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EspañolALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH YAKOVLEV
::''See Alexander Yakovlev for other individuals with the same name''
'Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev', Александр Николаевич Яковлев (December 2, 1923 – October 18, 2005) was a Russian economist who was a Soviet governmental official in the 1980s and a member of the Politburo from 1987 to 1990. He was called the "godfather of glasnost"[1] as he is considered to be the intellectual force behind Mikhail Gorbachev reform program of glasnost and perestroika.
Yakovlev was born to a peasant family in a tiny village on the Volga near Yaroslavl. He served in the Red Army during World War II and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1944. Beginning in 1958, he was an exchange student at Columbia University for one year.
Yakovlev served as editor of several party publications and rose to the key position of head of the CPSU's Department of Ideology and Propaganda from 1969 to 1973. In 1972 he took a bold stand by publishing an article critical of Russian chauvinism and Soviet anti-Semitism. As a result he was removed from his position and appointed as ambassador to Canada remaining at that post for a decade.
During this time, he and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau became close friends. Trudeau's second son, Alexandre Trudeau, was given the Russian nickname "Sacha" after Yakovlev's.
In 1983, Yakovlev accompanied Mikhail Gorbachev, who at the time was the Soviet official in charge of agriculture, on his tour of Canada. The purpose of the visit was to tour Canadian farms and agricultural institutions in the hopes of taking lessons that could be applied in the Soviet Union, however, the two renewed their earlier friendship and, tentatively at first, began to discuss the need for liberalisation in the Soviet Union.
In an interview years later, Yakovlev recalled:
:''At first we kind of sniffed around each other and our conversations didn't touch on serious issues. And then, verily, history plays tricks on one, we had a lot of time together as guests of then Liberal Minister of Agriculture Eugene Whelan in Canada who, himself, was too late for the reception because he was stuck with some striking farmers somewhere. So we took a long walk on that Minister's farm and, as it often happens, both of us suddenly were just kind of flooded and let go. I somehow, for some reason, threw caution to the wind and started telling him about what I considered to be utter stupidities in the area of foreign affairs, especially about those SS-20 missiles that were being stationed in Europe and a lot of other things. And he did the same thing. We were completely frank. He frankly talked about the problems in the internal situation in Russia. He was saying that under these conditions, the conditions of dictatorship and absence of freedom, the country would simply perish. So it was at that time, during our three-hour conversation, almost as if our heads were knocked together, that we poured it all out and during that three-hour conversation we actually came to agreement on all our main points.'' [2]
Two weeks after the visit, as a result of Gorbachev's interventions, Yakovlev was recalled from Canada and appointed to head the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of World Economy and International Relations in Moscow.
When Gorbachev became Soviet leader in 1985, Yakovlev became a senior advisor, helping to shape Soviet foreign policy by advocating Soviet non-intervention in Eastern Europe, and accompanying Gorbachev on his five summit meetings with United States President Ronald Reagan. Domestically, he argued in favour of the reform programs that became known as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) and played a key role in executing those policies.
For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet-German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989 Yakovlev concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed his finds to the Soviet Parliament. As a result, the first democratically elected Congress of Soviets "passed the declaration admitting the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them".[1]
He was promoted to the Politburo in 1987 but by 1990 he had become the focus of attacks by conservatives in the party opposed to liberalisation. As the conservatives gained strength his position became more tenuous, he was ultimately removed from the Politburo and was expelled from the Party two days before the August Coup in 1991. During the coup Yakovlev joined the democratic opposition against it. Following the failed coup attempt, Yakovlev blamed Gorbachev for having been naive in bringing the plotters into his inner circle saying Gorbachev was "guilty of forming a team of traitors. Why did he surround himself with people capable of treason?"
In the years following the fall of the Soviet Union, Yakovlev wrote and lectured extensively on history, politics and economics. He acted as the leader of Party of Russian Social Democracy, which in the mid 1990s fused into United Democrats (a pro-reform alliance that was later reorganized into Union of Right Forces). In 2002, acting as head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, he was present at the announcement of the release of a CD detailing names and short biographies of the victims of Soviet purges. In his later life, he founded and led the International Democracy Foundation. He advocated taking responsibility for the past crimes of communism and was critical of President Putin's restrictions on democracy.
In 2000, he publicly alleged that Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who has become famous for his role in saving thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust, was shot and killed in Soviet secret police headquarters in 1947.
Alexander Yakovlev had several serious diseases including diabetes and problems with lungs. However, he died from a stroke.
Alexandre Trudeau, son of late Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is named for Yakovlev. The Trudeaus had asked Yakovlev about whether "Sacha" was the nickname for "Alexander".
1. Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas. ''Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe''. Berghahn Books, 2006. Page 521.
★ Alexander N. Yakovlev and Abel G. Aganbegyan, ''Perestroika, 1989'', Scribner (1989), trade paperback, ISBN 0-684-19117-2
★ Alexander Yakovlev, ''USSR the Decisive Years'', First Glance Books (1991), hardcover, ISBN 1-55013-410-8
★ Alexander Yakovlev and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, ''The Fate of Marxism in Russia'', Yale University Press (1993), hardcover, ISBN 0-300-05365-7; trade paperback, Lightning Source, UK, Ltd. (17th November 2004) ISBN 0-300-10540-1
★ Alexander N. Yakovlev, forward by Paul Hollander, translated by Anthony Austin, ''Century of Violence in Soviet Russia'', Yale University Press (2002), hardcover, 254 pages, ISBN 0-300-08760-8; trade paperback, Yale University Press (2002), 272 pages, ISBN 0-300-10322-0
★ Alexander N. Yakovlev, ''Digging Out: How Russia Liberated Itself from the Soviet Union'', Encounter Books (December 1, 2004), hardcover, 375 pages, ISBN 1-59403-055-3
★ http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/Elberg/Yakovlev/yak-con0.html Interview with Alexander Yakovlev
★ http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/Elberg/Yakovlev/yak-elb1.html Full text of a 1993 lecture by Yakovlev
★ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/19/international/europe/19yakovlev.html Obituary in the New York Times
★ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4353766.stm BBC: Perestroika architect dies at 81
★ http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,2763,1595945,00.html Alexander Yakovlev
★ http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3263, "The West Lost The War: Vladimir Bukovsky" by Jamie Glazov. FrontPageMagazine, May 9, 2001
'Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev', Александр Николаевич Яковлев (December 2, 1923 – October 18, 2005) was a Russian economist who was a Soviet governmental official in the 1980s and a member of the Politburo from 1987 to 1990. He was called the "godfather of glasnost"[1] as he is considered to be the intellectual force behind Mikhail Gorbachev reform program of glasnost and perestroika.
| Contents |
| Early career |
| Perestroika and its aftermath |
| See also |
| References |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Early career
Yakovlev was born to a peasant family in a tiny village on the Volga near Yaroslavl. He served in the Red Army during World War II and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1944. Beginning in 1958, he was an exchange student at Columbia University for one year.
Yakovlev served as editor of several party publications and rose to the key position of head of the CPSU's Department of Ideology and Propaganda from 1969 to 1973. In 1972 he took a bold stand by publishing an article critical of Russian chauvinism and Soviet anti-Semitism. As a result he was removed from his position and appointed as ambassador to Canada remaining at that post for a decade.
During this time, he and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau became close friends. Trudeau's second son, Alexandre Trudeau, was given the Russian nickname "Sacha" after Yakovlev's.
In 1983, Yakovlev accompanied Mikhail Gorbachev, who at the time was the Soviet official in charge of agriculture, on his tour of Canada. The purpose of the visit was to tour Canadian farms and agricultural institutions in the hopes of taking lessons that could be applied in the Soviet Union, however, the two renewed their earlier friendship and, tentatively at first, began to discuss the need for liberalisation in the Soviet Union.
In an interview years later, Yakovlev recalled:
:''At first we kind of sniffed around each other and our conversations didn't touch on serious issues. And then, verily, history plays tricks on one, we had a lot of time together as guests of then Liberal Minister of Agriculture Eugene Whelan in Canada who, himself, was too late for the reception because he was stuck with some striking farmers somewhere. So we took a long walk on that Minister's farm and, as it often happens, both of us suddenly were just kind of flooded and let go. I somehow, for some reason, threw caution to the wind and started telling him about what I considered to be utter stupidities in the area of foreign affairs, especially about those SS-20 missiles that were being stationed in Europe and a lot of other things. And he did the same thing. We were completely frank. He frankly talked about the problems in the internal situation in Russia. He was saying that under these conditions, the conditions of dictatorship and absence of freedom, the country would simply perish. So it was at that time, during our three-hour conversation, almost as if our heads were knocked together, that we poured it all out and during that three-hour conversation we actually came to agreement on all our main points.'' [2]
Two weeks after the visit, as a result of Gorbachev's interventions, Yakovlev was recalled from Canada and appointed to head the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of World Economy and International Relations in Moscow.
Perestroika and its aftermath
When Gorbachev became Soviet leader in 1985, Yakovlev became a senior advisor, helping to shape Soviet foreign policy by advocating Soviet non-intervention in Eastern Europe, and accompanying Gorbachev on his five summit meetings with United States President Ronald Reagan. Domestically, he argued in favour of the reform programs that became known as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) and played a key role in executing those policies.
For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet-German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989 Yakovlev concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed his finds to the Soviet Parliament. As a result, the first democratically elected Congress of Soviets "passed the declaration admitting the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them".[1]
He was promoted to the Politburo in 1987 but by 1990 he had become the focus of attacks by conservatives in the party opposed to liberalisation. As the conservatives gained strength his position became more tenuous, he was ultimately removed from the Politburo and was expelled from the Party two days before the August Coup in 1991. During the coup Yakovlev joined the democratic opposition against it. Following the failed coup attempt, Yakovlev blamed Gorbachev for having been naive in bringing the plotters into his inner circle saying Gorbachev was "guilty of forming a team of traitors. Why did he surround himself with people capable of treason?"
In the years following the fall of the Soviet Union, Yakovlev wrote and lectured extensively on history, politics and economics. He acted as the leader of Party of Russian Social Democracy, which in the mid 1990s fused into United Democrats (a pro-reform alliance that was later reorganized into Union of Right Forces). In 2002, acting as head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, he was present at the announcement of the release of a CD detailing names and short biographies of the victims of Soviet purges. In his later life, he founded and led the International Democracy Foundation. He advocated taking responsibility for the past crimes of communism and was critical of President Putin's restrictions on democracy.
In 2000, he publicly alleged that Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who has become famous for his role in saving thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust, was shot and killed in Soviet secret police headquarters in 1947.
Alexander Yakovlev had several serious diseases including diabetes and problems with lungs. However, he died from a stroke.
See also
Alexandre Trudeau, son of late Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is named for Yakovlev. The Trudeaus had asked Yakovlev about whether "Sacha" was the nickname for "Alexander".
References
1. Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas. ''Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe''. Berghahn Books, 2006. Page 521.
Further reading
★ Alexander N. Yakovlev and Abel G. Aganbegyan, ''Perestroika, 1989'', Scribner (1989), trade paperback, ISBN 0-684-19117-2
★ Alexander Yakovlev, ''USSR the Decisive Years'', First Glance Books (1991), hardcover, ISBN 1-55013-410-8
★ Alexander Yakovlev and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, ''The Fate of Marxism in Russia'', Yale University Press (1993), hardcover, ISBN 0-300-05365-7; trade paperback, Lightning Source, UK, Ltd. (17th November 2004) ISBN 0-300-10540-1
★ Alexander N. Yakovlev, forward by Paul Hollander, translated by Anthony Austin, ''Century of Violence in Soviet Russia'', Yale University Press (2002), hardcover, 254 pages, ISBN 0-300-08760-8; trade paperback, Yale University Press (2002), 272 pages, ISBN 0-300-10322-0
★ Alexander N. Yakovlev, ''Digging Out: How Russia Liberated Itself from the Soviet Union'', Encounter Books (December 1, 2004), hardcover, 375 pages, ISBN 1-59403-055-3
External links
★ http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/Elberg/Yakovlev/yak-con0.html Interview with Alexander Yakovlev
★ http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/Elberg/Yakovlev/yak-elb1.html Full text of a 1993 lecture by Yakovlev
★ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/19/international/europe/19yakovlev.html Obituary in the New York Times
★ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4353766.stm BBC: Perestroika architect dies at 81
★ http://www.guardian.co.uk/russia/article/0,2763,1595945,00.html Alexander Yakovlev
★ http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3263, "The West Lost The War: Vladimir Bukovsky" by Jamie Glazov. FrontPageMagazine, May 9, 2001
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