ARAB ORTHODOX

Contents

Origins of the Arab Orthodox

Dispute between Greeks and Arabs

The 1948 war

Recent history and current events

References

Origins of the Arab Orthodox

The Arab Orthodox are Arab speaking Greek-Orthodox Christians who have resided in Palestine and Israel since the Byzantine era. During the Palestine Mandate they were prominent in many of the major cities including Jaffa, Nazareth, Haifa and Jerusalem and also formed the majority of Christians in Arab villages of the Galilee. The name 'Arab' Orthodox refers to an awakening among them that took place in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Dispute between Greeks and Arabs

The Greek Orthodox Church in Palestine was traditionally run by Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians from Greece or Constantinople (Istanbul). In the 20th century many of those who made up the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre were not only Greeks but Greeks from the island of Samos. Patriarch Timotheos and Damianos were accused of “flooding the Patriarchate with Samiotes.” The local Arabs and their local clergy(who were married, unlike the Greeks in the Brotherhood who refused admittance to any married men), began to rebel and their cause dovetailed with Arab Nationalism.
In 1909, the Arab Orthodox Christians formally petitioned the Ottoman highest authority in demand of their rights. Eventually, several Arab Christian Orthodox conferences were held to promote and demand the rights for the Arab Orthodox community to gain a role in the affairs of the church:
The First Arab Orthodox conference was held in Haifa on July 15th, 1923.
The Second Arab Orthodox conference was held in Jafa on October 28th 1931.
The Third Arab Orthodox conference was held in Jerusalem on September 23rd and 24th,1944.
The Fourth Arab Orthodox conference was held in Jerusalem on March 23rd,1956
The Fifth Arab Orthodox conference was held in Amman on December 8th,1992.
In addition, especially during the Mandate, there were Orthodox clubs in Haifa and elsewhere and Orthodox scouting groups.
Arab Orthodox were leaders of the Palestinian National Movement, formed the leadership of the Arab portion of the Israeli Communist Party and later Rakah and edited the leading newspapers in Mandatory Palestine including Filastin, edited by the Isa brothers(Daoud Isa), and Al Carmel which was edited by Najib Nassar. Khalil Sakakini, a prominent Jerusalemite, was also an Arab Orthodox as was the PFLP founder George Habash and George Antonious, author of''The Arab Awakening.''

The 1948 war

During the 1948 war, Israel's War of Independence, a number of Greek Orthodox villages were affected, including:
Bassa
Safed
Lydda
Ramla
In addition around 20,000 fled Haifa, 20,000 fled West Jerusalem, 700 fled Acre and 10,000 fled Jaffa. However prominent members remained such as Tewfiq Tubi, Emile Toma and Emile Habibi and they went on to be leaders of the Communist party in Israel.

Recent history and current events

The Greek-Orthodox Arabs make up the largest Christian demographic in Israel and the Palestinian territories to this day although their prominence in politics has declined.
There have been numerous disputes between the Arab Orthodox and the Greek-Orthodox leadership of the church in Jerusalem from the Mandate onwards. Jordan encouraged the Greeks to open the Brotherhood to Arab members of the community between 1948 and 1967 when the West Bank was under Jordan.
Land disputes and political ones have been common since 1967, with the Greek priests portrayed as 'collaborators' with Israel. Land disputes include; The slae of St. John's property in the Christian quarter on April 11th, 1990. The transfer of fifty dunams near Mar Elias monastery. The sale of two hotels and twenty seven stores on Omar Bin Al-Khattab square near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
A recent dispute between the Palestinian Authority and the Greek-Orthodox Patriarch Irineos has led to the Patriarch being pushed aside because of accusations of a real estate deal with Israel. This dispute, between the Greek leadership and the local Arab authorities, is the latestmanifestation of the phenomenon of the Arab Orthodox.
The Arab Orthodox Society still exists in East Jerusalem. The website Jerusalemites.org is dedicated in part to supporting their cause.

References

Sir Ronald Storrs, ''The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs''. Putnam, New York, 1937.
Itamar Katz and Ruth Kark, 'The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and its congregation: disent over real estate' in ''The International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol. 37, 2005.
'Orthodox Shun Patriarch Irineos' news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4574759.stm
Seth J. Frantzman, ''The Strength and the Weakness: The Arab Christians in Mandatory Palestine and the 1948 War,'' unpublished M.A thesis at The Hebrew University of Jeruslalem.