ALLIES OF WORLD WAR I

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The 'Allies of World War I' are sometimes also referred to as the 'Entente Powers' or 'The Triple Entente' (''entente'' being French for "agreement").
The main allies were France, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the United States. France, Russia and Britain entered World War I in 1914, as a result of their Triple Entente alliance. Many other countries later joined the Allied side in the war (see below).
It should be noted that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and his administration were determined not to define the U.S. as an ''ally''. The United States declared war on Germany on the grounds of German violations of American neutrality, by attacking international shipping. The U.S. entered the war as an "associated power", rather than a formal ally of France and Britain, and maintained that distance throughout the war.^[1]
Although the Dominions and Crown Colonies of the British Empire made significant contributions to the Allied war effort, they did not have independent foreign policies during World War I. Operational control of British Empire forces was in the hands of the five-member British War Cabinet (BWC). However, the Dominion governments controlled recruiting, and did remove personnel from front-line duties as they saw fit. From early 1917 the BWC was superseded by the Imperial War Cabinet, which had Dominion representation. The Australian and Canadian army units were grouped in their own separate army corps, under Australian and Canadian commanders, who reported in turn to British and/or French generals.
In April 1918, operational control of all Allied forces on the Western Front passed to the new supreme commander, ''Maréchal de France'' Ferdinand Foch.

Contents

Allied states

Personnel and casualties of the Allied powers

Bibliography

Footnotes

References

See also

Allied states

★ Belgium (including Belgian colonial forces)

★ British Empire

★
★ Australia

★
★ British crown colonies

★
★ Canada

★
★ Indian Empire

★
★ New Zealand

★
★ Newfoundland

★
★ South Africa

★
★ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

★ France (including French colonial forces)

★ Greece (May 1917 and after)

★ Italy (April 1915 and after)

★ Empire of Japan

★ Montenegro

★ Portugal (including Portuguese colonial forces)

★ Romania (August 1916 and after)

★ Russian Empire (until November 1917)

★ Serbia

★ United States (April 1917 and after)
as well as:

★ Andorra

★ Armenia (1918)

★ Bolivia

★ Brazil (1917)

★ Costa Rica

★ Cuba

★ Czechoslovakia (1918)

★ Ecuador

★ Guatemala

★ Liberia

★ Haiti

★ Honduras

★ Nicaragua

★ Panama

★ Peru

★ Republic of China

★ San Marino

★ Siam

★ Uruguay

Personnel and casualties of the Allied powers

These are estimates of the cumulative number of different personnel in uniform 1914-1918, including army, navy and auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much smaller. Only a fraction of them were combat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was involved, or the number of casualties. (See also: World War I casualties.)

'Allied powers'	Personnel	Killed in action	Wounded in action	Total casualties	Casualties as % of total personnel
Australia	412,953	61,928[2]	152,171	214,099	52%
Belgium	267,000	38,172[3]	44,686	82,858	31%
Canada	628,964	64,944[4]	149,732	214,676	34%
France	8,410,000	1,397,800[5]	4,266,000	5,663,800	67%
Greece	230,000	26,000[6]	21,000	47,000	20%
Indian Empire	1,440,437	74,187[7]	69,214	143,401	10%
Italy	5,615,000	651,010[8]	953,886	1,604,896	29%
Japan	800,000	415[9]	907	1,322	<1%
Montenegro	50,000	3,000	10,000	13,000	26%
New Zealand	128,525	18,050[10]	41,317	59,367	46%
Newfoundland	11,922	1,204[11]	2,314	3,518	30%
Portugal	100,000	7,222[12]	13,751	20,973	21%
Romania	750,000	250,000[13]	120,000	370,000	49%
Russia	12,000,000	1,811,000[14]	4,950,000	6,761,000	56%
Serbia	707,343	275,000[15]	133,148	408,148	58%
South Africa	136,070	9,463[16]	12,029	21,492	16%
United Kingdom	6,200,000	885,138[17]	1,663,435	2,548,573	41%
United States	4,355,000	116,708[18]	205,690	322,398	7%
''Total ''	42,243,214	5,691,241	12,809,280	18,500,521	44%

Bibliography

See List of World War I books

★ Ellis, John and Mike Cox. ''The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants'' (2002)

★ Esposito, Vincent J. ''The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918'' (1997) despite the title covers entire war; online maps from this atlas

★ Falls, Cyril. ''The Great War'' (1960), general military history

★ Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. ''Researching World War I: A Handbook'' (2003), historiography, stressing military themes

★ Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. ''The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War'' (1995)

★ Strachan, Hew. ''The First World War: Volume I: To Arms'' (2004)

★ Trask, David F. ''The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917-1918'' (1961)

★ Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (5 vol 2005), online at eBook.com

★ Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1999)

Footnotes

1. The U.S. was not at war with the Ottoman Empire or Bulgaria.
2. Australia casualties
Included in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds-.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.-
Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919-21-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead.
3. Belgium casualties
Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds Figures include 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." .
4. Canada casualties
Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.
Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths-. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead.
5. France casualties
Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. -Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to 6/1/1919.
6. Greece casualties
Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing, The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease
7. Indian Empire casualties
British India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.
Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead. The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead
8. Italy casualties
Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds
Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data.
9. War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army.
10. New Zealand casualties
Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.
Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead.
11. Newfoundland casualties
Newfoundland was a Dominion at the time, and not part of Canada. The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead
12. Portugal casualties
Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW.
13. Romania casualties
Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnnaire from the International Labour Office". Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.
14. Russia casualties
Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The estimate of total Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.
15. Serbia casualties
Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis

16. South Africa casualties
Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.
Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead.
17. UK and Crown Colonies casualties
Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.
Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 British Merchant Navy deaths. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK, 507 from "Other colonies" and the Royal Navy (32,287).
The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately ; The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK.
18. United States casualties
Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead .

References

★ -''Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914-1920'', The War Office March 1922 -Reprinted by Naval & Military Press- ISBN 1847346812

★ Gilbert,Martin-Atlas of World War I, Oxford UP, 1994. ISBN 0195210778

★ -Tucker, Spencer C. ''The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'', Garland Publishing, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-8153-3351-X

★ -The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 -The report is available online at [2].

★ -The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Debt of Honour Register.[3]

★ -Urlanis, Boris, ''Wars and Population'', Moscow, 1971

★ -"Huber M.,''La Population de la France pendant la guerre'', Paris 1931

★ -"Bujac, Jean.'' Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique'', 1918-1922, Paris, 1930

★ Mortara, G. ''La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra'', New Haven: Yale University Press 1925.

★ Harries, Merion, ''Soldiers of the Sun-The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army'',Random House, 1991 ISBN 0679753036

★ Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.

See also

★ Triple Entente

★ Participants in World War I

★ Central Powers