ACID HOUSE

'Acid house' is an electronic music-oriented subgenre of house music, which emphasizes a repetitive, hypnotic and trance-like style, with samples or spoken lines rather than sung lyrics. Acid house's characteristic electronic "squelch" sounds were developed by mid-1980s DJs who were experimenting with the Roland TB-303 electronic synthesizer-sequencer. Acid House spread to the United Kingdom where it was played by DJs in the early rave scene. By the late 1980s, copycat tracks and Acid House remixes brought the style into the mainstream, where it influenced other pop and dance styles.

Contents

History

Etymology

Notable acid house artists

See also

External links

References

History

UK acid house and rave fans use the yellow smiley face symbol as the emblem of the music and scene, a "vapid, anonymous smile" which portrayed the "simplest and gentlest of the Eighties’ youth manifestations" that was non-aggressive, "except in terms of decibels" at the high-volume DJ parties ^[1] Some acid house fans used a smiley face with a blood streak on it, which ''Watchmen'' comics creator Alan Moore asserts was based on Dave Gibbons' artwork for the series.^[2]
Acid house soon began influencing UK pop music, emerging in a somewhat sanitized form in songs like Bananarama's "Tripping on Your Love" (1991) and Samantha Fox's "Love House" (1989). As well, acid house influences appearing as remixes of pop songs on 12" singles by mainstream acts and in the hit song "Theme from S'Express" by electronic band S'Express in 1988.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, news media and tabloids devoted an increasing amount of coverage to the hedonistic acid house/rave scene, focusing on its association with psychedelic drugs and club drugs. The sensationalistic nature coverage may have contributed to the banning of acid house, during its heyday, from radio, television, and retail outlets in the United Kingdom. Musically, acid house eventually moved away from its reliance on the TB-303, but continued to use repeated sound sequences that were shifted and warped by electronic modulation.

Etymology

There are conflicting accounts about how the term "acid" came to be used to describe this style of house music. British performer and musician Genesis P-Orridge from the experimental music collective Psychic TV claims that he invented the term "acid house." In the ''Better Living Through Circuitry'' interview, he states that when he asked a Chicago record store clerk for the weirdest records on hand, he was pointed to the "acid house" section. P-Orridge claims that he listened to them to try to figure out what made them psychedelic, he believed that the tempo was the key element. ^[3]; however, this claim is disputed by another member of Psychic TV . ^[4] The reference to "acid" may also be a celebratory reference to psychedelic drugs in general, such as Ecstasy (MDMA), a popular mid-1980s club drug.
Other accounts of the etymology of the term are not based on the LSD or psychedelic connotations. Before DJ Pierre's "Acid Trax" (by his group Phuture) was given a title for commercial release, it was played at a nightclub by DJ Ron Hardy, where it was called "Ron Hardy's Acid Track" (or "Ron Hardy's Acid Trax"). After the release of Phuture's song, and the term Acid House came into common parlance.^[5] Philippe Renaud, a journalist for ''La Presse'' in Montreal, states that the term "Acid house" was "Coined in Chicago in 1987 to describe the sound of the Roland 303 bass machine." Renaud states that acid house music "made its first significant recording appearance on Phuture's Acid Trax (DJ Pierre) in that year."^[6]
The theory that "acid" was a derogatory reference towards the use of samples in acid house music was repeated in the press and in the British House of Commons ^[7]. In this theory, the term "acid" came from the slang term "acid burning", which the Oxford Dictionary of New Words calls "a term for stealing." Since acid house makes substantial use of sampling, this can be deemed "stealing from other tracks"^[8][9] One of the problems with this theory is that although early house music producers did use samples, most acid house music was fully original compositions made using sequencers and synthesizers.
In 1991, UK Libertarian advocate Paul Staines claimed that he made up the non-drug oriented explanation (equating "acid burning" with stealing) to discourage the government from adopting anti-rave party legislation. Staines stated that he spread this misinformation because he believed that the British public would deem the use of drugs at rave parties to be unacceptable, and would therefore support legislation against rave parties. ^[10][11]
Once the term ''acid house'' became more widely used, participants at acid house-themed events in the UK and Ibiza made the psychedelic drug connotations a reality by using club drugs such as ecstasy.^[12][13][14] This coincided with an increasing level of scrutiny and sensationalism in the mainstream press,^[15] although conflicting accounts about the degree of connection between acid house music and drugs continued to surface.^[16]

Notable acid house artists

★ Phuture - Chicago-based group of acid house pioneers, formed in 1985 and best known for their classic 1987 single "Acid Trax", which is considered to be the E.P. which gave birth to the Acid House Movement.

★ DJ Pierre, a member of Phuture, released various solo acid house tracks and remixes

★ Armando - Chicago acid house musician, for "Land of Confusion"

★ Mr. Lee - another Chicago house musician who released several acid house tracks in 1988

★ Fast Eddie - another Chicago house musician, for "Acid Thunder"

★ Adonis - another Chicago house musician, for "We're Rockin Down The House"

★ Bam Bam - another Chicago house musician, for "Where Is Your Child" and "Give It To Me"

★ Lil Louis - another Chicago house musician, for "Frequency"

★ 808 State - a Manchester, UK-based group of house/techno musicians, formed in 1988. Their first album, ''Newbuild'', was acid house, and occasional acid house influences appear in later tracks.

★ A Guy Called Gerald - 808 State cofounder, for the single "Voodoo Ray"

★ The KLF - for "What Time Is Love?" and their self-described "stadium house" sound, which mixes acid house with hip-hop, pop, and stadium rock/chant influences

★ The Shamen - Psychedelic techno act formed as a rock band in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1986. One of the first groups to bring acid house and techno into the pop mainstream.

★ Psychic TV, released early albums of acid house music in 1988 as fake compilations.

★ S'Express - Brought acid house to number one in the United Kingdom

★ D Mob - Best known for 1988 UK #3 hit "We Call It Acieed"

★ Guru Josh - for the 1989 single '"Infinity (1990s... Time For The Guru)"'

See also

★ Second Summer of Love

★ Lords of Acid

★ Sunrise/Back to the Future

★ Genesis '88

★ Madchester

★ Free party

★ Acid techno

★ Rave

★ List of electronic music genres

External links

★ AcidHouse Italia, Italian tribute to the acid movement

★ Acid-House.net, acid house fan site

★ Jahsonic's History of Acid House

★ History of House Article covering the history of house, touching on Acid House

★ Electroretro.co.uk, featuring sections on acid house, old skool and electro

★ Discussion of Race and Music with specific references to Acid House

★ Entertainment & Sports Law Journal Vol 1. No. 3 contains a comparative review of 11 books covering the acid house and early rave scenes

★ The birth of acid house - excerpt from a documentary in which Phuture members and Marshall Jefferson explain the "birth of acid" (YouTube link)

References

1. ''The Independent'', March 3, 1990: ‘Acid House, whose emblem is a vapid, anonymous smile, is the simplest and gentlest of the Eighties’ youth manifestations … non-aggressive (except in terms of decibels)’.
2. The Alan Moore interview Dave Walsh
3. In an interview in the 1999 documentary ''Better Living Through Circuitry''
4. Giannelli, Fred., in an interview (archived from http://fopi.net/inter/fred.htm in July 2007) for the Family Ov Psychick Individuals (FOPI) Psychic TV fan club in June 2000.
5. Cheeseman, Phil. "The History Of House".
6. http://www.socan.ca/jsp/en/resources/sound_advice/Renaud.jsp
7. Quoted in the British House of Commons ''Hansard'', 9 March 1990, column 1111 — the term 'acid house party' derives from Chicago slang describing the theft and subsequent mixing of recording tracks played at warehouse parties. But because of its association with drug LSD or 'acid', the promoters prefer to use descriptions such as all-night party..."
8. Rushkoff, Douglas (1994, 2nd ed. 2002). ''Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace''. ISBN 1-903083-24-9. — House DJs would would sample pieces of music that were called bites" so (others spell it "bytes," to indicate that these are digital samples that can be measured in terms of RAM size). Especially evocative bites were called acid bites." Thus, music of the house, made up of these acid bites, became known as "acid house." When
9. ''The Oxford Dictionary of New Words'' (Knowles, Elizabeth [ed], Elliott, Elizabeth [ed]). Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-863152-9. — ''The word acid here is probably taken from the record Acid Trax by Phuture (in Chicago slang, acid burning is a term for stealing and this type of music relies heavily on sampling, or stealing from other tracks); a popular theory that it is a reference to the drug LSD is denied by its followers (but compare acid rock, a sixties psychedelic rock craze, which certainly was).''
10. Staines, Paul (1991). "Acid House Parties Against the Lifestyle Police and the Safety Nazis" article in ''Political Notes'' (ISSN 0267-7059), issue 55 (ISBN 1-85637-039-9). Also quoted in Saunders, Nicholas with Doblin, Rick (July 1, 1996). ''Ecstasy: Dance, Trance & Transformation'', Quick American Publishing Company. ISBN 0-932551-20-3.
11. Garratt, Sheryl (May 6, 1999). ''Adventures in Wonderland: Decade of Club Culture''. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. (UK). ISBN 0-7472-5846-5.
12. DeRogatis, Jim (December 1, 2003). ''Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock'', 436. Google Print. ISBN 0-634-05548-8 (accessed June 9, 2005). Also available in print from Hal Leonard.
13. Donnally, Trish. (October 17, 1988). Article published in the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' and distributed via the ''Los Angeles Times'' Syndicate to other newspapers and published under various headlines. — ''British youths, mostly younger than 20, are flocking to members-only nightclubs, taking a cheap tab of LSD () or the much more expensive designer drug Ecstasy () and then dancing all night long, sometimes - with the aid of amyl nitrate ''poppers'' — until 10 the next morning.''
14. Foderaro, Lisa. (December 18, 1988). ''New York Times'' News Service article, published in various US newspapers under different headlines. "acid house "is a stripped-down, highly percussive disco sound -- punctuated by television jingles, spoken non sequiturs and high-pitched beeps — whose overall effect is psychedelic.
15. Takiff, Jonathan. (December 14, 1988). ''Philadelphia Daily News''. — BBC banned all records that mentioned acid
16. Leary, Mike. (November 24, 1988). ''Philadelphia Inquirer''.

;Additional references

★ Collin, Matthew; Godfrey, John. (1st edition, April 1997; 2nd edition, November 15, 1998). ''Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House''. Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1-85242-377-3 (1st edition); ISBN 1-85242-604-7 (2nd edition).

★ Bussmann, Jane. (1998) ''Once in a Lifetime: The Crazy Days of Acid House and Afterwards''. London: Virgin. ISBN 0-7535-0260-7.

★ Shapiro, Peter (ed.), et al. (October 15, 2000). ''Modulations: A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound''. Charles Rivers Publishing Co. ISBN 1-891024-06-X.

★ A bibliography of acid house references in 1988–1989 periodicals