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EspañolALAMEDA, CALIFORNIA
'Alameda' is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located on a small island of the same name next to Oakland, California in the San Francisco Bay. An additional part of the city is Bay Farm Island, which is adjacent to the Oakland International Airport. The city has a small-town feel with its Victorian homes and tree-lined neighborhoods. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 72,259. Alameda is a charter city, rather than a general law city, meaning that the city can provide for any form of government. Alameda became a charter city in 1916, and adopted a council-manager government then, which it retains to the present.
History
The island which Alameda occupies was originally a peninsula connected to Oakland. Much of the peninsula was low-lying and marshy, but on the higher ground, the peninsula and adjacent part of what is now downtown Oakland were home to one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world and the area was therefore called "''encinal''", Spanish for "oakland". "''Alameda''" is Spanish for "grove of poplar trees" or "tree-lined avenue",[1] This name was chosen in 1853 via popular vote.[2] and it too was once called Encinal, the name survives in one of the main north south trunk route streets on the island.
The inhabitants at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the late 18th Century were a local band of the Ohlone tribe. The peninsula became part of the vast Rancho San Antonio granted to Luis Peralta by the Spanish king who claimed California. The grant was later confirmed by the new Republic of Mexico upon its independence from Spain.
Prior to the gold rush besides Native Americans there were also in modern Alameda French lumberjacks supplying lumber to the quickly expanding San Francisco and Chipman and Auginbaugh, as well as Mexican landowners who founded the village of Alameda near the corner of Encinal Avenue and High Street in Alameda.
The city was founded on June 6, 1853. Originally three small settlements grew in town. "Old Alameda" referred to the village at Encinal and High, Hibbardsville was at the North Shore ferry and shipping terminal, and Woodstock was on the west near the ferry piers of the South Pacific Coast Railroad and the Central Pacific. Eventually, the Central Pacific's ferry pier became the "Alameda Mole" while the Central Pacific itself became the Southern Pacific. The Alameda pier was the site of the first train across the Transcontinental Railroad into the San Francisco Bay Area on September 6, 1869. The transcontinental terminus was switched to the Oakland Long Wharf two months later on November 8, 1869.
In 1917, an attraction called Neptune Beach was built in the area now known as Crab Cove. Often compared to Coney Island, the park was a major attraction in the 1920s and 1930s. The original owners of the facilty, the Strehlow family, partnered with a local confectioner to create tastes unique to Neptune Beach. Though many do not know it, both the snow cone and the popsicle were invented at Neptune Beach. The Kewpie doll, handpainted and dressed in unique hand-sewn dresses, became the original prize for winning games at the beach - another Neptune Beach invention. The Strehlows owned and operated the beach on their own, even filling in a section of the bay to add an additional olympic-size swimming pool and an exceptional roller coaster which must have given riders a tremendous view of the bay.
Neputune Beach's two huge outdoor pools hosted swimming races and exhibitions by famous swimmers like Olympian Johnny Weismuller, who later starred as the original Tarzan, and Jack LaLane, who started a chain of health clubs. Unfortunately, the park closed down in 1939 because of the Great Depression, the completion of the Bay Bridge, people circumventing paying the admission price and in general, the rise of car culture. Once the Bay Bridge was complete, the rail lines, which ran right past the entrance to Neptune Beach on the way to the Alameda Mole and the Ferry, lost riders in droves. People began using their cars to escape the city and the immediate suburbs like Alameda and travelling further afield in California. Alameda lost its resort status as more distant locations became more attractive to cash-rich San Francisco tourists. Youngsters in town became aware of ways to avoid paying the dime for admission to the park. Strong swimmers or even waders could sneak in on the bay side, just by swimming around the fence.
Some of the resort homes and buildings from the Neptune beach era still exist in present-day Alameda. The Croll Building, on the corner of Webster St. and Central Ave., was the site of Croll's Gardens and Hotel, famous as training quarters for the some of the greatest fighters in boxing history from 1883 to 1914. James J. Corbett, Bob Fitzsimmons, Jim Jefferies, Jack Johnson, and many other champions all stayed and trained here. Today this beautiful preserved building is home to Croll's Pizza and the New Zealander Restaurant. Neptune Court, just a block away on the corner of Central Ave. and McKay Ave., provides another glimpse of what resort life was like in Alameda in the 1920s. A short walk near Crab Cove will reveal many more historic gems.
Sadly, the vast majority of the Neptune Beach structures - the hand-carved carousel from the world-famed Dentzel Company, the ferris wheel, the roller coaster, and other rides - were auctioned off in 1940 for mere pennies on the dollar of their original cost. Today, an Alameda resident Michael Schiess looks to preserve some of the historic artifacts from the Neptune Beach era at the Neptune Beach Amusement Museum,NBAM specifically dedicated to the resort and all "amusement machines." While the existing and more general Alameda Museum has quite a few artifacts from Neptune Beach in its collection, this new museum will focus more on the games, rides and other machines that brought amusement to Alameda's bay shore.
As the Neptune Beach era faded and Park Street developed into the major thoroughfare of the city and the location of the main Alameda train station, residents of Old Alameda pulled up stakes and moved across town to the new downtown. The street's location was chosen by two landowners who wished to attract tenants and development to their land. As a result they designated their mutual border as Park Street.
The need for expanded shipping facilities led to the dredging of a canal through the marshland between Oakland and Alameda in 1902, turning Alameda into an island. Most of the soil from from the canal was used to fill in nearby marshland. The area of Alameda called Bay Farm Island is no longer an island, but is attached by fill to Oakland. In his youth, author Jack London was known to take part in oyster pirating in the highly productive oyster beds near Bay Farm Island, today long gone. The Alameda Works Shipyard was one of the largest and best equipped shipyards in the country. In the 1950s, Alameda's industrial and ship building industries thrived along the estuary, where the world's first-ever, land-based, containerized shipping crane was used. Today, the Port of Oakland across the estuary serves as one of the largest ports on the West Coast, using the shipping technologies originally experimented with in Alameda. As of March 21, 2006, Alameda is a "Coast Guard City," one of seven in the country.[3]
In addition to the regular trains running to the Alameda Mole, Alameda was also served by local steam commuter lines of the Southern Pacific (initially, the Central Pacific) which were later transformed into the East Bay Electric Lines. Souther Pacific's electrified trains were not streetcars, but full-sized railroad cars which connected to the mainland by bridges at Webster Street and Fruitvale (only the latter bridge survives today). The trains ran to both the Oakland Mole and the Alameda Mole. In fact, one line which ran between the two moles was dubbed the "Horseshoe Line" for the shape of the route on a map. Soon after the completion of the Bay Bridge, Alameda trains ran directly to San Francisco on the lower deck of the bridge, the ferries having been rendered unnecessary.
In the 1930s Pan American Airways established a seaplane port along the fill that led to the Alameda Mole. This was the original home base for the famous China Clipper. With the advent of World War II, a vast stretch of the marshy area southwest of the Alameda Mole was filled and the Naval Air Station Alameda established. This major Naval facility included a large airfield as well as docks for several aircraft carriers. It closed in 1997.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 59.5 km² (23.0 mi²). 28.0 km² (10.8 mi²) of it is land and 31.5 km² (12.2 mi²) (52.98%) is water.
Today the city consists of the main original section, with the former Naval Air Station at the west end of Alameda Island, "Southshore" along the southern side of Alameda Island, and Bay Farm Island, which is part of the mainland proper. The area of the former NAS is now known as "Alameda Point." The Southshore area is separated from the main part of Alameda Island by a lagoon; the north shore of the lagoon is located approximately where the original south shore of the island was. Alameda Point and Southshore are built on artificial fill.
Not all of Alameda Island is part of the City of Alameda. Although nearly all of the island is in Alameda County, a small portion of the southwestern tip of Alameda Point lies west of the county line and is technically part of the City and County of San Francisco.
Coast Guard Island which is a small island between Alameda island and Oakland is also part of Alameda and is the home of Integrated Support Command Alameda[1]
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 72,259 people, 30,226 households, and 17,863 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,583.3/km² (6,693.4/mi²). There were 31,644 housing units at an average density of 1,131.3/km² (2,931.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 56.95% White, 6.21% Black or African American, 0.67% Native American, 26.15% Asian, 0.60% Pacific Islander, 3.29% from other races, and 6.13% from two or more races. 9.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 30,226 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the city the population was spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $56,285, and the median income for a family was $68,625. Males had a median income of $49,174 versus $40,165 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,982. About 6.0% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Vehicle access to the island is via three bridges to Oakland, a bridge to Bay Farm Island, and two one-way tunnels leading into Oakland's Chinatown. Bridges at Fruitvale Avenue, High Street, and Park Street, and the tunnels at Webster Street and Harrison Street (the latter called the Posey Tube) connect Alameda and Oakland. Public transportation includes the AC Transit buses (which include express buses to San Francisco) and two ferry services — the Alameda-Oakland Ferry and the Harbor Bay Ferry. Both ferry services may soon be transferred to the Water Transit Authority. The island is also close to the BART train service, with the closest stations being Lake Merritt, near the exit to the Posey Tube, and Fruitvale, near the Fruitvale Bridge.
Even though the island is just minutes off Interstate 880, the speed limit for the city is 25 mph (40 km/h) on almost every road. Many unaware drivers fail to slow down after exiting the highway. Groups like Pedestrian Friendly Alameda and BikeAlameda advocate stronger enforcement of speeding laws. Alameda has a reputation for vigorous enforcement of the 25 mph speed limit.[4]
Attractions
Victorian house in Alameda
One of the recent attractions is the aircraft carrier ''USS Hornet'', a museum ship now moored at the former Naval Air Station. This ship was originally named the ''USS Kearsarge'', but was renamed in honor of the previous Hornet CV-8 (famous for the Doolittle raid), which was lost in October of 1942.
Alameda is also known for its large stock of Victorian houses; 9% of all single-family houses (1500) in Alameda are Victorians, and many more have been divided into two to four-unit dwellings.[5] It is said that Alameda has more pre-1906 earthquake era homes than any other city in the Bay Area.
Economic development
The (old) Alameda Theater
After two previous failures, voters in the city passed a ballot measure in 2000 authorizing a bond measure for construction of a new library to replace the city's Carnegie library, damaged during the Loma Prieta earthquake. The city also received state funds for the new library and opened the doors to the new facility in November of 2006.
City officials continue to seek ways to spur economic development on the island, including the reconstruction of the city's shopping mall and restoration of the historic Art Deco city landmark Alameda Theater. The theater restoration project is currently in progress, along with a multiplex to make the project financially feasible and a parking structure to accommodate patrons of the theater and avoid excessive impact on parking in the Park Street area.
Local newspapers
Alameda's first newspaper, the ''Encinal'', appeared in the early 1850s and the paper's editor was instrumental in the movement to incorporate the city. Following the ''Encinal'', several other papers appeared along geographic lines, and the ''Daily Argus'' would eventually rise to prominence. Around 1900 the ''Daily Argus'' began to fade in importance and east and west papers ''The Times'' and ''The Star'' combined to take the leading role as the ''Alameda Times-Star'' in the 1930s. Under the ownership of the Kofman family, the ''Times-Star'' thrived until selling to the Alameda Newspaper Group (an out-of-town news corporation) in the 1970s.
As a response to the lack of a local news source, Alameda realtors John Crittenden and John McNulty decided to combine their two publishing efforts into a new East End voice, ''Alameda Journal'', in 1987. Crittenden had published a real estate homes list to real estate agents, while McNulty was known for the Island Journal, which focused on local news, history, humor and advertising. The new publication found itself the hometown paper of choice. It sold to the Hills Newspapers chain owned by Chip and Mary Brown. The Browns, Oakland residents, had assembled a chain of five East Bay weeklies and biweeklies: the biweekly ''Alameda Journal'', The biweekly ''Montclarion'' (serving the Montclair district of Oakland), ''The Piedmonter'' (Piedmont), ''The Berkeley Voice'', and ''The Albany/El Cerrito Journal''.
In 1997, the Hills Newspaper chain was bought by Knight Ridder, at the time, the second-largest newspaper chain in the U.S. Following the buyout, former Hills Newspapers employees recognized the lack of a local community voice in Alameda, and again formed a new locally-based newspaper, the ''Alameda Sun'', in 2001. In 2006 Knight Ridder announced its impending sale to McClatchy Corp., a Sacramento-based publishing firm. McClatchy Corp. has put the ''Contra Costa Times'', which under the Knight Ridder reorganization included all five of the original Hills Newspapers, up for sale. The current owners of the ''Alameda Times-Star'', MediaNews, Inc., based in Colorado, have announced a strong interest in buying both the ''Contra Costa Times'' chain and the ''San Jose Mercury News'', consolidating the daily newspaper market of the East Bay, effectively under one owner. The California State Attorney General, as of June 2006, has been investigating the sale of the former Knight Ridder properties to MediaNews in the event of a potential breach of anti-trust laws. The upshot of the sale to MediaNews would be the original victor of Alameda's newspaper wars losing in the end, being bought out by the newspaper company once considered vanquished.
The Alameda theater is now under construction and they are building a parking structure next to it. The theater will be opened again sometime in the near future
Alameda Power and Telecom
Unlike surrounding communities, Alameda has a municipal power and telecommunications service (Alameda Power and Telecom) that delivers services directly to consumers.
There have been proposals by the power producer to produce energy from waste, but not within the city of Alameda. Instead, this energy would be produced at a waste transfer station located in neighboring (and downwind) San Leandro. Owing to the expected release of toxic emissions from what is essentially a garbage incinerator, the mayor and city council of San Leandro rejected the proposal. The mayor vowed to fight this proposal, suggesting that Alameda could instead place it near their municipal golf course.
Also, unlike the three major power producers in California, as a municipal utility, Alameda is not required to establish net metering for home photovoltaic power producers, so the city currently lags far behind other communities in producing "green" energy, even though they have a potentially productive site for supplemental wind energy on the western edge of the former naval air station.
Arts and culture
The Alameda Arts Council (AAC) serves as the local Alameda City arts council.
Alameda Civic Ballet
The Alameda Civic Ballet and its affiliate school, the Alameda Ballet Academy, were founded in 2003 by former Oakland Ballet principal ballerina Abra Rudisill. Since their founding, both the academy and school have grown steadily, offering a full schedule of classes for dancers of all ages in downtown Alameda.
Alameda Civic Light Opera
The Alameda Civic Light Opera, which performs Broadway-style musical productions. was founded in 1996.
Shining Stars In The Arts
Held in May, Shining Stars In The Arts is an evening event that celebrates community members who have made an outstanding contribution in the arts in the city. It features a fundraising silent art auction, food, and music, and concludes in an award ceremony for the Shining Star honorees.
Sister cities
Since 2004 Alameda participates in a sister city agreement with Wuxi, China.
Another sister city is Lidingö, Sweden. The initiative came from Alameda in 1959 and was part of President Eisenhower's people-to-people-movement, whose purpose was to develop better understanding among people from different countries after World War II. Both Alameda and Lidingö are islands with a bridge connecting them to a big city.
Miscellaneous
★ Eileen Walsh, spouse of ''Jamie Hyneman'' from the ''MythBusters'' is a teacher at Encinal High School.
★ The Posey tube was used, along with other Bay Area tunnels, in the filming of the 1970 version of ''THX 1138''. It was also used in filming ''The Matrix Reloaded''.
Alameda High was renamed to Clearview High in the ''Animatrix'' episode: Kid's Story
★ The city was mentioned in '', when Chekov was trying to find the "nuclear wessels".
★ Alameda has been home to many movie sets. Some of the movies filmed on the island have included "Bicentennial Man", "The Net", "The Matrix Reloaded", "", "Bee Season", and the movie musical "Rent".
★ Baseball Hall of Famer Willie Stargell, MLB Baseball player Tommy Harper, MLB Baseball player Curtell Howard Motton, 2003 National League Rookie of the Year Dontrelle Willis, MLB Baseball player Jimmy Rollins, NBA Basketball player J.R. Rider, and NFL football players Melvin Carver and Junior Tautalatasi all attended Encinal High School.
★ NBA Star Jason Kidd attended Saint Joseph Notre Dame High School in Alameda.
★ Alameda is the original home of Skippy peanut butter, and every year a Peanut Butter Jam Festival is held on Webster Street.
★ Parts of Alameda High School were animated for the Animatrix episode Kid's Story.
★ A massive hangar at the former Naval Air Station Alameda was used to film special scenes requiring computer-generated imagery for movies such as ''Bicentennial Man'', ''Flubber'', ''What Dreams May Come'', '' and many scenes from the ''Matrix'' trilogy, including the signature bullet time scene.
★ One of Alameda's most famous natives was General James Doolittle, who won the Medal of Honor for his bombing of Japan during WWII.
★ Many people from naval families, including celebrities such as Phyllis Diller, Tom Hanks, and Jim Morrison, have lived in Alameda.
★ Poet Timothy Earwood, ''The Great Expansion: Prose and Poetry'', now calls Alameda home, recently relocating from San Francisco.
★ Don Perata, the current President Pro Tempore of the California State Senate, lives in Alameda and once taught at Encinal High and Alameda High, among other Alameda County schools.
★ Alameda Terminal was the western terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad for two months in 1869 (September 6-November 7). It is located at the end of pier two of the former Naval Air Station Alameda, now Alameda Point.
★ Noted photographer John Harrington (photographer, author) was born and raised in Alameda.
★ The open space of the decommissioned naval base often hosts MythBusters' more dangerous experiments.
★ Charles Lee Tilden, for whom Tilden Regional Park is named, was a longtime resident of Alameda. Tilden Way at the southeast end of the city is named for him.
★ Hangar One distillers produces premium vodka in an old aircraft hangar at Alameda Point.
★ Nump, The rapper is based at Infinite Studios in Alameda
★ Former Rapper Freak Nasty lives in Alameda, and is the basketball coach at Alameda High.
Schools
Community College
★ College of Alameda, a part of the Peralta Colleges
Private schools
★ Alameda Christian School K-8
★ Children's Learning Center Alameda Special Education, K-12
★ Peter Pan School (The Academy), K-5
★ Rising Star Montessori School K-5
★ St. Barnabas School K-8
★ St. Philip Neri School K-8
★ St. Joseph Elementary School K-8
★ St. Joseph Notre Dame High School 9-12
★ The Child Unique Montessori School Preschool-K
Public schools
Main articles: Alameda Unified School District
Like almost all cities in California, the municipal government and the school administration are two separate entities. The Alameda Unified School District has the same boundaries as the City of Alameda, but has a separately elected board to oversee its operations, and its funding comes directly from the county and state governments without oversight by the city council. The AUSD educates approximately 10,000 students each year, in eight elementary schools, three middle schools, two traditional high schools, three alternative learning schools, one continuation school, and one high school within the College of Alameda. Most high school students attend Encinal High or Alameda High. The district also operates an Adult School and a Child Development Center. Two elementary schools were closed at the end of the 2005-2006 school year. However, a new elementary school, Ruby Bridges, opened for the 2006-2007 school year.
See also
★ Islands of San Francisco Bay
★ Bay Farm Island
References
1. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dict_en_es/spanish/alameda;_ylt=AmS17PW60RO5ki1NGlCOvxP2s8sF
2. http://www.ci.alameda.ca.us/community/history_01.html
3. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20060322/ai_n16140812
4. http://www.speedtrap.org/speedtraps/ste.asp?state=CA&city=Alameda
5. http://www.eastbayexpress.com/bestof/award.php?oid=oid:18492§ion=oid:17192&year=2002
External links
★ City of Alameda official web page
★ Alameda Recreation and Parks
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