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'Alemannic German' (''Alemannisch'') is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. It is spoken by approximately ten million people in six different countries including southern Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy. The name derives from the ancient Germanic alliance of tribes known as the Alamanni.

Contents

Status

Variants

Written Alemannic

Characteristics

See Also

External links

Status

Alemannic itself comprises a dialect continuum, from the Highest Alemannic spoken in the mountainous south to Swabian in the relatively flat north, with more of the characteristics of Standard German the further north you go.
Some linguists and organisations that differentiate between languages and dialects primarily on the grounds of mutual intelligibility, such as SIL International and UNESCO, describe Alemannic German as one or several independent languages. ISO/DIS 639-3 distinguishes four languages: gsw "Alemannisch", swg "Swabian", wae "Walser" and gct "Colonia Tovar German" (spoken from 1843 in Venezuela).
At this level, the distinction between a language and a dialect is linguistically meaningless and constitutes a cultural and political question. Standard German is used in writing, and orally in formal contexts, throughout the Alemannic speaking regions (with the exception of Alsace), and Alemannic varieties are generally considered German dialects (more precisely, a dialect group within Upper German) rather than separate languages.

Variants

Alemannic comprises the following variants:

★ Swabian (mostly in Swabia, in Germany). Unlike most other Alemannic dialects, it does not retain the Middle High German monophthongs ''û, î'' but shifts them to , (as opposed to Standard German , ). For this reason, "Swabian" is sometimes used in opposition to "Alemannic".

★ Low Alemannic dialects. Retain German initial as (or ) rather than fricativising to as in High Alemannic. Subvariants:

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★ Bodenseealemannisch (in Southern Württemberg, Southeastern Baden, Northwestern Vorarlberg)

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★ Alsatian (in Alsace, France)

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★ Alemán Coloniero (in Venezuela)

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★ Basel German (in Basel, Switzerland)

★ High Alemannic (mostly in Switzerland, parts of Vorarlberg, and in the southern parts of the Black Forest in Germany). Complete the High German consonant shift by fricativising initial to . Subvariants:

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★ Bernese German

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★ Zürich German

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★ Vorarlbergisch

★ Highest Alemannic (in the Canton of Wallis, in the Walser settlements, in the Bernese Oberland and in the German-speaking part of Fribourg). Do not have the hiatus diphthongisation of other dialects of German with , and not . Subvariants:

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★ Walliser German

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★ Walser German.
Note that the Alemannic dialects of Switzerland are often called Swiss German or ''Schwyzerdütsch''.

Written Alemannic

The oldest known texts in Alemannic are brief Elder Futhark inscriptions dating to the 6th century (Bülach fibula, Pforzen buckle, Nordendorf fibula). In the Old High German period, the first coherent texts are recorded in the St. Gall Abbey, among them the 8th century Paternoster,
:Fater unser, thu bist in himile
:uuihi namu dinan
:qhueme rihhi diⁱn
:uuerde uuillo diin,
:so in himile, sosa in erdu
:prooth unseer emezzihic kip uns hiutu
:oblaz uns sculdi unsero
:so uuir oblazem uns skuldikem
:enti ni unsih firleit in khorunka
:uzzer losi unsih fona ubile
Due to the importance of the Carolingian abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau Island, a considerable part of the Old High German corpus has Alemannic traits. Alemannic Middle High German is less prominent, in spite of the Codex Manesse compiled by Johannes Hadlaub of Zürich. The rise of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the 14th century leads to the creation of Alemannic Swiss chronicles. Ulrich Zwingli's bible translation of the 1520s (the 1531 Froschauer Bible) was in an Alemannic variant of Early Modern High German. From the 17th century, written Alemannic was displaced by Standard German, which emerged from 16th century Early Modern High German, in particular in the wake of Martin Luther's bible translation of the 1520s. The 1665 revision of the Froschauer Bible removed the Alemannic elements, approaching the language used by Luther. For this reason, no binding orthographical standard for writing modern Alemannic emerged, and orthographies in use usually compromise between a precise phonological notation, and proximity to the familiar Standard German orthography (in particular for loanwords).
Johann Peter Hebel published his ''Alemannische Gedichte'' in 1803. Swiss authors often consciously employ Helvetisms within Standard German, notably Jeremias Gotthelf in his novels set in the Emmental, and more recently Tim Krohn in his ''Quatemberkinder''.

Characteristics

★ The diminutive is used frequently in all Alemannic dialects. Northern and eastern dialects use the suffix ''-le''; southern dialects use the suffix ''-li'' (Standard German suffix ''-lein'' or ''-chen''). Depending on dialect, thus, 'little house' could be ''Häusle'', ''Hüüsle'', ''Hüüsli'' or ''Hiisli'' (Standard German ''Häuslein'' or ''Häuschen'').

★ A significant difference between the high and low variants is the pronunciation of ''ch'' after the front vowels (''i'', ''e'', ''ä'', ''ö'' and ''ü'') and consonants. In Standard German and the lower variants, this is a palatal (the ''Ich-Laut''), whereas in the higher variants, a velar or uvular or (the ''ach-Laut'') is used.

★ The verb ''to be'' is conjugated differently in the various dialects:
(The common gs
★ -forms do historically derive from words akin to ge-sein, not found in modern standard German.)

The conjugation of the verb ''to be'' in Alemannic dialects
English (standard German)	Low Swabian	Alsatian	Allgäuerisch	Lower Markgräflerland	Voralpenland	Eastern Swiss German	Western Swiss German	Sensler
I am (ich bin)	I ben	I bìn	I bin	Ich bi	I bee	I bi	I(g) bi	I bü/bi
You are (du bist)	du bisch	dü bìsch	du bisch	du bisch	dou bisch	du bisch	du bisch	du büsch/bisch
He is (er ist)	er isch	är ìsch	är isch	är isch	är isch	är isch	är isch	är isch
We are (wir sind)	mir send	mir sìnn	mir send/sönd	mir sin	mr send	m(i)r send/sön/sinn	mir sy	mier sy
You are (ihr seid)	ihr send	ihr sìnn	ihr send	ihr sin	ihr send	i(i)r sönd/sind	dihr syt	dier syt
They are (sie sind)	dui send	sie sìnn	dui send	si sin	dia send	di sönd	si sy	si sy
I have been (ich bin ... gewesen)	i ben gwä	i bìn gsìnn	i bi gsi	ich bi gsi	i bee gsei	i bi gsi	i(g) bi gsi/gsy	i bü/bi gsy

See Also

★ Alemannic Separatism

External links

★ Ethnologue

★ Alemanni poems and Alemanni encyclopedia -German-