ANDROID

An 'android' is a robot designed to resemble a human, usually both in appearance and behavior. The word derives from the Greek ''andr-'', " meaning "man, male", and the suffix ''-eides'', used to mean "of the species; alike" (from ''eidos'' "species"). The term first mentioned by Albertus Magnus in 1270 [1].
Although the term "android" appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature humanlike toy automations,^[1] the term was popularized by the French writer Villiers in his 1886 novel ''L'Ève future''.^[2]
The word ''droid'', a robot in the ''Star Wars'' universe, is derived from this meaning. Thus far, androids have remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently in film and television. However, some humanoid robots now exist.

Contents

Android projects

Usage and distinctions

Ambiguity

Androids in fiction

Bio androids

Notes

References

Further Reading

See also

External links

Android projects

As of September 2006 a handful of android projects have been successfully completed. The Intelligent Robotics Lab directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University and Kokoro Co., Ltd. have demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. The Korea Institute for Industrial Technology (KITECH) has begun demonstrating EveR-1, an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial "musculature", and capable of rudimentary conversation having a ~400 word vocabulary. EveR-1's name derives from the Biblical Eve, plus the letter "r" for robot. This android is not bipedal, but is capable of motion from her torso up.
The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab directed by Kobayashi at The Science University of Tokyo has developed an android head called Saya, which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama, Japan. There are several other initiatives around the world involving humanoid research and development at this time, which will hopefully introduce a broader spectrum of realized technology in the near future.
Hanson Robotics, Inc. of Texas and KAIST Research Institute of Korea produced an android portrait of Albert Einstein, using Hanson's facial android technology mounted on KAIST's life-size walking bipedal robot body. This Einstein android, also called "Albert Hubo", thus represents the first full body walking android in history (see video at [3]). Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology [4], and the University of Texas at Arlington also developed the android portrait of sci-fi author Philip K Dick (creator of Blade Runner), with full conversational capabilities that incorporated thousands of pages of the author's. In 2005, the PKD android won a first place Artificial intelligence award from AAAI.

Usage and distinctions

Unlike the terms ''robot'' (a "mechanical" being) and ''cyborg'' (a being that is partly organic and partly mechanical), the word ''android'' has been used in literature and other media to denote several different kinds of artificially constructed beings:

★ a robot that closely resembles a human

★ an artificially or synthetically created, yet primarily organic, being that closely resembles a human. Also referred to in many series (mostly anime) as Bio Android
Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots, the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in the assimilation of two concepts: ''simulacra'' (devices that exhibit likeness) and ''automata'' (devices that have independence).
The term android was first used by the French author Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838-1889) in his work ''Tomorrow's Eve'', featuring an artificial human-like robot named Hadaly. As said by the officer in the story, "In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls."
Although Karel Čapek's robots in ''R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)'' (1921)—the play that introduced the word "robot" to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word ''robot'' has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term android can mean either one of these, while a cyborg ("cybernetic organism" or "bionic man") would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts.
In the semantic sense, the word "android" is a misnomer. The intended meaning is "an artificial human-like being" while the literal translation is "like a male being." The word ''andros'' has definite meaning of "male human being" in Greek, while the word ''man'' can mean either "male human being" or "human being in general." The gender-neutral word for human being in Greek is ''anthropos'', and the correct word for an artificial human being-like automaton would be anthropoid.

Ambiguity

Historically, science fiction authors have used "android" in a greater diversity of ways than the terms "robot" and "cyborg". In some fiction works, the primary difference between a robot and android is only skin-deep, with androids being made to look almost exactly like humans on the outside, but with internal mechanics exactly the same as that of robots. In other stories, authors have defined android to indicate a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other definitions of android fall somewhere in between.
The character Data, from the television series '', is described as an android. Data became intoxicated in an early episode ("The Naked Now") and is later referred to having "bioplast sheeting" for skin ("The Most Toys"), perhaps suggesting that he was initially intended by the writers to be at least partially organic. Otherwise, Data was shown to be mechanical throughout and this often became a central plot theme.
The character Rock/Mega Man, from the game series of the same name, is called a Humanoid in the instructions of the first game, and a robot thereafter. He is a member of a class of robots called Robot Masters, which have a certain degree of autonomy. At the end of Mega Man 7, he states that he is "more than just a robot". Mega Man's successor, Mega Man X, is specifically identified to be fully autonomous.
The Replicants from the movie ''Blade Runner'' were bioengineered organic beings. While they were not referred to as either robots or androids in the movie, the screenplay was originally based on a novel by Philip K. Dick called ''Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?'' In this novel, the beings in question are specifically referred to as "androids" or, more familiarly, "andys" and exist primarily to replace a depleted human population in the aftermath of a nuclear war. The feature that most obviously distinguishes them from humans is their lack of empathy — otherwise, they are virtually indistinguishable from their organic counterparts (indeed, at one point a character observes that a psychotic human could be confused with an android).
In the video game ''Beneath a Steel Sky'', genetically engineered androids similar to Blade Runner's Replicants are a central plot theme. However, despite their organic makeup, their behavior is programmed by computer.
The robots of Čapek's ''R.U.R.'' were organic in nature. Today, an author writing a similar story might very well be inclined to call them androids.
The character Ash in the movie ''Alien'', another artificial organic being, is often referred to as an android (though not in the dialogue of the movie itself). Similarly, the character Bishop in ''Aliens'' and ''Alien³'' is a more advanced android commonly called a Synthetic, but prefers to be called an "artificial person". Much later in the series timeline, the character Call in ''Alien Resurrection'' is ashamed of being an android. Interesting to note is that the internal workings of the androids in the ''Alien'' universe seem almost human like. They have a white liquid, analogous for blood, probably for hydraulic movement. They also seem to have "guts" as seen in ''Aliens''.
In the ''Star Wars'' movies, C-3PO, R2-D2, and other robots are referred to as "droids". While C-3PO could reasonably be called an android because he is humanoid in appearance, the squat cylinder R2-D2 is at most only humanoid in behavior.
In the movie ''A.I.'', the robotic characters are called ''mechas'', but the film is loosely based on a short story written by Brian Aldiss called "Supertoys Last All Summer Long", in which the central character David is called an android (by which Aldiss seemed to be referring to an organic creation).
In the anime/manga ''Chobits'', Androids are known as "Persocoms", essentially computers in a man-made body. The series does not go into their internal composition, but it is assumed to be artificial with a very realistic outside. One of the key points of this series was a special type of persocom named "Chobit", a persocom that had free will and the ability to fall in love and have emotions.
The Cylon race in the re-imagined ''Battlestar Galactica'' series includes twelve android models that are virtually indistinguishable from human beings down to the cellular level, however subcellularly (molecularly) they are different in many ways, and as such have superhuman capacities, but lack the ability to functionally reproduce with each other.
The character Kryten from the television show ''Red Dwarf'' is described as being a "Mechanoid" as well as an android. This is a melding of the words "Mechanical" and "Humanoid". According to the episode "DNA", his brain is part-organic, and his DNA can therefore be altered. He is also capable of breaking his programming and obtaining emotions, though this proves to be difficult as displayed in the episode, "Camille".

Androids in fiction

★ The first android in film appeared in Fritz Lang's ''Metropolis'', in which a robot is created in the image of the revolutionary leader Maria.

★ One of the earliest android characters is Otho from the ''Captain Future'' stories of Edmond Hamilton. Otho's construction is never discussed but he is much more human-like than his companion Grag, a mechanical robot.

★ The creature in Mary Shelly's classic novel ''Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus'' is essentially a robot made from protein-based parts. The creature is animated by a young student who flees from his own creation. He soon begins to learn like a child, and soon he becomes intelligent and seeks revenge on his reluctant 'Father'.

★ Isaac Asimov's robot stories are mostly about androids; many are collected in ''I, Robot'' (1950). They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for androids and robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. Most of Asimov's robots appear too artificial to be mistaken for human beings, with the notable exceptions of R. Jander Panell, R. Daneel Olivaw and Andrew Martin.

★ Perhaps the most famous android is Data, played by actor Brent Spiner, of the series ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' (1987–1994) and several spin-off motion pictures; this character was largely inspired by another android character created by Gene Roddenberry for ''The Questor Tapes''. Data's immediate 'family' — brothers Lore and B-4 et al, his daughter Lal and 'mother' Dr. Juliana Tainer — were also androids (and the fembots are properly, though rarely, referred to as gynoids) from the same creator, Dr. Noonien Soong. In one of the episodes of the Next Generation series, Data creates a 'daughter' whom he calls Lal, effectively indicating that even adroids can 'create offspring,' though in a non-traditional way [i.e, building them]. Lal means "beloved" in the language Hindi.

★ Earlier in '' (1979), the Ilia probe — a precisely duplicated biomechanical replica of Lieutenant Ilia, with some of her emotions intact — was dispatched by V'ger to gather information about the crew of the starship ''Enterprise''.

★ In the TV series ''Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda'' (2000–2005), the gynoid Rommie is an extension of the starship's AI operating system, represented by an avatar of Rommie.

★ Androids (Jinzou Ningen in Japanese; meaning 'artificial human') are also a race in ''Dragon Ball'', ''Dragon Ball Z'', and ''Dragon Ball GT''. The androids' names were only numbers (such as Android #13 or Android #20). They were created by Dr. Gero, Dr. Muu, and the Red Ribbon Army. Some are entirely artificial and some are created from humans and can be considered cyborgs.

★ Jinzo Ningen Kikaider was the first manga and tokusatsu series to feature an android protagonist.

★ The series Xenosaga borrows Villiers' original term Realian when referring to a race of beings created by Vector Corporation. Two playable characters are androids (MOMO and KOS-MOS). One is referred to as a Realian while the second is simply an android, the difference being that Realians, while also artificial, are at least mostly organic in composition.

★ In their respective series by Capcom, Mega Man was initially called a "humanoid", which was then simplified to robot. X, a later version, is said to be more advanced, more independent of thought, and closer to an android. Other beings, based off his design, are called Reploids.

★ In the ''Doctor Who'' episode "Bad Wolf", with deadly versions of 20th-century gameshows, there is an android host of ''The Weakest Link'' called the "Anne Droid" (a pun on the name of Anne Robinson, the current host). The series had previously featured androids in the more conventional sense — that is robotic duplicates of real people — in ''The Chase'' (a Dalek-made murderous robot double of the First Doctor), ''Four to Doomsday'', ''Timelash'' (though the androids are deliberately distinguishable by having blue skin) and most notably ''The Android Invasion'', in which among the deadly robot creations was a copy of Sarah Jane Smith that failed to fool the Doctor. See also Autons and Kamelion.

★ At least one episode of ''Blake's 7'' revolves round a deadly robot duplicate.

★ General Morden creates mechanical duplicates of himself and resurrects his henchman Allen O'niel as an android. defeat doesn't mean their end. The mechanical duplicates drag themselves toward the player, self-destruct, and leave their heads behind where they become land mines.

★ In the game ''Shadow the Hedgehog'' Dr. Eggman creates an army of androids that resemble Shadow the hedgehog called, "Shadow androids". Due to their exact resemblance Shadow begins to fear he too is an android.

★ In the show ''Small Wonder'' (TV series) Vicki Lawson who is also known as V.I.C.I. short for Voice Input Child Identicant is a android built by Ted Lawson he and his family passes her off as their daughter and sister.

★ Kim Fox is a sentient female android (or gynoid) who features in the work of Richard Evans (British author). His futursitic thrillers, ''Machine Nation'' and ''Robophobia'' examine machine emotions and the consequences of human-android relationships. Other gynoids and androids appear in his short stories, ''Touch Sensitive'' and ''Hand In Glove''.

★ In '', Mackenzie "Mack" Hartford is Andrew Hartford's son and the first ever Power Ranger that is an android.

Bio androids

In fiction, one prominent android variation is the Bio android, which is constructed of protein based components as opposed to electronic and mechanical parts. Bio androids are all composed of synthetic flesh, though their exact composition varies from work to work. Biorobotics or synthetic biology are among the terms used to describe how they are made.

★ The 'New Race' in the novel series 'Dean Koontz's Frankenstein', where Victor Frankenstein has built an army of synthetic humans that are supposed to replace the original humans called "the Old Race", which he considers to be too much of a failure.

★ 'Cell' in the anime series, ''Dragon Ball Z'', is created using the DNA of several powerful fighters and grown in a lab by Doctor Gero, who also built several other highly advanced, but more traditional androids. Cell's status as a bio android is both questionable and unique as he is grown like a clone rather than built.

★ 'Melfina' in the anime series, ''Outlaw Star'', is a bio android built using synthetic flesh and the knowledge from an extinct civilization. Her primary purpose is to be both the navigation system to find and the key to activate the Galactic Leyline, the finding of which is the ultimate goal of the protagonists. However, she displays other traits which align her more closely with other organic beings.

★ The title character in the anime, 'Armitage III' is an android comprising of both mechanical and cybernetic components. It is revealed that she, as well as the other similar androids can even reproduce with humans. In this same movie a 4th type is developed which is completely organic.

★ The 'humanoid Cylons' in the Sci-Fi Channel remake series of ''Battlestar Galactica'' are built using organic components so that they appear to be identical to humans, even when an autopsy is performed. However, they all share an almost telepathic bond and are mass produced in specific body types. In addition, their minds are transmitted back to their bases upon destruction of their bodies so that they can be reborn. At least two Cylons so far have produced hybrid children with human beings.

★ In the anime ''Casshan Robot Hunter'', the 'Nidroids' are cybernetic organisms designed to live in symbiosis with nature. They later replace traditional androids and robots as the main enemies of mankind.

★ In the adult comedy anime ''Buttobi CPU'', the main character Akira is tricked into buying 'Mimi/Pixie', a bio android girl, in place of a computer.

★ In the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion, the Evas are a combination of cybernetic and biological parts cloned from extra-terrestrial beings, and could therefore be considered either cyborgs or bio androids, depending on strictness of definition. They are effectively bio androids in the form of a mech-suits. In addition, the character Rei Ayanami is revealed to be one of many bio androids based off of the same technology as the Evas.

★ In the manga and anime ''Appleseed'', there is an entire population of bio androids who look after humans. They have to switch into new bodies, in the remade anime receive "life extension treatments", every so often because they lack cellular division, a fact that also prevents them from reproducing. In the end, however, the factory that assembles their new bodies is destroyed, and they are given the ability to reproduce and thus remain in one body.

★ In the anime series, '', 'Proto' was one of the men who worked on the ''Tachikoma''. Near the end of the series, when Proto's brain is fried while he attempts to hack into a government network, it is revealed that he is in fact a bio android prototype.

★ The 'replicants' in the movie Blade Runner, where a small handfull of escaped replicants are being hunted by specialist police units called "blade runners".

★ The Realians in the Xenosaga game series could be considered bio-androids, though there exist both carbon-based and metallic variations.
''Many more examples may be found in this list of fictional robots.''

Notes

1. http://www.google.com/patents?id=QhIAAAAAEBAJ&dq=patent:40891| U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, ''Toy Automation''
2. [2] Retrieved on Feb 2, 2007.

References

#Kerman, Judith B. (1991). ''Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?''. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-509-5
#Shelde, Per (1993). ''Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films''. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7930-1
#Sidney Perkowitz (2004) ''Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids''. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09619-7

Further Reading

★ Whitehouse, David. "Japanese develop 'female' android", BBC News website, July 27, 2005.

See also

★ Actroid

★ Android science

★ Artificial intelligence

★ Audio-Animatronics

★ Cyborg

★ Domestic robot

★ EveR-1

★ Gynoid

★ Hubo

★ Humanoid

★ Humanoid robot

★ Muscle wire

★ RealDoll

★ Robot

★ Robot fetishism

★ Statuephilia

★ Transhumanism

★ Uncanny valley

External links

★ Android World

★ Android Science

★ Humanoid Robot Video

★ Valerie, the domestic female android.

★ Android Planet.

★ Article: Robots and Androids

★ Advance Female Android