ALFRED HITCHCOCK

'Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock' KBE (August 13 1899 – April 29 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. He directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades, from the silent film era, through the invention of talkies, to the colour era. Hitchcock was among the most consistently successful and publicly recognizable world directors during his lifetime, and remains one of the best known and most popular of all time.
Famous for his expert and largely unrivalled control of pace and suspense, Hitchcock's films draw heavily on both fear and fantasy, and are known for their droll humour and witticisms. They often portray innocent people caught up in circumstances beyond their control or understanding.
Hitchcock was born and raised in Leytonstone, London, England. He began his directing career in the United Kingdom in 1922, but from 1939 he worked primarily in the United States and applied for U.S. citizenship in 1956. Hitchcock and his family lived in a mountaintop estate known as Cornwall Ranch or "Heart o' the Mountain" at the end of Canham Road, high above Scotts Valley, California, from 1940 to 1972. He died of renal failure in 1980.^[1]
''Rebecca'' was the only one of his films to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, although four others were nominated. However, Hitchcock never won an Academy Award for Best Director. He was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for lifetime achievement in 1967, but never personally received an Academy Award of Merit.

Life

Childhood and youth

Alfred Hitchcock was born on August 13, 1899, in Leytonstone, Essex (now London), the second son and youngest of three children of William Hitchcock (1862-1914), a greengrocer and poulterer, and his wife, Emma Jane Hitchcock (''née'' Whelan; 1863-1942). His family was mostly Roman Catholic.^[2] Hitchcock was sent to the Jesuit Catholic school St. Ignatius College in Enfield, London. He often described his childhood as being very lonely and sheltered, which was undoubtedly compounded by his weight issues.^[3]
It is widely known that as a child, Hitchcock's father once sent him to their local police station with a note asking the officer to lock him away for ten minutes as punishment for behaving badly. This idea of being harshly treated or wrongfully accused is more than commonly reflected in Hitchcock's films.^[4]
His mother would often make him address her while standing at the foot of her bed, especially if he behaved badly, forcing him to stand there for hours. This would be recalled by the character Norman Bates in ''Psycho''.^[5]
When Hitchcock was 14, his father died; the same year, he left the Jesuit-run St Ignatius' College in Stamford Hill, his school at the time, to study at the School for Engineering and Navigation. After graduating, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a cable company.^[6]
About that time, Hitchcock became intrigued by photography and started working in film in London. In 1920, he got a full-time job at Islington Studios with its American owner, Famous Players-Lasky and their British successor, Gainsborough Pictures, designing the titles for silent movies.^[7]

Pre-war British career

In 1925, Michael Balcon of Gainsborough Pictures gave him a chance to direct his first film, ''The Pleasure Garden'' made at Ufa studios in Germany. The commercial failure of this film threatened to derail his promising career.^[8] In 1926, however, Hitchcock made his debut in the thriller genre. The resulting film, '' was a major commercial and critical success when it was released throughout the U.K. in January 1927. Like many of his earlier works, it was influenced by Expressionist techniques he had witnessed firsthand in Germany. This is the first truly "Hitchcockian" film, incorporating such themes as the "wrong man".^[9]
Following the success of ''The Lodger'', Hitchcock began his first efforts to promote himself in the media, and hired a publicist to cement his growing reputation as one of the British film industry's rising stars. On December 2, 1926, he married his assistant director Alma Reville at Brompton Oratory. Their daughter Patricia was born in 1928. Alma was Hitchcock's closest collaborator. She wrote some of his screenplays and (though often uncredited) worked with him on every one of his films.
In 1929, he began work on his tenth film ''Blackmail''. While the film was in production, the studio decided to make it one of Britain's first sound pictures. With the climax of the film taking place on the dome of the British Museum, ''Blackmail'' began the Hitchcock tradition of using famous landmarks as a backdrop for suspense sequences. In the PBS series ''The Men Who Made The Movies'', Hitchcock explained how he used early sound recording as a special element of the film, emphasizing the word "knife" in a conversation with the woman suspected of murder.^[10]
In 1933, Hitchcock was once again working for Michael Balcon at Gaumont-British Picture Corporation. His first film for the company, ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1934), was a success and his second, ''The 39 Steps'' (1935), is often considered one of the best films from his early period. It was also one of the first to introduce the concept of the "Macguffin", a plot device around which a whole story would revolve. In ''The 39 Steps'', the Macguffin is a stolen set of blueprints. (Hitchcock told French director François Truffaut: "There are two men sitting in a train going to Scotland and one man says to the other, 'Excuse me, sir, but what is that strange parcel you have on the luggage rack above you?' 'Oh,' says the other, 'that's a Macguffin.' 'Well,' says the first man, 'what's a Macguffin?' The other answers, 'It's an apparatus for trapping lions in the Scottish Highlands.' 'But,' says the first man, 'there are no lions in the Scottish Highlands.' 'Well,' says the other, 'then that's no Macguffin.'")^[11]
His next major success was in 1938, ''The Lady Vanishes'', a clever and fast-paced film about the search for a kindly old Englishwoman (Dame May Whitty), who disappears while on board a train in the fictional country of Vandrika (a thinly-veiled version of Nazi Germany).
By the end of the 1930s, Hitchcock was at the top of his game artistically, and in a position to name his own terms when David O. Selznick managed to entice the Hitchcocks to Hollywood.

Hollywood

Hitchcock's gallows humour and the suspense that became his trademark continued in his American work. However, working arrangements with his new producer were less than optimal. Selznick suffered from perennial money problems and Hitchcock was often unhappy with the amount of creative control demanded by Selznick over his films. Consequently, Selznick ended up "loaning" Hitchcock to the larger studios more often than producing Hitchcock's films himself.
With the prestigious Selznick picture ''Rebecca'' in 1940, Hitchcock made his first American movie, although it was set in England and based on a novel by English author Daphne du Maurier and starred Sir Laurence Olivier and Joan Fontaine. This Gothic melodrama explores the fears of a naïve young bride who enters a great English country home and must grapple with the problems of a distant husband, a predatory housekeeper, and the legacy of her husband's late wife, the beautiful, mysterious Rebecca. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1940. However, the statuette went to Selznick as the film's producer, and the film did not win the Best Director award. There were additional problems between Selznick and Hitchcock; Selznick, as he usually did, imposed very restrictive rules upon Hitchcock, hindering his creative control. Hitchcock was forced to shoot the film as Selznick wanted, immediately creating friction within their relationship. At the same time, Selznick complained about Hitchcock's "goddam jigsaw cutting," which meant that the producer did not have nearly the leeway to create his own film as he liked, but had to follow Hitchcock's vision of the finished product.
Hitchcock's second American film, the European-set thriller ''Foreign Correspondent'', was also nominated for Best Picture that year. It was filmed in the first year of World War II and inspired by the rapidly-changing events in Europe, as covered by an American newspaper reporter portrayed by a wise-cracking Joel McCrea. The film cleverly used actual footage of European scenes and scenes filmed on a Hollywood backlot.
Hitchcock's work during the 1940s was diverse, ranging from the romantic comedy ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'' (1941) and the courtroom drama ''The Paradine Case'' (1947) to the dark and disturbing ''Shadow of a Doubt'' (1943).
''Suspicion'' (1941) marked Hitchcock's first film as a producer as well as director. This was Cary Grant's first film with Hitchcock. Joan Fontaine won Best Actress Oscar and New York Film Critics Circle Award for her outstanding performance in ''Suspicion.''
''Saboteur'' (1942) was the first of two films that Hitchcock made for Universal, a studio where he would work in his later years. Hitchcock was forced to utilize Universal contract players Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane, both known for their work in comedies and light dramas; Hitchcock made the most of the situation and got remarkably good performances from the two lead actors. Breaking with Hollywood conventions of the time, Hitchcock did extensive location filming, especially in New York City, and memorably depicted a confrontation between a suspected saboteur (Cummings) and a real saboteur (Norman Lloyd) atop the Statue of Liberty.
''Shadow of a Doubt'', his personal favourite of all his films and the second of the early Universal films, was about young Charlotte "Charlie" Newton (Teresa Wright), who suspects her beloved uncle Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten) of being a serial murderer. In its use of overlapping characters, dialogue, and closeups it has provided a generation of film theorists with psychoanalytic potential, including Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek. The film also harkens back to one of Cotten's best known films, ''Citizen Kane''. Hitchcock again filmed extensively on location, this time in the Northern California city of Santa Rosa.
In 1945 Hitchcock served as "treatment advisor" (in effect, editor) for a Holocaust documentary produced by the British Army. The film, which recorded the liberation of Concentration Camps, remained unreleased until 1985, when it was completed by PBS Frontline and distributed under the title ''Memory of the Camps''.
''Spellbound'' explored the then-fashionable subject of psychoanalysis and featured a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dalí. The dream sequence as it actually appears in the film is considerably shorter than was originally envisioned, which was to be several minutes long, because it proved to be too disturbing for the audience.
''Notorious'' (1946) followed ''Spellbound''. As Selznick failed to see its potential, he allowed Hitchcock to make the film for RKO. From this point onwards, Hitchcock would produce his own films, giving him a far greater degree of freedom to pursue the projects that interested him. ''Notorious'' starred Hitchcock regulars Ingrid Bergman and Cary Grant and features a plot about Nazis, uranium, and South America. It was a huge box office success and has remained one of Hitchcock's most acclaimed films. His use of uranium as a plot device briefly led to Hitchcock's being under surveillance by the FBI.
After completing his final film for Selznick, ''The Paradine Case'' (a promising courtroom drama that critics found lost momentum because it apparently ran too long and exhausted its resource of ideas), Hitchcock filmed his first colour film, ''Rope'', which appeared in 1948. Here Hitchcock experimented with marshalling suspense in a confined environment, as he had done earlier with ''Lifeboat'' (1943). He also experimented with exceptionally long takes — up to ten minutes long (see Themes and devices). Featuring James Stewart in the leading role, ''Rope'' was the first of four films Stewart would make for Hitchcock. It was based on the Leopold and Loeb case of the 1920s.
''Under Capricorn'' (1949), set in nineteenth-century Australia, also used the short-lived technique of long takes, but to a more limited extent. He again used Technicolor in this production, then returned to black and white films for several years. For these two films Hitchcock formed a production company with Sidney Bernstein, called Transatlantic Pictures, which folded after these two unsuccessful pictures.

Peak years and Knighthood

In 1950, Hitchcock filmed ''Stage Fright'' on location in the U.K. and, for the first time, matched one of Warner Brothers' biggest stars, Jane Wyman, with the sultry German actress Marlene Dietrich, whose daughter later wrote that Dietrich detested Wyman, although Wyman had just won the Best Actress Oscar for ''Johnny Belinda''. Hitchcock may have exploited the offscreen animosity between Wyman and Dietrich in this offbeat, behind-the-scenes glimpse of London theatrical personalities, one of whom commits a murder. Hitchcock utilized a number of prominent British actors, including Michael Wilding, Richard Todd, and Alastair Sim. This was Hitchcock's first production for Warner Brothers, which had distributed ''Rope'' and ''Under Capricorn'', because Transatlantic Pictures was experiencing financial difficulties.^[12]
With ''Strangers on a Train'' (1951), based on the novel by Patricia Highsmith, Hitchcock combined many of the best elements from his preceding British and American films. Two men casually meet and speculate on removing people who are causing them difficulty. One of the men, though, takes this banter entirely seriously. With Farley Granger reprising some elements of his role from ''Rope'', ''Strangers'' continued the director's interest in the narrative possibilities of blackmail and murder.
MCA head Lew Wasserman, whose client list included James Stewart, Janet Leigh, and other actors who would appear in Hitchcock's films, had a significant impact in packaging and marketing Hitchcock's films beginning in the 1950s. With Wasserman's help, Hitchcock received tremendous creative freedom from the studios, as well as substantive financial rewards as a result of Paramount's profit-sharing contract.
Three very popular films starring Grace Kelly followed. ''Dial M for Murder'' (1954) was adapted from the popular stage play by Frederick Knott. This was originally another experimental film, with Hitchcock using the technique of 3D cinematography, although the film was not released in this format at first; it did receive screenings in the early 1980s in 3D form. The film also marked a return to Technicolor productions for Hitchcock. Hitchcock moved to Paramount Pictures and filmed ''Rear Window'', starring James Stewart again, as well as Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. Here, the wheelchair-bound Stewart observes the movements of his neighbours across the courtyard and becomes convinced one of them has murdered his wife. Like ''Lifeboat'' and ''Rope'', the movie was photographed almost entirely within the confines of a small space: Stewart's tiny studio apartment overlooking the massive courtyard set. ''To Catch a Thief'', set in the French Riviera, starred Kelly and Cary Grant.
A remake of his own 1934 film ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'' followed, this time with James Stewart and Doris Day, who sang the theme song, "Whatever Will Be, Will Be (Que Sera, Sera)" (which became a big hit for Day). ''The Wrong Man'' (1957), based on a real-life case of mistaken identity, was the only film of Hitchcock's to star Henry Fonda.
''Vertigo'' (1958) again starred Stewart, this time with Kim Novak and Barbara Bel Geddes. The film was a commercial failure, but has come to be viewed by many as one of Hitchcock's masterpieces; it is now placed highly in the ''Sight & Sound'' decade polls. It was premiered in the San Sebastian International Film Festival, where Hitchcock won a Silver Seashell.
Hitchcock followed ''Vertigo'' with three more successful pictures. All are also recognised as among his very best films: ''North by Northwest'' (1959), ''Psycho'' (1960), and ''The Birds'' (1963). The latter two were particularly notable for their unconventional soundtracks, both by Bernard Herrmann: the screeching strings in the murder scene in ''Psycho'' pushed the limits of the time, and ''The Birds'' dispensed completely with conventional instruments, using an electronically produced soundtrack. These were his last great films, after which his career slowly wound down (although some critics such as Robin Wood and Donald Spoto contend that ''Marnie'', from 1964, is first-class Hitchcock).

Later Work

Failing health also reduced his output over the last two decades of his life. He filmed two spy thrillers, ''Torn Curtain'' with Paul Newman and Julie Andrews and ''Topaz'' (based on a Leon Uris novel), which both received mixed reviews. In 1972, Hitchcock returned to London to film ''Frenzy'', his last major success. For the first time, Hitchcock allowed nudity and profane language, which had before been taboo, in one of his films.
''Family Plot'' (1976) was his last film. It related the escapades of "Madam" Blanche Tyler played by Barbara Harris, a fraudulent spiritualist, and her taxi driver lover Bruce Dern making a living from her phony powers. William Devane, Karen Black and Cathleen Nesbitt co-starred. It was the only Hitchcock film scored by John Williams.
Near the end of his life, Hitchcock worked on the script for a projected spy thriller, ''The Short Night'', which was never filmed. The script was published in book form after Hitchcock's death.
Hitchcock was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year's Honours. He died just four months later, on April 29, before he had the opportunity to be formally invested by the Queen. Despite the brief period between his knighthood and death, he was nevertheless entitled to be known as 'Sir Alfred Hitchcock' and to use the postnominal letters "KBE", because he remained a British subject when he adopted American citizenship in 1956.

Death

Alfred Hitchcock died from renal failure in his Bel-Air, Los Angeles home, aged 80, and was survived by his wife Alma Reville, and their daughter, Patricia Hitchcock O'Connell. A funeral service was held at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills. His body was cremated and the ashes scattered over the Pacific. Alfred Hitchcock Dies; A Master of Suspense; Alfred Hitchcock, Master of Suspense and Celebrated Film Director, Dies at 80 Increasingly Pessimistic Sought Exotic Settings Technical Challenges Became a Draftsman Lured to Hollywood

Themes and devices

Suspense

Hitchcock preferred the use of suspense over surprise in his films. In surprise, the director assaults the viewer with frightening things. In suspense, the director tells or shows things to the audience which the characters in the film do not know, and then artfully builds tension around what will happen when the characters finally learn the truth.

Audience as voyeur

Further blurring the moral distinction between the innocent and the guilty, occasionally making this indictment inescapably clear to viewers one and all, Hitchcock also makes voyeurs of his "respectable" audience. In ''Rear Window'' (1954), after L. B. Jeffries (played by James Stewart) has been staring across the courtyard at him for most of the film, Lars Thorwald (played by Raymond Burr) confronts Jeffries by saying, "What do you want of me?" Burr might as well have been addressing the audience. In fact, shortly before asking this, Thorwald turns to face the camera directly for the first time — at this point, audiences often gasp.
Similarly, ''Psycho'' begins with the camera moving toward a hotel-room window, through which the audience is introduced to Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) and her divorced boyfriend Sam Loomis (John Gavin). They are partially undressed, having apparently had sex though they are not married and Marion is on her lunch "hour." Later, along with Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins), we watch Marion undress through a peephole.

MacGuffin

One of Hitchcock's favourite devices for driving the plots of his stories and creating suspense was what he called the "MacGuffin." The ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' however, credits Hitchcock's friend, the Scottish screenwriter Angus MacPhail, as being the true inventor of the term. Hitchcock defined this term in a 1964 interview conducted by François Truffaut, published as ''Hitchcock/Truffaut'' (Simon and Schuster, 1967). Hitchcock would use this plot device extensively. Many of his suspense films revolve around this device: a detail which, by inciting curiosity and desire, drives the plot and motivates the actions of characters within the story, but whose specific identity and nature is unimportant to the spectator of the film. In ''Vertigo'', for instance, "Carlotta Valdes" is a MacGuffin; she never appears and the details of her death are unimportant to the viewer, but the story about her ghost's haunting of Madeleine Elster is the spur for Scottie's investigation of her, and hence the film's entire plot. In ''Notorious'' the uranium that the main characters must recover before it reaches Nazi hands serves as a similarly arbitrary motivation: any dangerous object would suffice. And state secrets of various kinds serve as MacGuffins in several of the spy films, especially his earlier British films ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'', ''The 39 Steps'', and ''The Lady Vanishes''. In ''Psycho'', what might be mistaken for a MacGuffin at the beginning of the film (a package containing $40,000 in stolen money) is actually a red herring.

Signature appearances in his films

Many of Hitchcock's films contain cameo appearances by Hitchcock himself: the director would be seen for a brief moment boarding a bus, crossing in front of a building, standing in an apartment across the courtyard, or appearing in a photograph. This playful gesture became one of Hitchcock's signatures. As a recurring theme he would carry a musical instrument — especially memorable was the large double bass case that he wrestles onto the train at the beginning of ''Strangers on a Train''.
In his earliest appearances he would fill in as an obscure extra, standing in a crowd or walking through a scene in a long camera shot. But he became more prominent in his later appearances, as when he turns to see Jane Wyman's disguise when she passes him on the street in ''Stage Fright'', and in stark silhouette in his final film ''Family Plot''. (See a list of Hitchcock cameo appearances)

Motifs

Numerous motifs (recurring objects or stylistic choices) can be found throughout Hitchcock's work.

★ 'Ordinary Person' - Placing an ordinary person into extraordinary circumstances is a common element of Hitchcock's films. In ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1956), James Stewart plays an ordinary man from Indianapolis vacationing in Morocco when his son is kidnapped. In ''The Wrong Man,'' Henry Fonda is arrested for a crime he didn't commit. In ''Psycho'', Janet Leigh is an unremarkable secretary whose personal story is violently interrupted by a furious schizophrenic. Other clear examples are ''Strangers on a Train'', ''I Confess'', ''Vertigo'', and ''North By Northwest''.

★ 'Wrong Man' - Mistaken identity is a common plot device in his films. In ''North By Northwest'', Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is mistaken for George Kaplan, a non-existent CIA agent. In ''The Wrong Man'', Henry Fonda is mistaken for a criminal. The plot of ''Vertigo'' revolves around James Stewart's investigation of Kim Novak's actual identity. In both versions of ''Man Who Knew Too Much'' the lead character is mistaken for a spy.

★ 'Likeable Criminal' - The "villain" in many of Hitchcock's films is charming and refined rather than grotesque and vulgar. Especially clear examples of this tendency are Claude Rains in ''Notorious'', Joseph Cotten in ''Shadow of a Doubt'', and James Mason in ''North by Northwest''.

★ 'Stairways' - Images of stairs often play a central role in Hitchcock's films. Hitchcock's first movie, The Lodger, tracks a suspected serial killer's movement on a staircase. Years later, a similar shot appears in the final sequence of ''Notorious''. In ''Psycho'', several staircases are featured prominently: as part of the path up to the Bates mansion, as the entrance to the fruit cellar, and as the site of Martin Balsam's murder. In ''Rear Window'', an entirely nonfunctional staircase adorns James Stewart's apartment, in addition to the numerous fire escape staircases seen each time we follow Stewart's gaze out of his window. In ''Shadow of a Doubt'', Joseph Cotten attempts to murder his niece by rigging a staircase to collapse. This is attributed to the influence of German Expressionism, which often featured heavily stylized and menacing staircases (cf. ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari''). In fact, early director Leopold Jessner is often credited with creating the first dramatic, cinematic staircases in his 1921 film ''Hintertreppe''. ''Frenzy'' features an unusual shot which tracks the killer and his victim first up the stairs, then retreats backwards down the stairs alone while the audience is left to imagine the killing which is taking place.

★ 'Mothers' - Mothers are frequently depicted as intrusive and domineering, as seen in ''Rope'', ''Notorious'', ''North by Northwest'', ''Psycho'', and ''The Birds''.

★ 'Brandy' - Hitchcock includes the consumption of brandy in nearly every film. "I'll get you some brandy. Drink this down. Just like medicine ..." says James Stewart to Kim Novak in ''Vertigo''. In a real-life incident, Hitchcock dared Montgomery Clift at a dinner party around the filming of ''I Confess'' (1953) to swallow a carafe of brandy, which caused the actor to pass out almost immediately. This fixation upon brandy remains unexplained. In ''Torn Curtain'' and ''Topaz'', brandy is defined more closely as cognac.

★ 'Sexuality' - For their time, Hitchcock's films were regarded as rather sexualized, often dealing with perverse and taboo behaviors. Sometimes, the prudish conventions of his era caused him to convey sexuality in an emblematic fashion, such as in ''North by Northwest'', when the film cuts abruptly from two aroused but visually chaste lovers to a train entering a tunnel. Hitchcock found a number of ways to convey sexuality without depicting graphic behaviors, such as the substitution of explicit sexual passion with the passionate consumption of food. In a particularly amusing scene in ''Psycho'', Anthony Perkins is carrying on a conversation with Janet Leigh while one of his hands strokes a dead animal and the other hand lingers in his crotch. Sexual feelings are often strongly associated with violent behavior. In ''The Lodger'' and ''Psycho'', this association is the whole basis of the film. In other films, such as ''Vertigo'', the intertwining of sex and violence is more complex, though undeniably present.

★ 'Voyeurism' - Another aspect of Hitchcock's enthusiasm for perversion is the prominence of voyeurism in many films, including ''Vertigo'', ''Rear Window'', and ''Psycho''. Many critics have suggested that voyeurism may be a useful metaphor with which to explain Hitchcock's approach to film narrative. (see above section)

★ 'Crime' - With only a few exceptions, crime is the foundation for all Hitchcock stories. Occasionally, we encounter a crimeless film, such as ''The Birds'', but Hitchcock should be classified as a storyteller who primarily told stories about crime and criminals. Hitchcock's signature manipulation of the crime genre is his relentless emphasis on the ordinary people whose lives cross paths with criminals. Hitchcock isn't so much interested in criminals, or the psychology or motivation of criminals, as he is on the dramatic intersection of criminals and normal people.

★ 'Blonde Women' - Hitchcock had a dramatic preference for blonde women, stating that the audience would be more suspicious of a brunette. Many of these blondes were of the Kim Novak/Grace Kelly variety: perfect and aloof. In ''Vertigo'' James Stewart forces a woman to dye her hair blonde. ''The Lodger'', one of Hitchcock's earliest films, features a serial killer who stalks blonde women. Hitchcock said he used blonde actresses in his films, not because of an attraction to them, but because of a tradition that began with Mary Pickford. The director said that blondes were "a symbol of the heroine." He also thought they photographed in black and white, which was the predominant film for most dramas for many years.^[13]

★ 'Silent Scenes' - As a former silent film director, Hitchcock strongly preferred to convey narrative with images rather than dialogue. Hitchcock viewed film as a primarily visual medium in which the director's assemblage of images must convey the narrative. Examples of imagery over dialogue are in the lengthy sequence in ''Vertigo'' in which Jimmy Stewart is silently following Kim Novak, the Albert Hall sequence in the 1956 version of ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'', or the extended sequence in ''Psycho'' in which Janet Leigh is frantically, wordlessly fleeing Phoenix.

★ 'Numbers' - Hitchcock often placed numbers that add up to 13 in his movies. Two specific examples are found in ''Psycho'' (1960). The license plate of the car that Norman is driving that ends up in the swamp equals 13. And in the motel he reaches first for the key to cabin 3, then reaches for the key to cabin number 1.

Cinematic experimentation

Hitchcock seemed to delight in the technical challenges of filmmaking. In ''Lifeboat'', Hitchcock sets the entire action of the movie in a small boat, yet manages to keep the cinematography from monotonous repetition. His trademark cameo appearance was a dilemma, given the limitations of the setting; so Hitchcock appeared on camera in a fictitious newspaper ad for a weight loss product.
In ''Spellbound'' two unprecedented point-of-view shots were achieved by constructing a large wooden hand (which would appear to belong to the character whose point of view the camera took) and outsized props for it to hold: a bucket-sized glass of milk and a large wooden gun. For added novelty and impact, the climactic gunshot was hand-coloured red on some copies of the black-and-white print of the film.
''Rope'' (1948) was another technical challenge: a film that appears to have been shot entirely in a single take. The film was actually shot in eight takes of approximately 10 minutes each, which was the amount of film that would fit in a single camera reel; the transitions between reels were hidden by having a dark object fill the entire screen for a moment. Hitchcock used those points to hide the cut, and began the next take with the camera in the same place.
His 1958 film ''Vertigo'' contains a camera trick that has been imitated and re-used so many times by filmmakers, it has become known as the Hitchcock zoom.
Although famous for inventive camera angles, Hitchcock generally avoided points of view that were physically impossible from a human perspective. For example, he would never place the camera looking out from inside a refrigerator. This helps to draw audience members into the film's action. (A notable exception is the pacing of the mysterious lodger being viewed through the floor from beneath in ''The Lodger'' (1927), giving the audience a visual to what the family is imagining in response to the sound of footsteps - which otherwise wouldn't come across as strongly in a silent film.)

Character and its effects on his films

Hitchcock's films sometimes feature characters struggling in their relationships with their mothers. In ''North by Northwest'' (1959), Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant's character) is an innocent man ridiculed by his mother for insisting that shadowy, murderous men are after him (in this case, they are). In ''The Birds'' (1963), the Rod Taylor character, an innocent man, finds his world under attack by vicious birds, and struggles to free himself of a clinging mother (Jessica Tandy). The killer in ''Frenzy'' (1972) has a loathing of women but idolizes his mother. The villain Bruno in ''Strangers on a Train'' hates his father, but has an incredibly close relationship with his mother (played by Marion Lorne). Sebastian (Claude Rains) in ''Notorious'' has a clearly conflictual relationship with his mother, who is (correctly) suspicious of his new bride Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman). And, of course, Norman Bates' troubles with his mother in ''Psycho'' are infamous.
Hitchcock heroines tend to be lovely, cool blondes who seem proper at first but, when aroused by passion or danger, respond in a more sensual, animal, or even criminal way. As noted, the famous victims in ''The Lodger'' are all blondes. In ''The 39 Steps'', Hitchcock's glamorous blonde star, Madeleine Carroll, is put in handcuffs. In ''Marnie'' (1964), the title character (played by Tippi Hedren) is a kleptomaniac. In ''To Catch a Thief'' (1955), Francie (Grace Kelly) offers to help a man she believes is a cat burglar. In ''Rear Window'', Lisa (Grace Kelly again) risks her life by breaking into Lars Thorwald's apartment. And, most notoriously, in ''Psycho'', Janet Leigh's unfortunate character steals $40,000 and is murdered by a reclusive lunatic. Hitchcock's last blonde heroine was - years after Dany Robin and her "daughter" Claude Jade in ''Topaz'' - Barbara Harris as a phony psychic turned amateur sleuth in his final film, 1976's ''Family Plot''. In the same film, the diamond smuggler played by Karen Black could also fit that role, as she wears a long blonde wig in various scenes and becomes increasingly uncomfortable about her line of work.
Hitchcock saw that reliance on actors and actresses was a holdover from the theater tradition. He was a pioneer in using camera movement, camera set ups and montage to explore the outer reaches of cinematic art.
Most critics and Hitchcock scholars, including Donald Spoto and Roger Ebert, agree that ''Vertigo'' represents the director's most personal and revealing film, dealing with the obsessions of a man who crafts a woman into the woman he desires. ''Vertigo'' explores more frankly and at greater length his interest in the relation between sex and death than any other film in his filmography.
Hitchcock often said that his personal favourite was ''Shadow of a Doubt''.

Style of working

Hitchcock once commented, "The writer and I plan out the entire script down to the smallest detail, and when we're finished all that's left to do is to shoot the film. Actually, it's only when one enters the studio that one enters the area of compromise. Really, the novelist has the best casting since he doesn't have to cope with the actors and all the rest."
Hitchcock would storyboard each movie down to the finest detail. He was reported to have never even bothered looking through the viewfinder, since he didn't need to do so, though in publicity photos he was shown doing so. He also used this as an excuse to never have to change his films from his initial vision. If a studio asked him to change a film, he would claim that it was already shot in a single way, and that there were no alternate takes to consider. However, respected film critic Bill Krohn in his book ''Hitchcock At Work'' has questioned the popular notion of Hitchcock's reliance on storyboards. In his book, Krohn after researching script revisions of Hitchcock's most popular works, concludes that Hitchcock's reliance on storyboards has been exaggerated and argues that Hitchcock only storyboarded a few sequences and not each and every scene as most think. He also notes that this myth was largely perpetuated by Hitchcock himself.
Similarly much of Hitchcock's hatred of actors has been exaggerated. Hitchcock simply did not tolerate the method approach as he believed that actors should only concentrate on their performances and leave work on script and character to the directors and screenwriters. In a ''Sight and Sound'' interview, he stated that, ' the method actor is OK in the theatre because he has a free space to move about. But when it comes to cutting the face and what he sees and so forth, there must be some discipline' (see [1]). During the making of ''Lifeboat'', Walter Slezak, who played the German character, stated that Hitchcock knew the mechanics of acting better than anyone he knew. Several critics have observed that despite his reputation as a man who disliked actors, several actors who worked with him gave fine, often brilliant performances and these performances contribute to the film's success.
Regarding Hitchcock's sometimes less than pleasant relationship with actors, there was a persistent rumor that he had said that actors were cattle. Hitchcock later denied this, typically tongue-in-cheek, clarifying that he had only said that actors should be treated like cattle. Carole Lombard, tweaking Hitchcock and drumming up a little publicity, brought some cows along with her when she reported to the set of ''Mr. and Mrs. Smith''. For Hitchcock, the actors, like the props, were part of the film's setting.
The first book devoted to the director is simply named ''Hitchcock''. It is a document of a one-week interview by François Truffaut in 1967. (ISBN 0-671-60429-5)
Until the later part of his career, Hitchcock was far more popular with film audiences than with film critics, especially the elite British and American critics. In the late 1950s the French New Wave critics, especially Éric Rohmer, Claude Chabrol, and François Truffaut, were among the first to see and promote his films as artistic works. Hitchcock was one of the first directors to whom they applied their auteur theory, which stresses the artistic authority of the director in the film-making process.

Influence

Hitchcock's innovations and vision have influenced a great number of filmmakers, producers, and actors. His influence helped start a trend for film directors to control artistic aspects of their movies without answering to the movie's producer.

Awards

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Hitchcock the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, in 1967. However, despite six earlier nominations, he never won an Oscar in a contested category. His Oscar nominations were:

★ for Best Director: ''Rebecca'' (1940), ''Lifeboat'' (1944), ''Spellbound'' (1945), ''Rear Window'' (1954), and ''Psycho'' (1960);

★ as producer, for Best Picture: ''Suspicion'' (1941).
''Rebecca'', which Hitchcock directed, won the 1940 Best Picture Oscar for its producer David O. Selznick. In addition to ''Rebecca'' and ''Suspicion'', two other films Hitchcock directed, ''Foreign Correspondent'' and ''Spellbound'', were nominated for Best Picture.
Hitchcock is considered the Best Film Director of all time by The Screen Directory.
[2]
Hitchcock was knighted in 1980.
Sixteen films directed by Hitchcock earned Oscar nominations, though only six of those films earned Hitchcock himself a nomination. The total number of Oscar nominations (including winners) earned by films he directed is fifty. Four of those films earned Best Picture nominations.

Television and books

Alfred Hitchcock introduces the ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' episode "The Sorcerer's Apprentice"

Along with Walt Disney, Hitchcock was one of the first prominent motion picture producers to fully envision just how popular the medium of television would become. From 1955 to 1965, Hitchcock was the host and producer of a long-running television series entitled ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents''. While his films had made Hitchcock's name strongly associated with suspense, the TV series made Hitchcock a celebrity himself. His irony-tinged voice, image, and mannerisms became instantly recognizable and were often the subject of parody. The title theme of the show pictured a minimalist caricature of his profile (he drew it himself, it is comprised of only around seven lines) which his real silhouette then filled. His introductions before the stories in his program always included some sort of wry humor, such as the description of a recent multi-person execution hampered by having only one electric chair, while two are now shown with a sign "Two chairs--no waiting!" He directed a few episodes of the TV series himself, and he upset a number of movie production companies when he insisted on using his TV production crew to produce his motion picture ''Psycho''. In the late 1980s, a new version of ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' was produced for television, making use of Hitchcock's original introductions in a colorised form.
"Hitch" used a curious little tune by the French composer Charles Gounod (1818-1893), the composer of the 1859 opera ''Faust'', as the theme "song" for his television programs, after it was suggested to him by composer Bernard Herrmann. Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra included the piece, ''Funeral March of a Marionette'', in one of their extended play 45-rpm discs for RCA Victor during the 1950s.
Alfred Hitchcock appears as a character in the popular juvenile detective series, ''Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators''. The long-running detective series was created by Robert Arthur, who wrote the first several books, although other authors took over after he left the series. The Three Investigators -- Jupiter Jones, Bob Andrews and Peter Crenshaw -- were amateur detectives, slightly younger than the Hardy Boys. In the introduction to each book, "Alfred Hitchcock" introduces the mystery, and he sometimes refers a case to the boys to solve. At the end of each book, the boys report to Hitchcock, and sometimes give him a memento of their case.
When the real Alfred Hitchcock died, the fictional Hitchcock in the Three Investigators books was replaced by a retired detective named Hector Sebastian. At this time, the series title was changed from ''Alfred Hitchcock and the Three Investigators'' to ''The Three Investigators''.
At the height of Hitchcock's success, he was also asked to introduce a set of books with his name attached. The series was a collection of short stories by popular short story writers, primarily focused on suspense and thrillers. These titles included ''Alfred Hitchcock's Monster Museum'', ''Alfred Hitchcock's Supernatural Tales of Terror and Suspense'', ''Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbinders in Suspense'', ''Alfred Hitchcock's Witch's Brew'', ''Alfred Hitchcock's Ghostly Gallery'', ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents Stories to be Read with the Door Locked'', ''Alfred Hitchcock's A Hangman's Dozen'' and ''Alfred Hitchcock's Haunted Houseful.'' Hitchcock himself was not actually involved in the reading, reviewing, editing or selection of the short stories; in fact, even his introductions were ghost-written. The entire extent of his involvement with the project was to lend his name and collect a check.
Some notable writers whose works were used in the collection include Shirley Jackson (''Strangers in Town'', ''The Lottery''), T.H. White (''The Once and Future King''), Robert Bloch, H. G. Wells (''The War of the Worlds''), Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Mark Twain and the creator of ''The Three Investigators'', Robert Arthur.
Hitchcock also wrote a mystery story for ''Look'' magazine in 1943, "The Murder of Monty Woolley." This was a sequence of captioned photographs inviting the reader to inspect the pictures for clues to the murderer's identity; Hitchcock cast the performers as themselves: Woolley, Doris Merrick, and make-up man Guy Pearce, whom Hitchcock identified, in the last photo, as the murderer. The article was reprinted in ''Games'' Magazine in November/December 1980.

Filmography

Main articles: Alfred Hitchcock filmography

Phobias

Alfred Hitchcock had a dislike of egg yolk. He once said:
:"I’m frightened of eggs, worse than frightened, they revolt me. That white round thing without any holes … have you ever seen anything more revolting than an egg yolk breaking and spilling its yellow liquid? Blood is jolly, red. But egg yolk is yellow, revolting. I’ve never tasted it."[3]
Biographer Patrick McGilligan confirmed Hitchcock's avoidance of eggs^[14], while noting that the director had actually tried them as a young man, then discovered he didn't like them. He was especially annoyed by poached eggs. His daughter Patricia, however, stated that "He loved souffles."^[15]
Hitchcock also had a serious fear of the police, which reportedly was the reason he never learned to drive. His reasoning was that if one never drove, then one would never have an opportunity to be pulled over by the police and issued a ticket. This fear can be attributed to a circumstance encountered by Hitchcock in his youth. In an attempt to punish Hitchcock for an instance of misbehavior, Alfred's father detailed in writing that the young Hitchcock had engaged in some form of childish mischief. Hitchcock's father then handed the description to Alfred, sending him to the local police station to demonstrate his wrongdoing. In response to the written notice, the on-duty police officer immediately brought Hitchcock to an empty cell and locked him there for a full 5 minutes, citing the justification for this action as a means to reprimand the young boy. Undoubtedly, history has recorded this incident as scarring. This perhaps influenced his signature theme in his movies where an innocent person would become entangled in the web of another guilty person's behaviour. This can be noted in many of his films, and a possible reason would be due to his hatred for authority, and his siding with the innocent. He also manages to convey this message to his audience in order to allow them to take his (the innocent) side.
^[16]

Frequent collaborators

Actors: ★ Sara Allgood ★ Murray Alper ★ Ingrid Bergman ★ Paul Bryar ★ Donald Calthrop ★ Leonard Carey ★ Leo G. Carroll ★ Edward Chapman ★ Hume Cronyn (also as Writer) ★ Violet Farebrother ★ Bess Flowers ★ Cary Grant ★ Clare Greet ★ Edmund Gwenn ★ Gordon Harker ★ Tom Helmore ★ Patricia Hitchcock ★ Ian Hunter ★ Isabel Jeans ★ Hannah Jones ★ Malcolm Keen ★ Phyllis Konstam ★ Grace Kelly ★ John Longden ★ Percy Marmont ★ Basil Radford ★ Jeffrey Sayre ★ James Stewart ★ John Williams	Film Crew: ★ Fred Ahern - Production Manager ★ Michael Balcon - Producer ★ Jack Barron - Makeup ★ Saul Bass - Main titles design ★ Robert F. Boyle - Art Director/Production Designer ★ Henry Bumstead - Art Director ★ Robert Burks - Cinematographer ★ Herbert Coleman - Assistant Director/Producer ★ Jack E. Cox - Cinematographer ★ Lowell J. Farrell - Assistant Director ★ Charles Frend - Film Editor ★ Hilton A. Green - Assistant Director ★ Bobby Greene - First Assistant Camera ★ Edith Head - Costume Designer ★ Bernard Herrmann - Music Composer ★ J. McMillan Johnson - Art Director/Production Designer ★ Barbara Keon - Production Assistant ★ Emile Kuri - Set Decoration ★ Bryan Langley - Cinematographer/Assistant Camera ★ Louis Levy - Musical Director/Music Composer ★ Norman Lloyd - Producer/Director ★ John Maxwell - Producer ★ Daniel McCauley - Assistant Director ★ Frank Mills - Assistant Director ★ George Milo - Set Decoration ★ Ivor Montagu - Editor/Producer ★ Hal Pereira - Art Director ★ Michael Powell - Still Photographer/Assistant Camera ★ Alma Reville - Assistant Director/Writer ★ Rita Riggs - Costume Designer ★ Peggy Robertson - Assistant ★ Emile de Ruelle - Film Editor ★ William Russell - Sound Recordist ★ David O. Selznick - Producer ★ Harry Stradling - Cinematographer/Director of Photography ★ Lois Thurman - Script Supervisor ★ Dimitri Tiomkin - Music Composer ★ George Tomasini - Film Editor ★ Joseph A. Valentine - Cinematographer ★ Gaetano di Ventimiglia - Cinematographer ★ Waldon O. Watson - Sound Recordist ★ Franz Waxman - Music Composer ★ Albert Whitlock - Matte Painter ★ William H. Ziegler - Film Editor	Screenwriters: ★ Charles Bennett ★ James Bridie ★ Joan Harrison ★ John Michael Hayes ★ Ben Hecht ★ Angus MacPhail ★ Eliot Stannard

Sources

1. Patrick McGilligan, ''Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light'' (New York: HarperCollins, 2003)
2. Patrick McGilligan, pg. 7
3. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 18-19
4. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 7-8
5. Patrick McGilligan, pg. 9
6. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 24-25
7. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 46-51
8. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 68-71
9. Patrick McGilligan, pg. 85
10. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 120-123
11. Patrick McGilligan, pg. 158
12. Patrick McGilligan, pgs. 429, 774-775
13. Patrick McGilligan, pg. 82
14. Patrick McGilligan, ''Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light'' (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), page 18
15. "Alfred Hitchcock and To Catch a Thief - An Appreciation" (DVD)
16. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000033/bio

References

External links

★

★

★

★ HitchcockOnline - Contains a lengthy online essay and related links.

★ Senses of Cinema's "Great Directors" Alfred Hitchcock profile

★ ''Hitchcock's Style'' -- online exhibit from screenonline, a website of the British Film Institute

★ Official Universal Website

★ The Alfred Hitchcock Scholars/"MacGuffin" website - the online extension of the Alfred Hitchcock journal ''The MacGuffin''.

★ Writing With Hitchcock - Companion site to Steven DeRosa's book of the same name, includes original interviews, essays, script excerpts, and extensive material on Hitchcock's unproduced works.

★ Basic Hitchcock Film Techniques A checklist of his top 13 film techniques.

★ EuroScreenwriters features interviews with Hitchcock, both text and video

★ Essay: The Lodger: The First 'Hitchcock' Film

★ Webster, Hitchcock and Google Culture:http://jacobeanvisions.edublogs.org

★

★ Alfred Hitchcock's Album, Alfred Hitchcock receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs".

★ Hitchcock's Holocaust Film

★ Frontline, Memory of the Camps

★ A Painful Reminder

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