ANIME
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An example of an anime drawing style
(plural anime) is an abbreviation of the word "animation". Outside Japan, the term most popularly refers to animation originating in Japan. To the West, not all animation is considered ''anime''; ''anime'' is considered a subset of animation.
While some anime is hand drawn, computer assisted animation techniques have become quite common in recent years. Like any entertainment medium, the story lines represent most major genres of fiction. Anime is broadcast on television, distributed on media such as DVD and VHS, and included in video games. Additionally, some are produced as full length motion pictures. Anime often draws influence from manga, light novels, and other cultures. Some anime storylines have been adapted into live action films and television series.
History
Main articles: History of anime
The history of anime begins at the start of the 20th century, when Japanese filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques that were being explored in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia.[1] The oldest known anime is in 1907, a short 3 second clip of a sailor boy.[2]
By the 1930s, animation became an alternative format of storytelling compared to the underdeveloped live-action industry in Japan. Unlike America, the live-action industry in Japan remained a small market and suffered from budgeting, location, and casting restrictions. The lack of Western-looking actors, for example, made it next to impossible to shoot films set in Europe, America, or fantasy worlds that do not naturally involve Japan. The varied use of animation allowed artists to create any characters and settings.[3]
During the 1970s, there was a surge of growth in the popularity of manga— which were often later animated — especially those of Osamu Tezuka, who has been called a "legend"[4] and the "god of manga".[5][6] As a result of his work and that of other pioneers in the field, anime developed characteristics and genres that are fundamental elements of the art today. The giant robot genre (known as "mecha" outside Japan), for instance, took shape under Tezuka, developed under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino. Robot anime like Gundam and Macross became instant classics in the 80s, and the robot genre of anime is still one of the most heard of in Japan and worldwide today. In the 1980s, anime was accepted in the mainstream in Japan, and experienced a boom in production (it should be noticed that manga has significantly more mainstream exposure than anime in Japan). The mid-to-late '90s, on into the 2000s, saw an increased acceptance of anime in overseas markets.
Terminology
Etymology and pronunciation
The Japanese term for animation is アニメーション (''animēshon'', pronounced ), written in katakana. It is borrowed from the French word for animation, "l'animé" (it's lacking the article--both are pronounced similarly).1 Both words come from the Latin, "animare" meaning "to breathe life into" thus "animated" means to be full of activity, or moving pictures. [7][8] The Japanese term is spelled アニメ (''anime'', pronounced ). Both the original and abbreviated forms are valid and interchangeable in Japanese, but as could be expected the shorter form is more commonly used.
The pronunciation of ''anime''
in English differs significantly from Japanese. The first vowel is further forward in English than Japanese: // is more likely than //. As English stresses words differently than Japanese, the second vowel is likely to emerge as an unstressed schwa // or // in English, whereas in Japanese each mora carries equal stress. As with a few other Japanese words such as ''Pokémon'' and ''Kobo Abé'', ''anime'' is sometimes spelled as ''animé'' in English with an acute accent over the final ''e'' to cue the reader that the letter is pronounced as a Japanese . However, this accent does not appear in any commonly used system of romanized Japanese, and English native speakers may produce .
Definition
Linguistically, the anime definition is subject to interpretation. In Japan, the term does not specify an animation's nation of origin or style; instead, it is used as a blanket term to refer to all forms of animation from around the world.[9] In English, main dictionary sources define anime as "a Japanese style of motion-picture animation" or "a style of animation developed in Japan".[10] Thus, non-Japanese works are sometimes called anime-influenced animation if they borrow stylistically from Japanese animation.
In western countries the word is used usually only to refer to animated programming of Japanese origin, with the term "cartoon" or "animated series" used for most other visual styles. The online anime database AniDB generally defines anime (in the form) as "an animated, professionally produced, feature film created by a Japanese company for the Japanese market". However, some anime are co-productions with non-Japanese companies like the Cartoon Network. Thus, anime is no longer specific to the Japanese market.
Syntax and morphology
''Anime'' can be used as a common noun, "Do you watch anime?" or as a suppletive adjective, "The anime Guyver is different from the movie Guyver." It may also be used as a mass noun, as in "How much anime have you collected?" and therefore is never pluralized "animes" (nouns are never pluralized in Japanese). However, in other languages where ''anime'' has been adopted as a loan word, it is sometimes used as a count noun in singular and in plural as in Danish "Jeg tror, jeg vil se en anime" ("I think I'll watch an anime") and "Hvor mange anime'er har du nu?" ("How many animes do you have now?").
Synonyms
Anime is sometimes referred to as 'Japanimation', but this term has fallen into disuse. ''Japanimation'' saw the most usage during the 1970s and 1980s, which broadly comprise the first and second waves of anime fandom, and had continued use up until before the mid-1990s anime resurgence. In general, the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts. The term is much more commonly used within Japan to refer to domestic animation. Since ''anime'' or ''animēshon'' is used to describe all forms of animation, ''Japanimation'' is used to distinguish Japanese work from that of the rest of the world.
In more recent years, anime has also frequently been referred to as "manga" in European countries, a practice that may stem from the Japanese usage: In Japan, manga can refer to both animation and comics (although the use of manga to refer to animation is mostly restricted to non-fans). Among English speakers, manga usually has the stricter meaning of "Japanese comics". An alternate explanation is that it is due to the prominence of Manga Entertainment, a distributor of anime to the US and UK markets. Because Manga Entertainment originated in the UK the use of the term is common outside of Japan. The portmanteau "animanga" has been used to collectively refer to anime and manga, though it is also a term used to describe comics produced from animation cels.
Visual characteristics
''Dragon Ball Z'' (1989) is a popular shÅnen anime based on the original manga series which spanned 291 episodes and 13 movies.
As an art form, anime places a large emphasis towards visual styles. They can vary from artist to artist or by studio to studio. Some titles make extensive use of common stylization: ''FLCL'', for example, is known for its wild, exaggerated stylization. In contrast, titles such as ''Only Yesterday'' or ''Jin-Roh'' take much more realistic approaches, featuring few stylistic exaggerations.
While different titles and different artists have their own artistic styles, many stylistic elements have become so common such that they are described as being definitive of anime in general.
Another stylistic element is that use of lines. In anime the lines are often influenced more from a stylistic look from brush work, rather than that of the calligrapher's pen.1 This may be due to the fact that Japanese was traditionally written with a brush and has had a large influence on Japanese art, thus how the lines are treated tend to be different from the Western art. Western lettering was done with a calligrapher's pen. the influences of these things can most influentially be seen in the amount of tapering and thickness of the lines involved.
Anime also tends to borrow many elements from manga including text in the background, and borrowing panel layouts from the manga as well. For example, a opening may employ manga panels to tell the story, or to dramatize a point for humorous effect. This is best demonstrated in the anime ''Kare Kano''.
Human body proportions
Body proportions emulated in anime come from proportions of the human body. The height of the head is considered as the base unit of proportion. Head heights can vary as long as the remainder of the body remain proportional. Most anime characters are about seven to eight heads tall, and extreme heights are set around nine heads tall.[11]
With regard to the limbs, both the arms and legs have their joints, the elbows and knees respectively, at the midpoint of their total lengths. The arms range from the shoulders to the midpoint of the thigh. Leg lengths are at least the same as from head to hips. Naturally, the lengths and proportions remain consistent regardless of a characters position and orientation.
Variations to proportion can be modded. Chibi or super deformed characters feature a non-proportionally small body compared to the head. Sometimes specific body parts, like legs, are shortened or elongated for added emphasis. Mostly chibi are three heads tall. Some anime works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these proportions. It is enough such that it resembles a Western cartoon. Then, early anime works did not have guidelines on body proportions at all. At the time, the main frame of reference were American cartoons, particularly Disney. For exaggeration, certain body features are increased in proportion.11
Eyes
A common approach is the large eyes style drawn on many anime and manga characters. Osamu Tezuka was inspired by the exaggerated features of American cartoon characters such as Betty Boop, Mickey Mouse, and Disney's ''Bambi''.1 [12] Tezuka found that large eyes style allowed his characters to show emotions distinctly. When Tezuka began drawing ''Ribbon no Kishi'', the first manga specifically targeted at young girls, Tezuka further exaggerated the size of the characters' eyes. Indeed, through ''Ribbon no Kishi'', Tezuka set a stylistic template that later ''shÅjo'' artists tended to follow.
Coloring is added to give eyes, particularly the cornea, some depth. The depth is accomplished by applying variable color shading. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used.[13][14]
Cultural anthropologist Matt Thorn argues that Japanese animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign.[15]
However, not all anime have large eyes. For example Hayao Miyazaki is known for not having large eyes and having realistic hair colors on his characters.[16] In addition many other productions also have been known to use smaller eyes. This design tends to have more resemblance to traditional Japanese art. Some characters have even smaller eyes, where simple black dots are used.
Facial expression
Facial expression like this are normal in anime.
A wide variety of facial expressions are used by characters to denote moods and thoughts.[17] Anime uses a different set of facial expressions in comparison to western animation.
Other stylistic elements are common as well; often in comedic anime, characters that are shocked or surprised will perform a "face fault", in which they display an extremely exaggerated expression. Angry characters may exhibit a "vein" or "stressmark" effect, where lines representing bulging veins will appear on their forehead. Angry women will sometimes summon a mallet from nowhere and strike someone with it, leading to the concept of Hammerspace and cartoon physics. Male characters will develop a bloody nose around their female love interests (typically to indicate arousal, based on an old wives' tale).The concept of a bloody nose is supposedly due to blood rushing to the face in an exaggerated blush. Sometimes the character will even be propelled up into the air by a fountain of blood. (See Nosebleeds in fiction.) Embarrassed characters will invariably produce a massive sweat-drop, which has become one of the most widely recognized stereotype motifs of anime.
Non-Humans
Some non-human characters further diversify the array of characters. Some include robots, animals, spirits, and demons. Also, hybrid beings such as catgirls or hanyÅ are also created. Non-humanoid characters have a very wide variety of shapes and sizes, which can range from miniature characters to those the size of skyscrapers. The use of size proportions will vary.
Scenes
Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving three-dimensional views.
Backgrounds depict the scenes' atmosphere. For example, anime often puts emphasis on changing seasons, as can be seen in numerous anime, such as Tenchi Muyo. Sometimes actual settings have been duplicated into an anime. The backgrounds for the Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya are based on various locations within the suburb of Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.[18]
Camera angles, camera movement, and lighting play an important role in scenes. Directors often have the discretion of determining viewing angles for scenes, particularly regarding backgrounds. In addition, camera angles show perspective. [19] Directors can also choose camera effects within cinematography, such as panning, zooming, facial closeup, and panoramic.[20] Lighting effects are used in conjunction with camera effects. For additional three-dimensional effects, various shades of lighting are used.
Animation
The basics of anime is based on traditional animation. While anime is considered separate from cartoons, anime still uses multiple still images in rapid succession to produce the animated visual effect. Like all animation, the production processes of storyboarding, voice acting, character design, cel production, etc. still apply. With improvements in computer technology, computer animation increased the efficiency of the whole production process.
Anime is often considered a form of limited animation. That means that stylistically, even in bigger productions the conventions of limited animation are used to fool the eye into thinking there is more movement than there is.1
Genres
Anime has many genres typically found in any mass media form. Such genres include action, adventure, children's stories, comedy, drama, erotica (more specifically ecchi or hentai), medieval fantasy, occult/horror, romance, and science fiction.
Most anime includes content from several different genres, as well as a variety of thematic elements. Thus, some series may be categorized under multiple genres. For example, ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' might be considered to fall into the genres of post-apocalyptic, science fiction, mecha, and drama. A show may have a seemingly simple surface plot, but at the same time may feature a far more complex, deeper storyline and character development. It is not uncommon for an action themed anime to also involve humor, romance, and even social commentary. The same can be applied to a romance themed anime in that it may involve an action element, or in some cases brutal violence.
The following is a list of the major genres and designations that are specific to anime and manga.[21]
General types
The following genres are typically found with any form of art:
★ Action/Adventure primarily focuses on battles, war, and physical competition. Martial arts, weapon fighting, or other action oriented material are usually featured. Examples: ''Ninja Scroll'' or ''One Piece''.
★ Drama primarily has a high degree of character development and emotional themes. Many center around relationship complications. Examples: ''Fushigi Yuugi''.
★ Horror use darker and/or supernatural themes. Examples: ''Vampire Hunter D'' series ''Chrono Crusade'' or ''Wicked City''.
★ Science Fiction consists of futuristic elements, particularly featuring future science and technology. They can be drawn from current scientific studies and inventions or created to meet the needs of the world. Examples: ''Crest of the Stars'', ''Ghost in the Shell'', ''Wings of Honneamise''.
★ 'Progressive' or "Art films" are extremely stylized. Examples: ''Sayonara ZetsubÅ Sensei'' or ''ByÅsoku 5 Centimetre''.
Demographic
Demographic describes the intended target audience.
★ ShÅjo is Japanese for 'young lady' or 'little girl'. These are generally targeted at girls. Examples: ''Fruits Basket'' or ''Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch''.
★ ShÅnen is Japanese for 'young boy'. Examples: ''Dragon Ball Z'' or ''Digimon''.
★ Seinen is Japanese for 'young man' and normally includes teenage or young male adults. Examples: ''Oh My Goddess!'' or ''Cowboy Bebop''.
★ Josei is Japanese for 'young woman'. Examples: ''Gokusen'' or ''Honey and Clover''.
★ Kodomo is Japanese for 'child'. All children's series fall into this category. Examples: ''Hello Kitty'' or ''Pokémon.
Thematic
★ BishÅjo is Japanese for 'beautiful girl'. A blanket term that features pretty girl characters. Sometimes conflated with Moè. Examples: ''Magic Knight Rayearth'' or ''.
★ BishÅnen is Japanese for 'beautiful boy'. A blanket term that can be used to describe any anime that features "pretty" and elegant boys and men. Examples: ''Fushigi YÅ«gi'' or most CLAMP shows.
★ Sentai is literally a "fighting team" in Japanese. It refers to any show that involves a superhero team. Examples: ''Cyborg 009'' or ''Power Rangers'' (called Henshin Hero in Japanese).
★ Robot/Mecha features super robots. Examples: ''Mobile Suit Gundam'' or ''Mazinger Z''.
★ Post-Apocalyptic simply deals with a post-apocalyptic world. Examples: ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' or ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind''.
★ MahÅ shÅjo is a subgenre of shÅjo known for 'Magical Girl' stories. Examples: ''Sailor Moon'' or ''Tokyo Mew Mew''.
★ MahÅ shÅnen is a male equivalent of MahÅ ShÅjo. Examples: ''D.N.Angel''.
★ Moé features characters with perky, cute, weak, or naivè behaviors. In some way, they are not overly independant.[22] Examples: ''A Little Snow Fairy Sugar''.
★ 'Expertise' specializes with a specific topic in depth. Topics range from sports, the arts, and cooking. Examples: ''Eyeshield 21'' with football, or ''Yakitate! Japan'' with bread-making.
★ Lolicon is the sexualization of underaged female characters. Example: ''Kodomo no Jikan''
★ Shotacon is the sexualization of underaged male characters. Example: ''Papa to Kiss in the Dark''
Romantic genres
★ Harem is a genre which focuses on a male character surrounded by the romance of multiple female characters. Typically, the male cohabits with at least one female. The romantic element is arguable. Happy Lesson , an anime about a boy with five moms is listed as a "harem show" in this review while the Happy Lesson OVA is listed as a "faúx harem show" in a review from the same source. Retrieved on August 9th, 2007. It is usually marketed as a ShÅnen or Seinen.[23] Examples: ''Ranma ½'' or ''Love Hina''.
★ 'Reverse Harem' reverses the gender balance in harem, where a female character is romantically involved with many male characters. It is more often than not a ShÅjo or Josei Anime. Examples: ''Ouran Host Club'' or ''Fruits Basket''.
★ 'Magical Girlfriend' is more accurately termed 'Exotic Girlfriend'. This genre focuses on the romantic (and cohabitation) relationship between a man and at least one woman of extradinary origins such as alien (''Tenchi Muyo!'', ''Urusei Yatsura''), supernatural (''Oh My Goddess!''), or technological (''Chobits''). Often considered a subgenre of Harem.[24] Anime News Network review of Ah! My Goddess DVD 1
★ Ecchi is Japanese for 'indecent sexuality', derived from the pronunciation of the letter 'H', (the origin of the term is not well known, even in Japan. See main article for more information.) Sexual humor and fan service are prevalent. Examples: ''Oruchuban Ebichu'' or ''He Is My Master''.
★ Hentai is Japanese for 'abnormal' or 'perverted'. This term is synonymous to pornography or erotica, as hentai content specifically consists of such. Examples: ''La Blue Girl'' or ''Bible Black''.
★ ShÅjo-ai/Yuri is Japanese for 'girl-love'. These focus on love and romance between female characters. It is often being replaced by the term "Girls Love" (GL). Yuri is like ShÅjo-ai, but sometimes involves older characters or explicit sexual activity. Examples: ''Revolutionary Girl Utena'' or ''Kannazuki no Miko''.
★ ShÅnen-ai or Yaoi is Japanese for 'boy-love'. These focus on love and romance between male characters. The term "ShÅnen-ai" is being phased out in Japan due to its other meaning of pederasty, and is being replaced by the term "Boys Love" (BL). Examples: ''Loveless'' or ''Gravitation''
Distribution
While anime had entered markets beyond Japan in the 1960s, it grew as a major cultural export during its market expansion during the 1980s and 1990s. The anime market for the United States alone is "worth approximately $4.35 billion, according to the Japan External Trade Organization".[25] Anime has also been a commercial success in Asia, Europe and Latin America, where anime has become even more mainstream than in the United States. For example, the ''Saint Seiya'' video game was released in Europe due to the popularity of the show even years after the series has been off-air.
Anime distribution companies handled the licensing and distribution of anime beyond Japan. Licensed anime is modified by distributors through dubbing into the language of the country and adding language subtitles to the Japanese language track. Using a similar global distribution pattern as Hollywood, the world is divided into five regions.
Some editing of cultural references may occur to better follow the references of the non-Japanese culture. Certain companies may remove any objectionable content, complying with domestic law. This editing process was far more prevalent in the past (e.g. Robotech), but its use has declined because of the demand for anime in its original form. This "light touch" approach to localization has favored viewers formerly unfamiliar with anime. The use of such methods is evident by the success of Naruto, and Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block, both of which employ minor edits.
With the advent of DVD, it was possible to include multiple language tracks into a simple product. This was not the case with VHS cassette, in which separate VHS media were used and with each VHS cassette priced the same as a single DVD. The "light touch" approach also applies to DVD releases as they often include both the dubbed audio and the original Japanese audio with subtitles, typically unedited. Anime edited for television is usually released on DVD "uncut," with all scenes intact.
TV networks regularly broadcast anime programming. In Japan, major national TV networks, such as TV Tokyo broadcast anime regularly. Smaller regional stations broadcast anime under the UHF. In the United States, Cable TV channels such as Cartoon Network, Disney, Sci-Fi, and others dedicate some of their time slots for anime. Then the Anime Network specifically shows anime. Sony based Animax and Disney's Jetix channel broadcast anime within many countries in the world.
Although it is a violation of copyright laws in many countries, some fans add subtitles to anime on their own. These are distributed as fansubs. The ethical implications of producing, distributing, or watching fansubs are topics of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from their activities. Upon licensing, fansub groups cease distribution of their work once the series has been licensed outside of Japan. In one case, Media Factory Incorporated requested that no fansubs of their material be made, which was respected by the fansub community. Anxious times in the cartoon underground In another instance, Bandai specifically thanked fansubbers for their role in helping to make ''The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya'' popular in the English speaking world.[26]
The Internet had played a significant role in the exposure of anime beyond Japan. Prior to the 1990s, anime has had limited exposure beyond Japan's borders. Coincidentally, as the popularity of the Internet grew, so did for anime. Much of the fandom of anime grew through the Internet. The combination of internet communities and increasing amounts of anime material, from video to images, helped spur the growth of fandom.[27] As the Internet gained more widespread use, Internet advertising revenues grew from 1.6 billion yen to over 180 billion yen between 1995 to 2005.[28]
Influence on Western culture
Anime has become commercially profitable in western countries as early commercially successful western adaptations of anime, such as ''Astro Boy'', have revealed.[29] The phenomenal success of Nintendo's multi-billion dollar Pokémon franchise[30] was helped greatly by the spin-off anime series that, first broadcast in the late 1990s, is still running worldwide to this day. In doing so, anime has made significant impacts upon Western culture.
Since the 19th century, many Westerners have expressed a particular interest towards Japan. Anime dramatically exposed more Westerners to the culture of Japan. Aside from anime, other facets of Japanese culture increased in popularity.[31] Worldwide, the number of people studying Japanese increased. In 1984, the Japanese Language Profiency test was devised to meet increasing demand.[32]
Anime-influenced animation refers to non-Japanese works of animation that emulate the visual style of anime.[33] Though most of these works are created by studios in the United States, Europe, and non-Japanese Asia. They generally incorporated stylizations, methods, and gags described in anime physics. They may also incorporate Asian themes, like ''. Critics and the general anime fanbase do not consider them as anime.[34] Instead, they remain as animated television series.
Some American animated television series have singled out anime styling with satirical intent, for example ''South Park'' (with "Chinpokomon" and "Good Times With Weapons"). ''South Park'' has a notable drawing style, which was itself parodied in "Brittle Bullet", the fifth episode of the anime ''FLCL'', released several months after "Chinpokomon" aired.[35] Even cliches normally found in anime are parodied in Perfect Hair Forever.
Anime conventions began to appear in the early 1990s, starting with Anime Expo, Animethon, Otakon, and JACON. Eventually, anime conventions are held annually in various cities across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe.[36] Many attendees participate in cosplay, where they dress up as anime characters. Also, guests from Japan ranging from artists, directors, and music groups are invited.
References
1. Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics, , Frederik L., Schodt, Kodansha International, ,
2.
A Brief History of Anime
3. Do Manga Characters Look "White"?
4. 5 missing manga pieces by Osamu Tezuka found in U.S.
5. Dr. Osamu Tezuka
6. Osamu Tezuka: The God of Manga
7. http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/animation "Animation An`i
★ ma"tion, noun. [Latin expression animatio, from animare.]."
8. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=animation&searchmode=none "animate (v.) 1538, 'to fill with boldness or courage,'from L. animatus pp. of animare 'give breath to,' from anima 'life, breath' (see animus). The adj. meaning 'alive' is from 1605. Animated 'full of activity' is from 1585. In ref. to 'moving pictures' it dates from 1895; animation in the cinematographic sense is from 1912."
9. AniDB Definition:Anime
10. Anime Dictionary Definition
11. Body Proportion
12. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga, , Frederik L., Schodt, Stone Bridge Press, ,
13. Basic Anime Eye Tutorial
14. How to color anime eye (YouTube)
15. Do Manga Characters Look White"?
16. Anime Companion, , Gilles, Poitras, Stone Bridge Press, ,
17. Manga Tutorials: Emotional Expressions
18. Reference pictures to actual places
19. Anime production process - feature film
20. Cinematography: Looping and Animetion Techniques
21. Anime News Network – Lexicon
22.
23. Anime News Network Ai Yori Aoshi Manga Review This review suggests that the term Seinen may be used as synonymous with that of Harem or even romantic comedy.
24. A good example of this treatment is with ''Oh My Goddess!'' which is "often called a classic example of a 'harem' anime" despite the short-lived nature of most of the romantic rivalries and the focus on one romantic relationship. Quote from Fujishima, Kosuke. ''Oh My Goddess!'' (manga, unflopped) Volume 3. p. 187
25. Manga Mania
26. Adventures of the ASOS Brigade Episode 00: Made by Fans for Fans
27. 100 Questions About Anime & Manga Overseas
28. Free Anime: Providers Bear Losses to Build Business
29. Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation
30. Pokemon (sic) Franchise Approaches 150 Million Games Sold
31. Japan's Empire of Cool Anthony Faiola
32. JLPT Communication Square
33. What is anime?
34. What is anime?
35. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0343314/trivia
36. Convention Schedule
Book sources
★ The Anime Encyclopedia, , Jonathan, Clements, Stone Bridge Press, 2001, ISBN 1-880656-64-7
★ Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke, , Susan J., Napier, Palgrave, 2001, ISBN 0-312-23862-2
★ Anime Essentials, , Gilles, Poitras, Stone Bridge Press, 2000, ISBN 1-880656-53-1
★ Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958–1988), , Andrea, Baricordi, Protoculture, 2000, ISBN 2-9805759-0-9
See also
Online encyclopedias
★ AnimeNfo
★ AniDB
★ Anime News Network
Lists
★ 'List of anime by decade'
::, , , , , ,
::
★ 'List of anime by type'
::, ,
★ 'Other'
::Anime Companies
::Conventions
::List of anime theatrically released in America
External links
★
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