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EspañolORIGINS OF ANTI-JAPANESE SENTIMENT IN KOREA
(Redirected from Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea)
'Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea' are complex and multi-faceted. Anti-Japanese attitudes in the Korean Peninsula can be traced far back to the Japanese pirates raids and Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598), but are largely a product of the period of Japanese rule in Korea from 1910-1945 and subsequent education.
Korea was ruled by the Japanese Empire from 1910 to 1945. Japan's involvement began with the 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa during the Joseon Dynasty of Korea and increased with the subsequent the Gapsin Coup (1882), the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) , the assassination of Empress Myeongseong at the hands of Korean guards controlled by Japanese agents and Daewon-gun in 1895, the establishment of the Korean Empire (1897), the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), and the Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905). It culminated with the 1905 Eulsa Treaty, removing Korean autonomous diplomatic rights, and the 1910 Annexation Treaty, both of which were eventually declared ''null and void'' in 1965.[1]
The Japanese colonization of Korea has been mentioned as the ''case in point'' of "cultural genocide" by Yuji Ishida in February 23, 2004.[2] The colonial government put into practice the suppression of Korean culture and language in an "attempt to root out all elements of Korean culture from society"."''Focus was heavily and intentionally placed upon the psychological and cultural element in Japan's colonial policy, and the unification strategies adopted in the fields of culture and education were designed to eradicate the individual ethnicity of the Korean race.''"
After the annexation of Korea, Japan enforced a cultural assimilation policy. The Korean language was removed from the required school subjects in Korea in 1936. [1] Instruction concerning the Korean education Decree No.229 朝鮮教育令(明治44年勅令第229号) Japan imposed the family name system along with Civil law (Sōshi-kaimei) and Shinto religion.
According to the document of North Korea, Japan formally forbid Koreans to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places.[3] However, a lot of Korean language movies were screened in the Korean peninsula.
In addition, Koreans were angry over Japanese alteration and destruction of various Korean monuments including Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁, Gyeongbokgung) and also over the revision of documents that portrayed the Japanese in a negative light. This methodical alteration process was done by the Editing Agency of Korean History (조선사편수회, Joseonsa Pyeonsuhoe).
On March 1, 1919, anti-Japanese rule protests were held all across the country to demand independence. About 2 million Koreans actively participated in what is now known as the March 1st Movement. A Declaration of Independence [2], patterned after the American version, was read by teachers and civic leaders in tens of thousands of villages throughout Korea: “Today marks the declaration of Korean independence. There will be peaceful demonstrations all over Korea. If our meetings are orderly and peaceful, we shall receive the help of President Wilson and the great powers at Versailles, and Korea will be a free nation.” [4] Japan repressed independence movement by military power. In one well attested incident, villagers were herded into the local church which was then set on fire.[5] The official Japanese count of casualties include 553 killed, 1,409 injured, and 12,522 arrested, but the Korean estimates are much higher: over 7,500 killed, about 15,000 injured, and 45,000 arrested.[6]
Though estimates vary, The Korean insists that thousands of Korea women were kidnapped as a Sex slave, euphemistically called "comfort women" (위안부, wianbu).[3][7] Some Japanese historians, using the diaries and testimony of military officials as well as official documents from the United States and other countries, have argued that the Imperial Japanese military was either directly or indirectly involved in coercing, deceiving, luring, and sometimes kidnapping young women throughout Japan’s Asian colonies and occupied territories.[8]
In South Korea, Pro-Japanese Koreans (친일파, chinilpa) and pro-Japanese activists and collaborators during the period of Japanese colonization and the Empire of Korea are recognized as national traitors. In 2006, The National Assembly of South Korea formed a Committee for the Inspection of Property of Japan Collaborators. The aim was to reclaim property inappropriately gained by cooperation with the Japanese government during colonialization. The project was expected to satisfy Koreans' demands that property acquired by collaborators under the Japanese colonial authorities be returned.[9]
Main articles: Japanese history textbook controversies
Anti-Japanese sentiment is also due to the Japanese government's textbook revisionism. In June 26, 1982 the textbook screening process in Japan came under strutiny when the media of Japan and neighboring countries gave extensive coverage to changes required by the Ministry of Education. Experts from the ministry had set out to soften textbook references to Japan's aggression before and during World War II. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937, for example, became a mere "advance." Passages describing the fall of Nanking seemed to suggest that Japanese atrocities had been provoked by stiff Chinese resistance. Pressure applied by China succeeded in getting the Ministry of Education to adopt a new authorization criterion - the "Neighboring Country Clause" (近隣諸国条項) - stating: "textbooks ought to show understanding and seek international harmony in their treatment of modern and contemporary historical events involving neighboring Asian countries."[10]
In 2006, Japanese textbooks wrote that the Liancourt Rocks was Japanese territory. Therefore, the head of the South Korean Ministry of Education, Kim Shinil, sent a letter of protest to Bunmei Ibuki of the Minister of Education in Japan on May 09, 2007.[11] In a speech marking the 88th anniversary of the March 1 Independence Movement, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun called for Japan to correct their school textbooks, with the controversial topics ranging from "inhumane rape of comfort women" to "the Korean ownership of the Liancourt Rocks".[12]
Nakasone Yasuhiro discontinued visits to Yasukuni shrine by the demand of China in 1986. However, Former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi resumed visits to Yasukuni Shrine, starting on August 13, 2001. He visited the shrine six times as Prime Minister, stating that he was "paying homage to the servicemen who died for defense of Japan."[13] These visits drew strong condemnation and protests from Japan's neighbors, mainly China.
[14] As a result, China and South Korea refused to meet with Koizumi, and there were no mutual visits between Chinese and Japanese leaders after October 2001 and between South Korean and Japanese leaders after June 2005. President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun has suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan.[15]
1. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea
2. "Cultural Genocide" and the Japanese Occupation of Korea
3. A Country Study: North Korea, , Bruce G., Cumings, Library of Congress, , Call number DS932 .N662 1994
4. http://www.kimsoft.com/2004/Samil-2004.htm
5. Dr. James H. Grayson, "Christianity and State Shinto in Colonial Korea: A Clash of Nationalisms and Religious Beliefs" DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.13-30.
6. Bruce Cummings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History, W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, New York, p. 231.
7. Yoshimi Yoshiaki, ''従軍慰安婦 (Comfort Women)''. Translated by Suzanne O'Brien. Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-231-12032-X
8. Denial Reopens Wounds of Japan's Ex-Sex Slaves Norimitsu Onishi
9. "Assets of Japan Collaborators to Be Seized", The Korea Times, August 13, 2006.
10. Murai Atsushi, "Abolish the Textbook Authorization System," Japan Echo, (Aug. 2001): 28.
11. Ed. Minister Protests Distortions in Japanese Textbooks[4]
12. http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200703/200703020014.html
13. Official interview of Koizumi Junichiro in August 15, 2006
[5]
14. "Koizumi Move Sparks Anger In China and South Korea" International Herald Tribune: August 14, 2001.
15. [6]
★ Anti-Japanese propaganda
★ Anti-Japanese sentiment culture of Korea
'Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea' are complex and multi-faceted. Anti-Japanese attitudes in the Korean Peninsula can be traced far back to the Japanese pirates raids and Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598), but are largely a product of the period of Japanese rule in Korea from 1910-1945 and subsequent education.
| Contents |
| Effect of Japanese rule in Korea |
| Cultural Assimilation |
| Independence Movement |
| Comfort Women |
| Contemporary Issues |
| Japanese Textbook Revisionism |
| National relations |
| References |
| See also |
Effect of Japanese rule in Korea
Korea was ruled by the Japanese Empire from 1910 to 1945. Japan's involvement began with the 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa during the Joseon Dynasty of Korea and increased with the subsequent the Gapsin Coup (1882), the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) , the assassination of Empress Myeongseong at the hands of Korean guards controlled by Japanese agents and Daewon-gun in 1895, the establishment of the Korean Empire (1897), the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), and the Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905). It culminated with the 1905 Eulsa Treaty, removing Korean autonomous diplomatic rights, and the 1910 Annexation Treaty, both of which were eventually declared ''null and void'' in 1965.[1]
Cultural Assimilation
Arirang is a Korean language movie that the Korean movie director Na Woon-gyu produced (1926)
The Japanese colonization of Korea has been mentioned as the ''case in point'' of "cultural genocide" by Yuji Ishida in February 23, 2004.[2] The colonial government put into practice the suppression of Korean culture and language in an "attempt to root out all elements of Korean culture from society"."''Focus was heavily and intentionally placed upon the psychological and cultural element in Japan's colonial policy, and the unification strategies adopted in the fields of culture and education were designed to eradicate the individual ethnicity of the Korean race.''"
After the annexation of Korea, Japan enforced a cultural assimilation policy. The Korean language was removed from the required school subjects in Korea in 1936. [1] Instruction concerning the Korean education Decree No.229 朝鮮教育令(明治44年勅令第229号) Japan imposed the family name system along with Civil law (Sōshi-kaimei) and Shinto religion.
According to the document of North Korea, Japan formally forbid Koreans to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places.[3] However, a lot of Korean language movies were screened in the Korean peninsula.
In addition, Koreans were angry over Japanese alteration and destruction of various Korean monuments including Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁, Gyeongbokgung) and also over the revision of documents that portrayed the Japanese in a negative light. This methodical alteration process was done by the Editing Agency of Korean History (조선사편수회, Joseonsa Pyeonsuhoe).
Independence Movement
On March 1, 1919, anti-Japanese rule protests were held all across the country to demand independence. About 2 million Koreans actively participated in what is now known as the March 1st Movement. A Declaration of Independence [2], patterned after the American version, was read by teachers and civic leaders in tens of thousands of villages throughout Korea: “Today marks the declaration of Korean independence. There will be peaceful demonstrations all over Korea. If our meetings are orderly and peaceful, we shall receive the help of President Wilson and the great powers at Versailles, and Korea will be a free nation.” [4] Japan repressed independence movement by military power. In one well attested incident, villagers were herded into the local church which was then set on fire.[5] The official Japanese count of casualties include 553 killed, 1,409 injured, and 12,522 arrested, but the Korean estimates are much higher: over 7,500 killed, about 15,000 injured, and 45,000 arrested.[6]
Comfort Women
Though estimates vary, The Korean insists that thousands of Korea women were kidnapped as a Sex slave, euphemistically called "comfort women" (위안부, wianbu).[3][7] Some Japanese historians, using the diaries and testimony of military officials as well as official documents from the United States and other countries, have argued that the Imperial Japanese military was either directly or indirectly involved in coercing, deceiving, luring, and sometimes kidnapping young women throughout Japan’s Asian colonies and occupied territories.[8]
Contemporary Issues
In South Korea, Pro-Japanese Koreans (친일파, chinilpa) and pro-Japanese activists and collaborators during the period of Japanese colonization and the Empire of Korea are recognized as national traitors. In 2006, The National Assembly of South Korea formed a Committee for the Inspection of Property of Japan Collaborators. The aim was to reclaim property inappropriately gained by cooperation with the Japanese government during colonialization. The project was expected to satisfy Koreans' demands that property acquired by collaborators under the Japanese colonial authorities be returned.[9]
Japanese Textbook Revisionism
Main articles: Japanese history textbook controversies
Anti-Japanese sentiment is also due to the Japanese government's textbook revisionism. In June 26, 1982 the textbook screening process in Japan came under strutiny when the media of Japan and neighboring countries gave extensive coverage to changes required by the Ministry of Education. Experts from the ministry had set out to soften textbook references to Japan's aggression before and during World War II. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937, for example, became a mere "advance." Passages describing the fall of Nanking seemed to suggest that Japanese atrocities had been provoked by stiff Chinese resistance. Pressure applied by China succeeded in getting the Ministry of Education to adopt a new authorization criterion - the "Neighboring Country Clause" (近隣諸国条項) - stating: "textbooks ought to show understanding and seek international harmony in their treatment of modern and contemporary historical events involving neighboring Asian countries."[10]
In 2006, Japanese textbooks wrote that the Liancourt Rocks was Japanese territory. Therefore, the head of the South Korean Ministry of Education, Kim Shinil, sent a letter of protest to Bunmei Ibuki of the Minister of Education in Japan on May 09, 2007.[11] In a speech marking the 88th anniversary of the March 1 Independence Movement, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun called for Japan to correct their school textbooks, with the controversial topics ranging from "inhumane rape of comfort women" to "the Korean ownership of the Liancourt Rocks".[12]
National relations
Nakasone Yasuhiro discontinued visits to Yasukuni shrine by the demand of China in 1986. However, Former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi resumed visits to Yasukuni Shrine, starting on August 13, 2001. He visited the shrine six times as Prime Minister, stating that he was "paying homage to the servicemen who died for defense of Japan."[13] These visits drew strong condemnation and protests from Japan's neighbors, mainly China.
[14] As a result, China and South Korea refused to meet with Koizumi, and there were no mutual visits between Chinese and Japanese leaders after October 2001 and between South Korean and Japanese leaders after June 2005. President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun has suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan.[15]
References
1. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea
2. "Cultural Genocide" and the Japanese Occupation of Korea
3. A Country Study: North Korea, , Bruce G., Cumings, Library of Congress, , Call number DS932 .N662 1994
4. http://www.kimsoft.com/2004/Samil-2004.htm
5. Dr. James H. Grayson, "Christianity and State Shinto in Colonial Korea: A Clash of Nationalisms and Religious Beliefs" DISKUS Vol.1 No.2 (1993) pp.13-30.
6. Bruce Cummings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History, W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, New York, p. 231.
7. Yoshimi Yoshiaki, ''従軍慰安婦 (Comfort Women)''. Translated by Suzanne O'Brien. Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-231-12032-X
8. Denial Reopens Wounds of Japan's Ex-Sex Slaves Norimitsu Onishi
9. "Assets of Japan Collaborators to Be Seized", The Korea Times, August 13, 2006.
10. Murai Atsushi, "Abolish the Textbook Authorization System," Japan Echo, (Aug. 2001): 28.
11. Ed. Minister Protests Distortions in Japanese Textbooks[4]
12. http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200703/200703020014.html
13. Official interview of Koizumi Junichiro in August 15, 2006
[5]
14. "Koizumi Move Sparks Anger In China and South Korea" International Herald Tribune: August 14, 2001.
15. [6]
See also
★ Anti-Japanese propaganda
★ Anti-Japanese sentiment culture of Korea
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