A. J. CRONIN

'Archibald Joseph Cronin' (July 19, 1896–January 6, 1981) was a Scottish novelist, dramatist, and nonfiction writer who was one of the most renowned storytellers of the twentieth century. His best-known works are ''The Citadel'' and ''The Keys of the Kingdom'', both of which were made into Oscar-nominated films. The Dr. Finlay character originated in Cronin's 1935 novella, ''Country Doctor'', which led to further stories that were collected in ''Adventures of a Black Bag''. These provided the basis for the long-running BBC television and radio series entitled ''Dr. Finlay's Casebook''.
Born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire (now in Argyll and Bute) and raised in Yorkhill, Glasgow, Cronin was the only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Montgomerie Cronin, and a Catholic father, Patrick Cronin, and would later write of young men from similarly mixed backgrounds. Cronin was a precocious student at Dumbarton Academy and won many writing competitions. Due to his exceptional abilities, he was awarded a scholarship to study medicine at the University of Glasgow. It was there that he met his future wife, Agnes Mary Gibson, who was also a medical student, and a Protestant. He graduated with highest honours from medical school in 1919 and went on to earn additional degrees, including a Diploma in Public Health in 1923 and his MRCP in 1924.
Cronin served as a Royal Navy surgeon during World War I, like the medical hero of his novel ''Shannon's Way''. After the war, he trained in various hospitals before taking up his first practice in Tredegar, a mining town in South Wales. In 1924, he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain. He drew on his experiences researching the occupational hazards of the mining industry for his later novels ''The Citadel'', set in Wales, and ''The Stars Look Down'', set in Northumberland. He subsequently moved to London and had a thriving practice on Harley Street. While on holiday in the Scottish Highlands, Cronin wrote his lengthy first novel, ''Hatter's Castle'', in the brief span of three months. It was quickly accepted by Gollancz, the first and only publishing house to which the manuscript had been submitted. The novel was a great success, launching his career as a prolific author, and he never returned to practicing medicine.
Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers which were translated into numerous languages. His strengths included his narrative skill and his powers of acute observation and graphic description. Some of his stories draw on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance, and social criticism. In addition to stressing the need for tolerance, Cronin's works examine moral conflicts between the individual and society as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the common man. ''The Citadel'' incited the establishment of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom by exposing the inequity and incompetence of medical practice at the time. Not only were the author's pioneering ideas instrumental in the creation of the NHS, but the popularity of his novels played a substantial role in the Labour Party's landslide 1945 victory.^[1]
In the late 1930s Cronin moved to the United States with his wife and three sons, living in Greenwich, Connecticut before eventually settling in New Canaan. He also had homes on the French Riviera and in Bermuda, and he summered in Blue Hill, Maine. From an early age, he was an avid golfer, and he loved fishing as well. Ultimately, he returned to Europe, residing in Lucerne and Montreux, Switzerland for the last twenty-five years of his life and continuing to write into his eighties. He died on January 6, 1981, in Montreux.

Contents

Bibliography

Selected periodical publications

UK/US film adaptations

Selected television credits

Selected radio credits

References

External links

Bibliography

★ ''Hatter's Castle'' (1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0

★ ''Three Loves'' (1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1

★ ''Kaleidoscope in "K"'' (short story, 1933)

★ ''Grand Canary'' (1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9

★ ''Country Doctor'' (novella, 1935)

★ ''The Stars Look Down'' (1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X

★ ''The Citadel'' (1937) ISBN 0-450-01041-4

★ ''Vigil in the Night'' (serial, 1939)

★ ''Jupiter Laughs'' (play, 1940)

★ ''The Keys of the Kingdom'' (1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2

★ ''Adventures of a Black Bag'' (1943, rev. 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X

★ ''The Green Years'' (1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2

★ ''Shannon's Way'' (1948), ISBN 0-450-03313-9

★ ''The Spanish Gardener'' (1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9

★ ''Adventures in Two Worlds'' (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0

★ ''Beyond This Place'' (1953), ISBN 0-450-01708-7

★ ''A Thing of Beauty'' (1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; also published as ''Crusader's Tomb'' (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4

★ ''The Northern Light'' (1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6

★ ''The Innkeeper's Wife'' (1958)

★ ''The Cronin Omnibus'' (1958) ISBN 0-575-05836-6

★ ''The Native Doctor''; also published as ''An Apple in Eden'' (1959)

★ ''The Judas Tree'' (1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6

★ ''A Song of Sixpence'' (1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0

★ ''Further Adventures of a Black Bag'' (1966) ISBN 0-563-49432-8

★ ''A Pocketful of Rye'' (1969), ISBN 0-450-39010-1

★ ''Desmonde'' (1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also published as ''The Minstrel Boy'' (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5

★ ''Lady with Carnations'' (1976), ISBN 0-450-03631-6

★ ''Gracie Lindsay'' (1978), ISBN 0-450-04536-6

★ ''Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae'' (1978) ISBN 0-450-04246-4

Selected periodical publications

★ "The Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met: The Doctor of Lennox," ''Reader's Digest'', 35 (September 1939): 26-30.

★ "Turning Point of My Career," ''Reader's Digest'', 38 (May 1941): 53-57.

★ "Diogenes in Maine," ''Reader's Digest'', 39 (August 1941): 11-13.

★ "Reward of Mercy," ''Reader's Digest'', 39 (September 1941): 25-37.

★ "How I Came to Write a Novel of a Priest," ''Life'', 11 (20 October 1941): 64-66.

★ "Drama in Everyday Life," ''Reader's Digest'', 42 (March 1943): 83-86.

★ "Candles in Vienna," ''Reader's Digest'', 48 (June 1946): 1-3.

★ "Star of Hope Still Rises," ''Reader's Digest'', 53 (December 1948): 1-3.

★ "Johnny Brown Stays Here," ''Reader's Digest'', 54 (January 1949): 9-12.

★ "Two Gentlemen of Verona," ''Reader's Digest'', 54 (February 1949): 1-5.

★ "Greater Gift," ''Reader's Digest'', 54 (March 1949): 88-91.

★ "Irish Rose," ''Reader's Digest'', 56 (January 1950): 21-24.

★ "Monsieur le Maire," ''Reader's Digest'', 58 (January 1951): 52-56.

★ "Best Investment I Ever Made," ''Reader's Digest'', 58 (March 1951): 25-28.

★ "Quo Vadis?," ''Reader's Digest'', 59 (December 1951): 41-44.

★ "Tombstone for Nora Malone," ''Reader's Digest'', 60 (January 1952): 99-101.

★ "When You Dread Failure," ''Reader's Digest'', 60 (February 1952): 21-24.

★ "What I Learned at La Grande Chartreuse," ''Reader's Digest'', 62 (February 1953): 73-77.

★ "Grace of Gratitude," ''Reader's Digest'', 62 (March 1953): 67-70.

★ "Thousand and One Lives," ''Reader's Digest'', 64 (January 1954): 8-11.

★ "How to Stop Worrying," ''Reader's Digest'', 64 (May 1954): 47-50.

★ "Don't Be Sorry for Yourself!," ''Reader's Digest'', 66 (February 1955): 97-100.

★ "Unless You Deny Yourself," ''Reader's Digest'', 68 (January 1956): 54-56.

★ "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," ''Reader's Digest'', 89 (November 1966): 153-157.^[2]

UK/US film adaptations

★ 1934 – '''Once to Every Woman''' (from serial, ''Kaleidoscope in "K"'') – directed by Lambert Hillyer, featuring Ralph Bellamy, Walter Connolly, Fay Wray, Walter Byron, and Mary Carlisle

★ 1934 – '''Grand Canary''' – directed by Irving Cummings, featuring Warner Baxter, Madge Evans, Marjorie Rambeau, Zita Johann, and H.B. Warner

★ 1938 – '''The Citadel''' – directed by King Vidor, featuring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson, Rex Harrison, Emlyn Williams, and Cecil Parker

★ 1940 – '''Vigil in the Night''' – directed by George Stevens, featuring Carole Lombard, Brian Aherne, Anne Shirley, Robert Coote, and Peter Cushing

★ 1940 – '''The Stars Look Down''' – directed by Carol Reed, narrated by Lionel Barrymore (US version), featuring Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Emlyn Williams, Nancy Price, Edward Rigby, Allan Jeayes, and Cecil Parker

★ 1941 – '''Shining Victory''' (from play ''Jupiter Laughs'') – directed by Irving Rapper, featuring James Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Crisp, Barbara O'Neil, and Bette Davis

★ 1942 – '''Hatter's Castle''' – directed by Lance Comfort, featuring Robert Newton, Deborah Kerr, James Mason, Emlyn Williams, and Enid Stamp-Taylor

★ 1944 – '''The Keys of the Kingdom''' – directed by John M. Stahl, featuring Gregory Peck, Thomas Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner, Edmund Gwenn, Benson Fong, Cedric Hardwicke, Jane Ball, Roddy McDowall, Philip Ahn, Peggy Ann Garner, James Gleason, and Anne Revere

★ 1946 – '''The Green Years''' – directed by Victor Saville, featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler, Hume Cronyn, Gladys Cooper, Dean Stockwell, Jessica Tandy, Richard Haydn, Norman Lloyd, and Andy Clyde

★ 1957 – '''The Spanish Gardener''' – directed by Philip Leacock, featuring Dirk Bogarde, Jon Whiteley, Michael Hordern, Cyril Cusack, Lyndon Brook, Bernard Lee, Rosalie Crutchley, and Geoffrey Keen

★ 1959 – '''Web of Evidence''' (from novel ''Beyond This Place'') – directed by Jack Cardiff, featuring Van Johnson, Vera Miles, Emlyn Williams, Bernard Lee, and Jean Kent

Selected television credits

★ 1962-1971 – ''Dr. Finlay's Casebook'' (BBC), featuring Bill Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen

★ 1983 – ''The Citadel'' (BBC and PBS), featuring Ben Cross, Clare Higgins, Tenniel Evans, and Gareth Thomas

★ 1993 – ''Doctor Finlay'' (ITV and PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, Jason Flemyng, Jessica Turner, Gordon Reid, and Margo Gunn

Selected radio credits

★ 1970-1978 – ''Dr. Finlay's Casebook'' (BBC Radio 4), featuring Bill Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen (rebroadcast in 2003 on BBC 7)

★ 2001-2002 – ''Adventures of a Black Bag'' (BBC Radio 4), featuring John Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, Katy Murphy, and Celia Imrie

References

1. Colin Harrison and Philip B. Gough, "Conversations: Compellingness in Reading Research," ''Reading Research Quarterly'' 31.3 (1996): 334-341.
2. ''Dictionary of Literary Biography''

External links

★ Partial list of Cronin's short stories at The FictionMags Index

★

★ Radio dramatization of "The Doctor of Lennox"