ARCHIBALD PRIMROSE, 5TH EARL OF ROSEBERY
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'Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery', KG, PC (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister, also known as 'Archibald Primrose' (1847–1851) and 'Lord Dalmeny' (1851–1868).
Early life
1847–1860
Rosebery was born in his parents' house in Charles Street, London, on 7th May 1847. At the time of his birth he was styled ''Archibald Philip Primrose''. His father was Lord Dalmeny, heir to The 4th Earl. Lord Dalmeny was MP for Stirling from 1832 to 1847 and served as First Lord of the Admiralty under Lord Melbourne. Rosebery's mother was Catherine, a daughter of The Earl Stanhope. His father died on 23rd January 1851 and from then on he was styled ''Lord Dalmeny''. In 1854 his mother married The Duke of Cleveland. The relationship between mother and son was very poor. Dalmeny attended prepartory schools in Hertfordshire and Brighton.
Eton
Dalmeny attended Eton between 1860 and 1865. Whilst there, he participated in debates and attracted the attention of William Johnson Cory, not just because of his remarkable intellect but in a sexual way also.
Oxford
Dalmeny was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, from 1865 until 1869
This meant that for a quarter of a century, from 1880 until 1905, the four Prime Ministers of that period – Gladstone, Salisbury, Rosebery and Balfour – all went to both Eton and Christ Church. All in all, 19 Prime Ministers (38%) have gone to Eton, and 11 (22%) to Christ Church.
A prominent figure on the turf for 40 years, Dalmeny bought a horse, 'Ladas', in 1868. A rule banned undergraduates from owning horses, and when he was found out, he was offered a choice: sell the horse or give up his studies. He chose the latter.
The 1870s
His grandfather having died in 1868, Dalmeny became Earl of Rosebery. This did not entitle him to sit in the House of Lords, as the title is part of the old Peerage of Scotland, from which 16 members (representative peers) were elected to sit in the Lords for each session of Parliament. However, in 1828 Rosebery's grandfather had been created 1st Baron Rosebery in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; this did entitle Rosebery to sit in the Lords like all peers of the United Kingdom.
Rosebery toured the United States in 1873. He was pressed to marry Mary Fox, the illegitimate daughter of Baron Holland by a French maid; Baroness Holland, a daughter of the Earl of Coventry, adopted Mary. However, Mary, who was only sixteen, declined and later married a Prince of Liechtenstein.
His three aims
Rosebery is reputed to have said that he had three aims in life: to win the Derby, to marry an heiress, and to become Prime Minister. He managed all three.
Personal Life after 1878
Marriage
Hannah
In 1878, Rosebery married Hannah, only child of the Jewish banker Baron Mayer de Rothschild, and the greatest English heiress of her day. In 1874 her father died and she largely inherited his estate.
The couple were introduced by Mrs. Disraeli in 1875, at Newmarket Racecourse.
They were married in the Board of Guardians in Mount Street, London, on 20th March 1878, when he was 31 and she 27. Later that day, the marriage was blessed in a Christian ceremony in Christ Church, Down Street, Piccadilly. In January, Rosebery had said to a friend that he found Hannah "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy...I never knew such a beautiful character". Both Queen Victoria's son the Prince of Wales and her cousin, the army commander George, Duke of Cambridge attended the ceremony. Hannah's death in 1890 from typhoid, compounded by Bright's disease, left him distraught.
It was also speculated that he was bisexual. Like Oscar Wilde, he was hounded by John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry for his association with one of Queensberry's sons — Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig.
Children
Rosebery had four children with Hannah:
★ Sybil Myra Caroline (1879–1955), married Sir Charles Grant (1877–1950).
★ Margaret, known as Peggy, (b. 1881), who in 1899 married The Marquess of Crewe (1858–1945). Such was her father's popularity that London came to a standstill for the wedding.
★ Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery (Albert Edward Harry Meyer Archibald) (January 1882 – 1974), served as Scottish Secretary in 1945.
★ Neil James Archibald (December 1882 – 1917). Killed in action in Palestine. Married Lady Victoria Stanley; father of Ruth, Countess of Hailfax.
Margot Asquith said that Rosebery loved to play with his children.
Homes
Dalmeny House was the ancestral seat of the Earls of Rosebery and the setting for Lord and Lady Rosebery's political houseparties.
Rosebery was the owner of twelve houses.
By marriage, he acquired:
★ Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, a huge Jacobean stately home, sold in the 1970s.
★ Mentmore Stud in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire
★ Another stud in Crafton, Buckinghamshire,
★ Number 40, Piccadilly, in London.
With his fortune, he bought:
★ A shooting lodge at Carrington in Midlothian
★ A Georgian villa at Postwick in Norfolk
★ In 1897 he bought Villa Delahante in Posillipo, overlooking the Bay of Naples, actually residence of President of Italian Republic, still known as "Villa Rosebery".
★ 38 Berkeley Square, London.
★ The Durdans, Epsom, where he died in 1929.
As Earl of Rosebery, he was laird of:
★ Dalmeny House on the banks of the Firth of Forth (pictured)
★ Barnbougle Castle in the grounds of Dalmeny Estate, used by Rosebery (an insomniac) for privacy.
He rented:
★ A home in Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh, during World War I.
★ Lansdowne House, in London, from the Marquess of Lansdwone.
Earlier political career
Early Whig leanings
At Eton, Rosebery notably attacked Charles I for his despotism, and went on to praise his Whig forebears (His ancestor, The 1st Earl Stanhope, was a minister to George I.)
Disraeli pursues
Benjamin Disraeli often met with Rosebery in the 1870s to attract him to his party, but this proved futile.
Gladstone pursues
Disraeli's major rival, William Ewart Gladstone, also pursued Rosebery, with considerable success.
The Midlothian campaign
As part of the Liberal plan to get Gladstone to be MP for Midlothian, Rosebery sponsored and largely ran the Midlothian Campaign of 1879. He based this on seeing a presidential election in the USA. Gladstone spoke from open-deck trains, and gathered mass support. In 1880 he was duly elected Member for Midlothian and returned to the Premiership.
Foreign Secretary
First Period in Office (1886)
Rosebery helped Gladstone's perpetual Home Rule Bill in the House of Lords; nevertheless it failed.
Second Period in Office (1892–1894)
Rosebery's second period as Foreign Secretary predominantly involved quarrels with France over Uganda. To quote his hero Napoleon, Rosebery thought that "the Master of Egypt is the Master of India"; thus he pursued the policy of expansion in Africa.
Prime Minister
Rosebery became a leader of the Liberal Imperialist faction of the Liberal Party, and in Gladstone's third (February to July 1886) and fourth (August 1892 to March 1894) administrations, Rosebery served as Foreign Secretary. When Gladstone retired in 1894, Rosebery became his successor as Prime Minister, much to the disgust of Sir William Harcourt, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the more left-wing Liberals. His selection was largely the consequence of Queen Victoria's dislike for most of the leading Liberals of the day.
Rosebery's government was largely unsuccessful. His designs in foreign policy, such as expansion of the fleet, were defeated by disagreements within the Liberal Party, while the Unionist-dominated House of Lords stopped the whole of the Liberals' domestic legislation. On June 21, 1895, Rosebery resigned after a minor defeat in the House of Commons, and a Unionist government under Lord Salisbury took his place.
Later life
Rosebery resigned as leader of the Liberal Party on October 8, 1896, to be succeeded by Harcourt, and gradually moved further and further from the mainstream of the party, supporting the Boer War and opposing Irish Home Rule, a position that prevented him from participating in the Liberal government that returned to power in 1905. In his later years, Rosebery turned to writing, including biographies of Lord Chatham, Pitt the Younger, Napoleon, and Lord Randolph Churchill. Another one of his passionate interests was the collecting of books.
When Rosebery died in 1929 his estate was probated at £1,396,577; he was thus the richest Prime Minister ever, followed by Salisbury then by Palmerston.
Involvement in professional sport
Thoroughbred horse racing
As a result of his marriage to Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery acquired Mentmore Towers and Mentmore Stud near Leighton Buzzard that had been built by Mayer Amschel de Rothschild. Rosbery would build another stable and stud near Mentmore Towers at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, called Crafton Stud.
Rosebery's horses won at least one of each of the five English Classic Races. Among the most famous were Ladas who won the 1894 Epsom Derby, Sir Visto who did it again in 1895, and Cicero in 1905.
Football
Rosebery also developed a keen in interest in association football and was an early patron of the sport in Scotland. In 1882 he donated a trophy, the Rosebery Charity Cup, to be competed for by clubs under the jurisdiction of the East of Scotland FA. The competition lasted over 60 years and raised thousands of pounds for charities in the Edinburgh area.
Rosebery also became Honorary President of the national Scottish Football Association, with the representative Scotland national team occasionally forsaking their traditional dark blue shirts for his traditional racing colours of primrose and pink. This occurred 9 times during Rosebery's lifetime, most notably for the 1900 British Home Championship match against England, which the Scots won 4–1.
Lord Rosebery's government, March 1894 – June 1895
★ Lord Rosebery – First Lord of the Treasury, Lord President of the Council, and Leader of the House of Lords
★ Lord Herschell – Lord Chancellor
★ Lord Tweedmouth – Lord Privy Seal
★ Herbert Henry Asquith – Secretary of State for the Home Department
★ Lord Kimberley – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
★ Lord Ripon – Secretary of State for the Colonies
★ Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman – Secretary of State for War
★ Sir Henry Hartley Fowler – Secretary of State for India
★ Sir William Harcourt – Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons
★ Lord Spencer – First Lord of the Admiralty
★ Anthony John Mundella – President of the Board of Trade
★ Arnold Morley – Postmaster-General
★ George John Shaw-Lefevre – President of the Local Government Board
★ James Bryce – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
★ John Morley – Chief Secretary for Ireland
★ Sir George Otto Trevelyan – Secretary for Scotland
★ Sir Arthur Herbert Dyke Acland – Vice President of the Council
Changes
★ May 1894: James Bryce succeeds A.J. Mundella at the Board of Trade. Lord Tweedmouth succeeds Bryce at the Duchy of Lancaster, remaining also Lord Privy Seal.
See also
★ In his fraudulent memoirs, Sir Edmund Backhouse, 2nd Baronet claimed to be Rosebery's lover.
★ Rosebery: Statesman in Turmoil by Leo McKinstry ISBN 0-7195-5879-4
External links
★ Earl Of Rosebery 1847–1929 biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group
★ More about The Earl of Roseberry on the Downing street website.
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