ARMAND HAMMER

'Armand Hammer' (May 21, 1898 – December 10, 1990) was an American industrialist and art collector. Hammer was CEO of the Occidental Petroleum Company, an oil and natural gas exploration and development company.

Contents

Early life and education

Career

Trivia

References

Early life and education

Hammer was born in Manhattan, New York to Julius and Rose (Robinson) Hammer. His father (from a family that had made and lost its fortune in shipbuilding) was brought to the United States from Odessa in 1875, and settled in The Bronx, where he ran a general medical practice and five drugstores. During the Spanish flu pandemic, Julius Hammer performed an abortion on a Russian-born woman ill with pneumonia; she died and he served 2½ years at Sing Sing.
Hammer attended Columbia College (BA, 1919) and then medical school at Columbia University (MD, 1921). His father was sentenced to prison as he entered medical school; he and his brothers took the family drugstores to new heights (while Armand was in medical school full time), reselling equipment they had bought at depressed prices at the end of World War I. In 1921, while waiting for his internship to begin at Bellevue Hospital, he was sent to the Soviet Union to recoup some $150,000 in debts for drugs shipped during the Allied intervention. Although his career in medicine was cut short, he relished being referred to as "Dr. Hammer".
Hammer claimed that his father had named him after a character, Armand Duval, in ''La Dame aux Camélias'', a novel by Alexandre Dumas, fils. In fact, according to Carl Blumay, his biographer and former press agent, Hammer was named after the "Arm and Hammer" symbol of the Socialist Labor Party (SLP), in which his father, a committed socialist, had a leadership role at one time. (After the Russian Revolution, a part of the SLP under Julius' leadership split off to become a founding element of the Communist Party USA.)
Despite popular myth, the relation between Hammer's name and the household product Arm and Hammer baking soda is coincidental. The pun was not lost on Hammer, though: during the 1980s, he attempted to buy Church and Dwight, makers of the Arm and Hammer line of products. He did succeed in buying a sizable minority interest and eventually sat on its board of directors.
Of Jewish heritage, Hammer was raised a Unitarian. He married his first wife, actress Olga Van Root, on March 14, 1927; they had a son, Julius. His second wife, whom he married on December 19, 1943, was Angela Zevely. His third wife was Frances Barrett, and they married on January 26, 1956.

Career

After graduating from medical school, Hammer extended earlier entrepreneurial ventures with a successful business importing many goods from and exporting pharmaceuticals to the newly-formed Soviet Union On his initial trip, he took $60,000 in medical supplies to aid in a typhus epidemic, and made a deal with Lenin for furs and caviars in exchange for a shipment of surplus American wheat. He moved to the USSR in the 1920s to oversee these operations, especially his large business manufacturing and exporting inexpensive pencils. After returning to the US, he entered into a diverse array of business, art, cultural, and humanitarian endeavors, including investing in various U.S. oil production efforts. These oil investments were later parlayed into control of Occidental Petroleum.
Throughout his life he continued personal and business dealings with the Soviet Union, despite Cold War taboos against such dealings by Americans. In later years he lobbied and traveled extensively at great personal expense, working for peace between the United States and the Communist countries of the world, including ferrying physicians and supplies into the Soviet Union to help Chernobyl survivors.
Politically, Hammer was a staunch supporter of the Republican party. He boosted Richard Nixon's presidential campaign with $54,000 in campaign contributions. He was convicted on charges that one of these donations had been made illegally, but was later pardoned by Republican U.S. President George H. W. Bush.
Simultaneously, the Hammers' name was widely used in propaganda by the Soviets. The contradiction between Hammer's open sympathy for the Soviet Union and his success as a capitalist, as well as his involvement in international affairs and politics, have made Hammer a subject of suspicion and conspiracy theory for many; further, his close relationship with former Democratic Tennessee Senator Albert Gore, Sr., despite Hammer's own party affiliations, has been the subject of especially broad scrutiny and speculation.
Hammer was also an avid collector of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. His personal donation forms the core of the permanent collection of the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, California.
Hammer was a philanthropist, supporting causes related to education, medicine, and the arts. Among his legacies is the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (now generally called the UWC-USA, part of the United World Colleges). He embraced a kind of Victorian view of world affairs, in which personal relationships could overcome geopolitical tensions. Hammer bragged that he was the only man to have known both Vladimir Lenin and Ronald Reagan.
His generosity and diplomacy were recognized around the world, and by the time he died, Hammer had won the Soviet Union's Lenin Order of Friendship Among the Peoples, the U.S. National Arts Medal, France's Legion of Honor, Italy's Grand Order of Merit, Sweden's Royal Order of the Polar Star, Austria's Knight Commander's Cross, Pakistan's Hilal-i-Quaid-Azam Peace Award, Israel's Leadership Award, Venezuela's Order of Andres Bello, Mexico's National Recognition Award, Bulgaria's Jubilee Medal, and Belgium's Order of the Crown. Hammer hungered for a Nobel Peace Prize, and was nominated for one in 1988 for his outreach to end the Cold War, but the award went to Tenzin Gyatso (the 14th Dalai Lama).
Hammer appeared on ''The Cosby Show'', saying that a cure for cancer was imminent. Hammer, who lived in an area of Westwood, CA nicknamed "little Holmby," died of bone marrow cancer in December 1990, at the age of 92.

Trivia

★ ''"Last night, referring to some of our modern business tycoons – specifically, Armand Hammer – I said that when they’re talking, they’re lying, and when they’re quiet, they’re stealing. This wasn’t my witticism; it was used [long ago] to describe the robber barons."'' - Charlie Munger, 2004 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting

★ There is an Aleph Zadik Aleph chapter in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, which is named in Hammer's honor: Hammer AZA #2414.

References

★ ''Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer'', by Edward Jay Epstein, Random House, October 1996, ISBN 978-0679448020

★ ''Dark Side of Power: The Real Armand Hammer'', by Carl Blumay, Simon & Schuster, November 1992, ISBN 978-0671700539

★ ''Armand Hammer: The Untold Story'', by Steve Weinberg, Random House, December 1990, ISBN 978-0517062821

★ ''Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders'' (pp. 533-36), by John N. Ingham, Greenwood Press, 1983, ISBN 0313239088