ALARM CALL
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:''For the Björk single, see Alarm Call.''
In the field of animal communication, an 'alarm call' is an antipredator adaptation referring to various vocalizations emitted by animals in response to danger. Many primates and birds have elaborate alarm calls for warning other animals of the same species about approaching predators. For example, the blackbird’s characteristic alarm call is a familiar sound in many gardens.
Different calls may be used for predators on the ground or from the air. Often, the animals can tell which member of the group is making the call, so that they can disregard those of little reliability.
Evidently, alarm calls promote survival by allowing the hearers of the alarm to escape from the source of peril, but this ecological safety system comes at a high cost-- to the caller. When an animal calls attention to itself by making a noisy alarm, it is much more likely to be eaten by a predator than if it had kept quiet. This intuition has been verified by experimental data on ground squirrel predation rates and the connection between this and the noisy chirping or whistling alarm calls.
This cost/benefit tradeoff of alarm calling behaviour has sparked many interest debates among evolutionary biologists seeking to explain the occurrence of such apparently "self-sacrificing" behaviour. The central question is this: "If the ultimate purpose of any animal behaviour is to maximize the chances that an organism's own genes are passed on, with maximum fruitfulness, to future generations, why would an individual deliberately risk destroying themselves (their entire genome) for the sake of saving others (other genomes)?".
Some scientists have used the evidence of alarm-calling behaviour to challenge the theory that "evolution works only/primarily at the level of the gene and of the gene's "interest" in passing itself along to future generations." If alarm-calling is truly an example of altruism, then our understanding of natural selection becomes more complicated than simply "survival of the fittest gene". This feature of alarm-calling behaviour is taken to suggest that evolution by natural selection is not capable of explaining some behaviours (Creationism), or else that evolution has the capacity not just to select at the genetic level, but also at the species level.
Other researchers, generally those who support the "gene's interest only" theory, question the authenticity of this "altruistic" behaviour. For instance, it has been observed that yellow-bellied marmots sometimes emit calls in the presence of a predator, and sometimes do not. Studies show that these marmots may call more often when they are surrounded by their own offspring and by other relatives who share many of their genes. Other researchers have shown that some forms of alarm calling, for example, "aerial predator whistles" produced by Belding's ground squirrels, do not increase the chances that a caller will get eaten by a predator; the alarm call is advantageous to both caller and recipient by frightening and warding off the predator.
Considerable research effort continues to be directed toward the purpose and ramifications of alarm-calling behaviour, because, to the extent that this research has the ability to comment on the occurrence or non-occurrence of altruistic behaviour, we can apply these findings to our understanding of altruism in human behaviour.
Deceptive alarm calls are used by male swallows (''Hirundo rustica'').[1] Males give these false alarm calls when females leave the nest area during the mating season, and are thus able to disrupt extra-pair copulations. As this is likely to be costly to females, it can be seen as an example of sexual conflict.[2]
1. Møller, A. P. (1990) Deceptive use of alarm calls by male swallows ''Hirundo rustica'': A new paternity guard. ''Behavioral Ecology'' '1':1-6.
2. Arnqvist, G. & Rowe, L. (2005) ''Sexual conflict''. Princeton University Press, Princeton ISBN 0691122172
★ Chickadees' alarm-call carry information about size, threat of predator
★ The Trek of the Pika "A story complete with sounds of pika and marmot calls" 2002-10-30
★ Characteristics of arctic ground squirrel alarm calls Oecologia Volume 7, Number 2 / June, 1971
★ Why do Yellow-bellied Marmots Call? DANIEL T. BLUMSTEIN & KENNETH B. ARMITAGE
Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas
★ Alarm calls of Belding's ground squirrels to aerial predators: nepotism or self-preservation?
In the field of animal communication, an 'alarm call' is an antipredator adaptation referring to various vocalizations emitted by animals in response to danger. Many primates and birds have elaborate alarm calls for warning other animals of the same species about approaching predators. For example, the blackbird’s characteristic alarm call is a familiar sound in many gardens.
Different calls may be used for predators on the ground or from the air. Often, the animals can tell which member of the group is making the call, so that they can disregard those of little reliability.
Evidently, alarm calls promote survival by allowing the hearers of the alarm to escape from the source of peril, but this ecological safety system comes at a high cost-- to the caller. When an animal calls attention to itself by making a noisy alarm, it is much more likely to be eaten by a predator than if it had kept quiet. This intuition has been verified by experimental data on ground squirrel predation rates and the connection between this and the noisy chirping or whistling alarm calls.
This cost/benefit tradeoff of alarm calling behaviour has sparked many interest debates among evolutionary biologists seeking to explain the occurrence of such apparently "self-sacrificing" behaviour. The central question is this: "If the ultimate purpose of any animal behaviour is to maximize the chances that an organism's own genes are passed on, with maximum fruitfulness, to future generations, why would an individual deliberately risk destroying themselves (their entire genome) for the sake of saving others (other genomes)?".
Some scientists have used the evidence of alarm-calling behaviour to challenge the theory that "evolution works only/primarily at the level of the gene and of the gene's "interest" in passing itself along to future generations." If alarm-calling is truly an example of altruism, then our understanding of natural selection becomes more complicated than simply "survival of the fittest gene". This feature of alarm-calling behaviour is taken to suggest that evolution by natural selection is not capable of explaining some behaviours (Creationism), or else that evolution has the capacity not just to select at the genetic level, but also at the species level.
Other researchers, generally those who support the "gene's interest only" theory, question the authenticity of this "altruistic" behaviour. For instance, it has been observed that yellow-bellied marmots sometimes emit calls in the presence of a predator, and sometimes do not. Studies show that these marmots may call more often when they are surrounded by their own offspring and by other relatives who share many of their genes. Other researchers have shown that some forms of alarm calling, for example, "aerial predator whistles" produced by Belding's ground squirrels, do not increase the chances that a caller will get eaten by a predator; the alarm call is advantageous to both caller and recipient by frightening and warding off the predator.
Considerable research effort continues to be directed toward the purpose and ramifications of alarm-calling behaviour, because, to the extent that this research has the ability to comment on the occurrence or non-occurrence of altruistic behaviour, we can apply these findings to our understanding of altruism in human behaviour.
| Contents |
| False alarm calls |
| References |
| External links |
False alarm calls
Deceptive alarm calls are used by male swallows (''Hirundo rustica'').[1] Males give these false alarm calls when females leave the nest area during the mating season, and are thus able to disrupt extra-pair copulations. As this is likely to be costly to females, it can be seen as an example of sexual conflict.[2]
References
1. Møller, A. P. (1990) Deceptive use of alarm calls by male swallows ''Hirundo rustica'': A new paternity guard. ''Behavioral Ecology'' '1':1-6.
2. Arnqvist, G. & Rowe, L. (2005) ''Sexual conflict''. Princeton University Press, Princeton ISBN 0691122172
External links
★ Chickadees' alarm-call carry information about size, threat of predator
★ The Trek of the Pika "A story complete with sounds of pika and marmot calls" 2002-10-30
★ Characteristics of arctic ground squirrel alarm calls Oecologia Volume 7, Number 2 / June, 1971
★ Why do Yellow-bellied Marmots Call? DANIEL T. BLUMSTEIN & KENNETH B. ARMITAGE
Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas
★ Alarm calls of Belding's ground squirrels to aerial predators: nepotism or self-preservation?
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