AN UNEARTHLY CHILD

'''An Unearthly Child''' (also known as '''100,000 BC''', among other titles, see below) is a serial in the British science fiction television series ''Doctor Who'', which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from 23 November to 14 December, 1963. It is the first serial of the series and introduces William Hartnell as the First Doctor, Carole Ann Ford as Susan Foreman, Jacqueline Hill as Barbara Wright and William Russell as Ian Chesterton.

Contents

Synopsis

Plot

Cast

Continuity

Outside references

Production

Pilot episode

Alternative titles

In print

Broadcast, VHS and DVD releases

References

External links

Reviews

Target novelisation

Synopsis

Susan Foreman looks like an ordinary 15-year-old girl, but seems to possess scientific knowledge far beyond her years. When schoolteachers Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright try to solve the mystery of this unearthly child, they find that a police box in a junkyard holds the secrets of time and space...

Plot

In the first episode "An Unearthly Child", the four main characters are introduced, the Doctor is given vague background information. and the TARDIS is shown to travel through time for the first time. In "The Cave of Skulls", the group encounters a Paleolithic tribe and are subsequently imprisoned by them in a large cave. In "The Forest of Fear", they are shown to escape from the settlement but are subsequently intercepted before reaching the TARDIS. The final episode, "The Firemaker", has the group mediating separate factions of the tribe before fleeing successfully to the TARDIS, leaving Earth and landing on the planet Skaro, leading in to the next serial.
The first episode starts in a junk yard in contemporary 1963 London and introduces the four characters who were to form the core of the first year's production. Schoolteachers Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright are concerned about one of their pupils, Susan Foreman, who seems to have a very alien outlook on England. She is precocious but seems to have strange gaps in her understanding of the world. They have come to her listed address to investigate.

The programme's main prop, the TARDIS, a time machine disguised as a police box, is also introduced, when the teachers hear Susan's voice apparently coming from inside the box. At the time such boxes were a fairly common sight on the streets of London, but only police officers held a key to open them. The TARDIS proves to be no ordinary police box; when Ian and Barbara enter they discover it to be much bigger on the inside than the outside, and furnished with futuristic-looking controls. The time machine retains its outward appearance when it travels through time, which Susan explains as a malfunction in the circuitry that is supposed to adapt its appearance to its surroundings.
Susan lives with her grandfather, the mysterious Doctor, who does not otherwise identify himself. He is a cranky, hostile, suspicious old man who appears to be a fugitive. Fearing that Barbara and Ian will give away the secret of the TARDIS and make life impossible for him in London, he takes the machine to the Stone Age, where the four become involved in a brutal power struggle in a stone-aged tribe. They barely escape with their lives by exploitation of Ian's knowledge of how to produce fire, which induces fear and respect in the primitive stone-age society. They escape back to their time machine and the Doctor again activates the controls. They travel seemingly at random to a new destination, even the Doctor does not know where. The TARDIS's view screen shows a mysterious scene, a petrified forest, which acts as a teaser for the next story. As the time travellers leave their machine, a radiation meter is shown on the console of the machine, unheeded by them, registering "Danger".
The programme uses the convention that everybody speaks the same language so that the Londoners are easily able to communicate with stone-aged people. In later stories, this convention is explained within the story as a translation function performed by the TARDIS.

Cast

★ Dr Who — William Hartnell

★ Ian Chesterton — William Russell

★ Barbara Wright — Jacqueline Hill

★ Susan Foreman — Carole Ann Ford

★ Za — Derek Newark

★ Hur — Alethea Charlton

★ Old Mother — Eileen Way

★ Kal — Jeremy Young

★ Horg — Howard Lang

Continuity

★ The second episode mentions the malfunction of the ship's ability to change its appearance to blend in with the background. Later stories would identify this as the chameleon circuit.

★ When Ian calls the Doctor "Dr Foreman" in the second episode of this story, he gets the reply, "Eh, Doctor who? What's he talking about?" Although at this stage the question is primarily presented to make a plot point (the Doctor's name is not Foreman), it is the first use of the series' title in dialogue. The question would later be asked for humorous effect, a joke which has been repeated several times in the series.

★ In the second part of this story, the Doctor is seen to smoke a pipe for the first, and last, time.

★ At one point, Ian stops the Doctor from killing a caveman with a rock. While the Doctor has killed since in self-defence or as a last resort, the incongruity of the character (which was still developing) attempting to commit cold-blooded murder may shock fans who were introduced to the series through later Doctors. This scene is revisited in the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel ''The Eight Doctors'', where the Eighth Doctor is the one who persuades the First Doctor not to kill the caveman.

★ The Doctor would return to the Foreman scrapyard on two future occasions: ''Attack of the Cybermen'' and ''Remembrance of the Daleks''. ''Remembrance of the Daleks'' takes place in November, when the Doctor first appeared, as a calendar is visible in one of its episodes, but it is likely set soon after the events of ''An Unearthly Child''.

Outside references

In the first episode, Susan is scolded for not knowing how many shillings are in a pound; she replies that she had forgotten that decimalisation of British currency "hasn't started yet". Discussions on decimalisation of British currency dated back to the 19th century. The Halsbury Committee on the Inquiry on Decimal Currency was set up in 1961 and presented its report in 1963, although adoption of its recommendations was not announced until 1966 and not implemented until 1971 on Decimal Day. Decimalisation of British currency did not change the pound and so the number of shillings in a pound remained at 20, although the term eventually ceased to be in common use—the writer was therefore lucky enough that Susan's statement makes perfect historical sense. (This also strongly implies that the Doctor and Susan have visited the era of the Decimal system before.)

Production

The serial is divided into four episodes. They are entitled "An Unearthly Child", "The Cave of Skulls", "The Forest of Fear" and "The Firemaker".
The serial that became ''An Unearthly Child'' was originally commissioned from writer Anthony Coburn in June 1963, when it was intended to run as the second ''Doctor Who'' serial. At this stage, it was planned that the series would open with a serial entitled ''The Giants'', to be written by BBC staff scriptwriter C. E. Webber.^[1] Webber had been heavily involved in the brainstorming meetings which had led to the creation of ''Doctor Who'', and — with BBC Head of Drama Sydney Newman and Head of Serials Donald Wilson — had co-written the initial format document for the series.
By the middle of June, however, Wilson and ''Doctor Who's initial "caretaker producer" Rex Tucker decided to reject ''The Giants''. This was partly because it was felt the serial lacked the necessary impact for an opener, and partly because it was felt that the technical requirements of the storyline — which involved the leading characters being drastically reduced in size — would be beyond the capacities of the young series at this point, given the facilities available.¹ Due to the lack of scripts ready for production, it was decided to move Coburn's serial up to first in the run.¹
By the end of June, responsibility for getting ''Doctor Who'' off the ground was handed over to producer Verity Lambert and script editor David Whitaker, neither of whom were impressed with Coburn's serial, upon which the writer was asked to carry out major rewrites.¹ There was even some consideration given to dropping the scripts altogether, with writer Terence Dudley briefly sounded out about providing a replacement, but a lack of time necessitated Coburn's serial going ahead.¹
Coburn's script for the very first episode is believed to have been heavily based on Webber's script for the opening episode of ''The Giants'' — Webber received a co-writer's credit for it on internal BBC documentation, although not on-screen.¹ Coburn did, however, make several notable additions of his own, chiefly the idea that Susan should be the Doctor's granddaughter rather than simply a travelling companion, and that the Doctor's time machine should externally resemble a police box — this went on to become one of the main icons of the programme. Coburn had the idea for the design when he came across a real police box while on a walk near his office.¹
The serial as a whole was originally to have been directed by Rex Tucker, but when he moved on from the series young staff director Waris Hussein, who had been attached to ''Doctor Who'' from an early stage, was given the assignment.¹ Some of the pre-filmed inserts for the serial, shot at Ealing Studios in early October, were directed by Hussein's production assistant, Douglas Camfield.¹ The incidental music score was provided by Norman Kay. The scenic designer assigned to the serial was Peter Brachacki, who originated the distinctive TARDIS interior set, but he eventually handled only the very first episode before being replaced by Barry Newbery, as he was unhappy with working on the programme.¹
The first version of the opening episode was shot at Lime Grove Studios on the evening of 27 September 1963, following a week of rehearsals. The second attempt at the opening episode was shot on 18 October, with the following three episodes being shot weekly from that point onwards on 25 October, 1 November and 8 November.¹ As with much British television of the era, the episodes were predominantly videotaped "as live", with little scope for re-takes or breaks in recording.
In many ways, the serial consists of two stories; there is a strong discontinuity between the first episode, introducing the characters and establishing the premise of the series, and the three episodes set in the Paleolithic. The first episode, in particular, is often seen as a classic of television science fiction (though the contemporary critical reaction was somewhat less positive).

Pilot episode

The first episode, "An Unearthly Child", was originally recorded a month before full recording on the series began. However, the initial recording was bedevilled with technical problems and errors made during the performance. A particular problem occurred with the doors leading into the TARDIS control room which would not close properly, instead randomly opening and closing through the early part of the scene. Two versions of the scene set in the TARDIS were recorded, along with an aborted first attempt to start the second version.
Sydney Newman, after viewing the episode, met producer Verity Lambert and director Waris Hussein. He indicated the many faults he found with the pilot and ordered that it be mounted again; a consequence of this was the delay of the show's planned 16 November, 1963 premiere date. This initial episode is now known as the unaired "pilot episode", although it was never intended as such, since the practice of producing pilot episodes did not exist in Britain in the 1960s.
During the weeks between the two tapings, changes were made to costuming, effects, performances, and the script (which had originally featured a more callous and threatening Doctor, and Susan doing strange things like flicking ink blots onto paper). Changes made before the final version was filmed include a thunderclap sound effect being deleted from the opening theme music; Susan's dress being changed to make her look more like a schoolgirl than the original costume which made her appear more alien and sensual; the Doctor's costume being changed from a normal suit and tie to his familiar, Edwardian clothing; a reference to the Doctor and Susan being from the 49th Century being replaced by them being from "another time, another world"; the TARDIS door being repaired so that it closed properly; and a refinement of the TARDIS sound effect.
The original episode was not broadcast until 26 August, 1991 when the BBC aired a version that edited together the first half of the taping with one of the two completed second halves. As it happened, the version chosen was the one in which the TARDIS doors would not close; other errors included actress Carole Ann Ford flubbing a line of dialogue, Jacqueline Hill getting caught in a doorway, a camera banging into a piece of scenery during one of the scrapyard sequences, and William Russell accidentally knocking over a mannequin in the scrapyard. This version was later released on the VHS compilation ''The Hartnell Years''. In late 2005, the ''Doctor Who: The Beginning'' DVD set (released in North America in March 2006) contained two versions of the episode: an unedited studio recording including all takes of the second part of the show, and a newly created version of the pilot that uses the best footage from the original recording, with additional editing and digital adjustments to remove blown lines, technical problems, and reduce studio noise. Like the other episodes from this serial, both versions of the "pilot" were remastered for DVD release, using VidFIRE technology that simulated the original video look of the 1963 production.

Alternative titles

As was usual at the beginning of the series' history, no overall title appeared on-screen, and each episode has its own title. ''100,000 BC'' is the title that was used by the production team at the time of transmission. However, due to the absence of an overall onscreen title for the four episode storyline, reference works have used various different titles, some originating from the BBC production office and others seemingly invented by fans.
Titles used for the story include, in rough chronological order:

★ ''The Tribe of Gum'' - An early working title which was used up until the beginning of recording. It survived in a few documents derived from earlier paperwork, such as the payments for overseas sales, and started appearing again in reference works in the late 1970s and 1980s, including being used when the teleplay was published by Titan Books.

★ ''100,000 BC'' - The first known use is a publicity release dating from when the story was being recorded and this title is used on subsequent lists and publicity releases.

★ ''The Paleolithic Age'' - Used by producer Verity Lambert in a letter to a viewer in late 1964.

★ ''The Stone Age'' - Used on the biography listing on a publicity release for a later story in late 1965.

★ ''An Unearthly Child'' (or variants thereof) - The title of the first episode, used by the 1973 ''Radio Times'' Tenth Anniversary Special and subsequently by the 1976 edition of ''The Making of Doctor Who'', with much subsequent commercial use including the novelisation, VHS and DVD releases of the story.

★ ''The Cavemen'' - A quick description of the story material used in a 1974 fan listing due to the seeming lack of any other title.
Many documents lack any title at all (whereas for later stories they are clearer), including the 1974 BBC Enterprises listing ''A Quick Guide to Doctor Who'' which was the main source of titles for most early fan reference works.
Which title should be used is a subject that has generated deep controversy amongst fans of the series. Fan researchers such as David J. Howe argue that since ''100,000 BC'' was used by the production team at the time of transmission, it is the most accurate title. However, the BBC tends to market the story as ''An Unearthly Child''. Consequently, this become the most common title used for the story in recent years (see also Doctor Who story title controversy).
The four episodes of the serial were, respectively, "An Unearthly Child", "The Cave of Skulls", "The Forest of Fear" and "The Firemaker".

In print

Terrance Dicks wrote the Target Books novelisation of this story, initially published as ''Doctor Who and an Unearthly Child'' in October 1981. A French language version of the novelisation with the title ''Docteur Who entre en scène'' (literally, ''Doctor Who takes the stage'') was published in 1987. A 1990 German edition published by Goldmann was one of six ''Doctor Who'' novels from that publisher, this being the only not involving the Daleks. The German title was ''Doctor Who und das Kind von den Sternen'' (''Doctor Who and the Child of the Stars'').
It was the first target novelisation to feature the "bar logo".
The First Doctor's appearance in the BBC Books Eighth Doctor Adventures novel ''The Eight Doctors'', also by Dicks, occurs during this story.

Broadcast, VHS and DVD releases

★ The first episode was transmitted the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. There is a myth that the transmission was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage; in fact, it went out just eighty seconds late.^[2] However, due to the fact that it was felt that the coverage of the events of the assassination as well as a series of power blackouts across the country may have caused too many viewers to miss this introduction to a new series it was broadcast again on 30 November, just before the broadcast of episode two. This repeat was not broadcast in Northern Ireland. The repeat is to date the only occasion in the series' history that an episode starring William Hartnell has been repeated on the BBC's main channel, BBC One (then simply "BBC Television").

★ This story represented the First Doctor in ''The Five Faces of Doctor Who'' on BBC2 in 1981.

★ This story was originally released on VHS in 1990. It was rereleased and remastered in 2000.

★ It was subsequently released with ''The Daleks'' and ''The Edge of Destruction'' in the DVD box set ''The Beginning''.

★ The version of the pilot (with the problems with the TARDIS doors) was released on VHS on ''The Hartnell Years'' tape in June 1991. A further version combining all three takes was released on a two tape set with ''The Edge of Destruction'' in May of 2000.

★ All footage from the pilot is included in ''The Beginning'' DVD box set.

References

1. The Handbook: The First Doctor – The William Hartnell Years 1963-1966, , David J., Howe, Virgin Books, 1994, ISBN 0-426-20430-1
2. The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to DOCTOR WHO, , David J., Howe, Telos Publishing Ltd., 2003, ISBN 1-903889-51-0


★ Serial A: 100,000 BC (aka An Unearthly Child, The Tribe Of Gum)

External links

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Reviews

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★ The Whoniverse's review on ''An Unearthly Child''

Target novelisation

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★ On Target — ''Doctor Who and An Unearthly Child''