power version of the earlier 7.65mm Luger Parabellum, itself developed from an earlier 7.65mm Borchardt cartridge.
It is one of the most widespread pistol cartridges in the world. It also is widely used in a variety of pistol-caliber carbines by civilians, and has been the dominant submachine gun cartridge since World War II.
The name ''Parabellum'' is derived from the Latin: ''Si vis pacem, para bellum'' ("If you seek peace, prepare for war"), which was DWM's motto and telegraphic address.
Georg Luger based the 9mm Parabellum cartridge on the earlier 7.65mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. In 1902, Luger presented the new round to the British Small Arms Committee as well as three prototype versions to the U.S. Army for testing at Springfield Arsenal in mid-1903. The German military showed interest in a 9mm version of the Parabellum in March 1904.
The initial cartridge was created by removing the bottleneck of the 7.65mm Luger cartridge resulting in a tapered rimless cartridge. The bullet shape was slightly redesigned in the 1910s for a better auto-loading.
After World War I, 9mm pistols were adopted by a number of countries and acceptance of this caliber spread even more rapidly.
To conserve lead during World War II in Germany, the lead core was replaced by an iron core encased with lead. This bullet, identified by a black bullet jacket, was designated as the 08 mE (''mit Eisenkern'' - "with iron core"). By 1944, the black jacket of the 08 mE bullet was dropped and these bullets were produced with normal copper-colored jackets.
Another wartime variation was designated the 08SE bullet and identified by its dark gray jacket, and was created by compressing iron powder at high temperature into a solid material (''Sintereisen'' - "sintered iron").
A special load (identified either by an “X” on the headstamp or by a green lacquered steel case) with a 9.7g (150gr) full metal jacket bullet with a subsonic muzzle velocity for use with suppressed firearms was produced by the Germans during WWII. Other countries also developed subsonic loads.
The 9mm cartridge has been manufactured by, or for, more than 70 different countries and has become a standard NATO pistol caliber and as well as for military forces around the world.
After WWII, the common weight of the 9mm was changed to 8.0g (124 gr) to increase the accuracy of the ammunition. Many police departments that use 9mm rounds in their handguns switched to this weight after the investigation of the FBI shootout in Miami in 1986, because the lighter 7.4g (114 gr) loading used by the officers was found to be less effective than a heavier load like the 8.0g. Bullets weighing up to 9.5g (147gr) are available.
9mm cartridges are most commonly used in pistols due to their size. However, 9mms were common in semi-automatic carbines produced from the 1950s onward; a version of the Colt M-16 is manufactured in 9mm. It should be noted that the British and Commonwealth forces adopted the 9mm cartridge during WW2 for the British-made STEN submachine gun, and the Australian AUSTEN and Owen submachineguns. Nazi Germany had already adopted the 9mm cartridge for use in the ERMA MP38 - erroneously called the 'Schmeisser' submachinegun in 1938.
The golden age for 9mm in the US occurred during the period between the early 1980s and the mid-1990s along with the "autoloader revolution", as police increasingly began to look to the quick reloading and high capacities inherent to semi-automatic handgun design.
At the time, most police departments were issuing .38 Special caliber revolvers with a six-shot capacity. The .38 Special was advantageous because it offered low recoil, the revolvers were small and light enough to accommodate different shooters, and it was relatively inexpensive.
As law enforcement departments began looking for an semi-automatic equivalent, the 9mm was an obvious parallel to their known standard. Possessing similar ballistics to the .38 Special revolver cartridge, the 9mm is a shorter round, so extra ammunition carrying capacities could be easily increased by as much as 250%. The 9mm pistol cartridge can be accommodated in a compact frame pistol, able to be used by smaller officers and inexperienced shooters.
Soon after, police started the switch to semi-automatic 9mm pistols; the U.S. military did the same with the Beretta 92. With these two solid endorsements, private citizens followed suit in large numbers.
As trust and acceptance in the basic design of the semi-automatic pistol grew, so too did experience with this new class of handguns. Increasingly, it became apparent that there was a gap between the efficacy of the 9mm and the .45 ACP cartridge.
Attempts to bridge this gap came in the early 1990s with the widespread availability of high pressure loadings of the 9mm cartridge. Such cartridges are labeled "+P" or in the case of very high pressure loadings "+P+". Ballistic performance of these rounds was markedly improved over the standard loadings, but the carrying of these rounds also introduced many legal liabilities associated with carrying "extra deadly bullets".
Around the same time, the .40 S&W round debuted at the 1990 S.H.O.T. show for the firearms industry. The .40 S&W sought to fill the gap between 9mm and .45 ACP as a compromise between the two. While increasing bullet diameter to roughly half the difference between 9mm and .45 ACP, the .40 S&W retained the same SAAMI standard pressure load limits of the 9mm (35,000 PSI). This afforded only a 20% (typical) capacity loss when compared to the 9mm, but also afforded the ammunition the speed and controlled. ensured expansion of 9mm +P+ loads without the need for the legally dubious +P label.
Because of the many advantages of the .40 S&W chambering, along with a growing perception of 9mm being an underperformer, the 9mm's popularity declined in the US beginning in the mid-1990s. Currently, 9mm is relatively uncommon amongst American police forces although there are still major metropolitan police departments that issue pistols in that caliber. It also remains the US and the rest of NATO's military standard issue cartridge.
In Russia several arms manufacturers are working on improving the 9x19mm round with even hotter loads and armour piercing bullets, instead of adopting smaller and faster rounds used in the German and Belgian PDW designs. Out of several interesting contenders, the Russian Federation has adopted the PYa as sidearm to for this round.[2]
★ Brass: Since 1902, the common construction material of 9mm cases has been brass. For appearance, durability, or identification cases have been nickel or copper plated or painted.
★ Aluminum: To conserve brass, aluminum cases have been produced since 1941 (Switzerland) and the development of that material in the use of the 9mm has continued and is in use today. Non-reloadable aluminium-cased ammunition is manufactured by IMI in Israel under the 'Samson' brandname.
★ Steel: Various countries have experimented with the use of steel for the construction of 9mm cases since WWI. Lacquered steel cases were used almost exclusively by the Germans during World War 2 with considerable success. Steel case cartridges are still being produced and are available today from Russia.
★ Other materials: Plastics have been widely used in the production of 9mm blank ammunition by a number of countries. Plastic case ball ammunition has been produced in experimental lots.
The 9mm cartridge combines a flat trajectory with moderate recoil. Its main advantages lie in its small size and low use of resources for manufacturing. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to overpenetrate and small wound cavity size when nonexpanding bullets are used. There are many anecdotal reports of soldiers being shot with 9mm full metal jacket (nonexpanding) bullets in the extremities and not even realizing it, or at least not being slowed down. Like many battle reports, these are difficult to prove or disprove.
Because it is inexpensive, easy to manufacture and effective enough for most uses, it has become the most used pistol cartridge in the world. In the U.S., 9mm remains a very popular civilian cartridge for self-defense and handgun target shooting, due to its low cost, modest recoil, and the large number of handguns available in this chambering.
The 9mm cartridge was extremely popular for police use in the 1980s and early 1990s but fell out of favor — a result of marginal results in some shootings — likely due to the relatively primitive bullets available at the time, and the introduction of the .40 S&W cartridge that offered superior ballistic performance while retaining much of the ammunition capacities associated with 9mm ammunition.
In practical use, 9mm is most effective with increased-pressure +P and +P+ loads with expanding (hollow point) bullets which are intended to increase damage in soft tissue. It should be noted, however, that in the U.S. such loadings have introduced legal liabilities in otherwise justifiable incidents that have occurred in the past.
★ 9mm
★ 9mm Luger
★ 9mm NATO
★ 9x19mm
★ 9x19mm NATO
★ 9mm Parabellum
★ 9mm Para
★ Various photos of 9mm Parabellum ammunition
★ Extensive data on 9mm Parabellum ammunition variations and development
★ Article on 9mm Parabellum cartridge collecting including history with photos and descriptions of variations including headstamps
★ 9 mm caliber
★ List of firearms
★ List of handgun cartridges
★ List of rifle cartridges
1. Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. ''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th Edition)'', p.40. Krause Publications, 2000
2. http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg50-e.htm
9mm videos
The '9mm Parabellum' pistol cartridge was introduced in 1902 by the German weapons manufacturer ''Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken'' (DWM) for their Luger pistol.[1] It was a higher-power version of the earlier 7.65mm Luger Parabellum, itself developed from an earlier 7.65mm Borchardt cartridge.
It is one of the most widespread pistol cartridges in the world. It also is widely used in a variety of pistol-caliber carbines by civilians, and has been the dominant submachine gun cartridge since World War II.
The name ''Parabellum'' is derived from the Latin: ''Si vis pacem, para bellum'' ("If you seek peace, prepare for war"), which was DWM's motto and telegraphic address.
| Contents |
| Development |
| Case material and design |
| Performance |
| Synonyms |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
Development
Georg Luger based the 9mm Parabellum cartridge on the earlier 7.65mm Parabellum pistol cartridge. In 1902, Luger presented the new round to the British Small Arms Committee as well as three prototype versions to the U.S. Army for testing at Springfield Arsenal in mid-1903. The German military showed interest in a 9mm version of the Parabellum in March 1904.
The initial cartridge was created by removing the bottleneck of the 7.65mm Luger cartridge resulting in a tapered rimless cartridge. The bullet shape was slightly redesigned in the 1910s for a better auto-loading.
After World War I, 9mm pistols were adopted by a number of countries and acceptance of this caliber spread even more rapidly.
To conserve lead during World War II in Germany, the lead core was replaced by an iron core encased with lead. This bullet, identified by a black bullet jacket, was designated as the 08 mE (''mit Eisenkern'' - "with iron core"). By 1944, the black jacket of the 08 mE bullet was dropped and these bullets were produced with normal copper-colored jackets.
Another wartime variation was designated the 08SE bullet and identified by its dark gray jacket, and was created by compressing iron powder at high temperature into a solid material (''Sintereisen'' - "sintered iron").
A special load (identified either by an “X” on the headstamp or by a green lacquered steel case) with a 9.7g (150gr) full metal jacket bullet with a subsonic muzzle velocity for use with suppressed firearms was produced by the Germans during WWII. Other countries also developed subsonic loads.
The 9mm cartridge has been manufactured by, or for, more than 70 different countries and has become a standard NATO pistol caliber and as well as for military forces around the world.
After WWII, the common weight of the 9mm was changed to 8.0g (124 gr) to increase the accuracy of the ammunition. Many police departments that use 9mm rounds in their handguns switched to this weight after the investigation of the FBI shootout in Miami in 1986, because the lighter 7.4g (114 gr) loading used by the officers was found to be less effective than a heavier load like the 8.0g. Bullets weighing up to 9.5g (147gr) are available.
9mm cartridges are most commonly used in pistols due to their size. However, 9mms were common in semi-automatic carbines produced from the 1950s onward; a version of the Colt M-16 is manufactured in 9mm. It should be noted that the British and Commonwealth forces adopted the 9mm cartridge during WW2 for the British-made STEN submachine gun, and the Australian AUSTEN and Owen submachineguns. Nazi Germany had already adopted the 9mm cartridge for use in the ERMA MP38 - erroneously called the 'Schmeisser' submachinegun in 1938.
The golden age for 9mm in the US occurred during the period between the early 1980s and the mid-1990s along with the "autoloader revolution", as police increasingly began to look to the quick reloading and high capacities inherent to semi-automatic handgun design.
At the time, most police departments were issuing .38 Special caliber revolvers with a six-shot capacity. The .38 Special was advantageous because it offered low recoil, the revolvers were small and light enough to accommodate different shooters, and it was relatively inexpensive.
As law enforcement departments began looking for an semi-automatic equivalent, the 9mm was an obvious parallel to their known standard. Possessing similar ballistics to the .38 Special revolver cartridge, the 9mm is a shorter round, so extra ammunition carrying capacities could be easily increased by as much as 250%. The 9mm pistol cartridge can be accommodated in a compact frame pistol, able to be used by smaller officers and inexperienced shooters.
Soon after, police started the switch to semi-automatic 9mm pistols; the U.S. military did the same with the Beretta 92. With these two solid endorsements, private citizens followed suit in large numbers.
As trust and acceptance in the basic design of the semi-automatic pistol grew, so too did experience with this new class of handguns. Increasingly, it became apparent that there was a gap between the efficacy of the 9mm and the .45 ACP cartridge.
Attempts to bridge this gap came in the early 1990s with the widespread availability of high pressure loadings of the 9mm cartridge. Such cartridges are labeled "+P" or in the case of very high pressure loadings "+P+". Ballistic performance of these rounds was markedly improved over the standard loadings, but the carrying of these rounds also introduced many legal liabilities associated with carrying "extra deadly bullets".
Around the same time, the .40 S&W round debuted at the 1990 S.H.O.T. show for the firearms industry. The .40 S&W sought to fill the gap between 9mm and .45 ACP as a compromise between the two. While increasing bullet diameter to roughly half the difference between 9mm and .45 ACP, the .40 S&W retained the same SAAMI standard pressure load limits of the 9mm (35,000 PSI). This afforded only a 20% (typical) capacity loss when compared to the 9mm, but also afforded the ammunition the speed and controlled. ensured expansion of 9mm +P+ loads without the need for the legally dubious +P label.
Because of the many advantages of the .40 S&W chambering, along with a growing perception of 9mm being an underperformer, the 9mm's popularity declined in the US beginning in the mid-1990s. Currently, 9mm is relatively uncommon amongst American police forces although there are still major metropolitan police departments that issue pistols in that caliber. It also remains the US and the rest of NATO's military standard issue cartridge.
In Russia several arms manufacturers are working on improving the 9x19mm round with even hotter loads and armour piercing bullets, instead of adopting smaller and faster rounds used in the German and Belgian PDW designs. Out of several interesting contenders, the Russian Federation has adopted the PYa as sidearm to for this round.[2]
Case material and design
★ Brass: Since 1902, the common construction material of 9mm cases has been brass. For appearance, durability, or identification cases have been nickel or copper plated or painted.
★ Aluminum: To conserve brass, aluminum cases have been produced since 1941 (Switzerland) and the development of that material in the use of the 9mm has continued and is in use today. Non-reloadable aluminium-cased ammunition is manufactured by IMI in Israel under the 'Samson' brandname.
★ Steel: Various countries have experimented with the use of steel for the construction of 9mm cases since WWI. Lacquered steel cases were used almost exclusively by the Germans during World War 2 with considerable success. Steel case cartridges are still being produced and are available today from Russia.
★ Other materials: Plastics have been widely used in the production of 9mm blank ammunition by a number of countries. Plastic case ball ammunition has been produced in experimental lots.
Performance
An expanded 124 grain 9mm jacketed hollow point.
The 9mm cartridge combines a flat trajectory with moderate recoil. Its main advantages lie in its small size and low use of resources for manufacturing. Its main disadvantages are its tendency to overpenetrate and small wound cavity size when nonexpanding bullets are used. There are many anecdotal reports of soldiers being shot with 9mm full metal jacket (nonexpanding) bullets in the extremities and not even realizing it, or at least not being slowed down. Like many battle reports, these are difficult to prove or disprove.
Because it is inexpensive, easy to manufacture and effective enough for most uses, it has become the most used pistol cartridge in the world. In the U.S., 9mm remains a very popular civilian cartridge for self-defense and handgun target shooting, due to its low cost, modest recoil, and the large number of handguns available in this chambering.
The 9mm cartridge was extremely popular for police use in the 1980s and early 1990s but fell out of favor — a result of marginal results in some shootings — likely due to the relatively primitive bullets available at the time, and the introduction of the .40 S&W cartridge that offered superior ballistic performance while retaining much of the ammunition capacities associated with 9mm ammunition.
In practical use, 9mm is most effective with increased-pressure +P and +P+ loads with expanding (hollow point) bullets which are intended to increase damage in soft tissue. It should be noted, however, that in the U.S. such loadings have introduced legal liabilities in otherwise justifiable incidents that have occurred in the past.
Synonyms
★ 9mm
★ 9mm Luger
★ 9mm NATO
★ 9x19mm
★ 9x19mm NATO
★ 9mm Parabellum
★ 9mm Para
See also
★ Various photos of 9mm Parabellum ammunition
★ Extensive data on 9mm Parabellum ammunition variations and development
★ Article on 9mm Parabellum cartridge collecting including history with photos and descriptions of variations including headstamps
★ 9 mm caliber
★ List of firearms
★ List of handgun cartridges
★ List of rifle cartridges
References
1. Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. ''Military Small Arms of the 20th Century (7th Edition)'', p.40. Krause Publications, 2000
2. http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg50-e.htm
External links
9mm videos
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