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EspañolATACAMA DESERT
(Redirected from Atacama)
:''Atacama redirects here; for the political-administrative region of Chile, see'' Atacama Region.
The 'Atacama Desert' is a virtually rainless plateau in South America, extending 966 km (600 mi) between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It is created by the rain shadow of the Andes east of the desert. Its area is 181,300 square kilometers (70,000 mi²) The New York Times Almanac, , John W. (ed.), Wright, Penguin Books, 2006, ISBN 0-14-303820-6 , in northern Chile. It is made up of salt basins (''salares''), sand and lava flows, and is 15 million years old and 100 times more arid than California's Death Valley.
The Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth, and is virtually sterile because it is blocked from moisture on both sides by the Andes mountains and by coastal mountains. The average rainfall in the Chilean region of Antofagasta is just 1 mm per year, and at one time no rain fell in the entire desert for 400 years. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971. It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 metres (22,590 feet) are completely free of glaciers and, in the southern part from 25°S to 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the Quaternary — though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 metres and is continuous above 5,600 metres. Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years.
Some locations in the Atacama do receive a marine fog known locally as the ''Camanchaca'', providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichens and even some cacti. But in the region that is in the "fog shadow" of the high coastal crest-line, which averages 3,000 m height for about 100 km south of Antofagasta, the soil has been compared to that of Mars. Due to its otherworldly appearance, the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes, most notably in the television series ''.
In 2003, a team of researchers published a report in ''Science'' magazine titled "Mars-like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life" in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life, and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil. The region may be unique on Earth in this regard and is being used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions. Alonso de Ercilla characterized it in ''La Araucana'', published in 1569: "Towards Atacama, near the deserted coast, you see a land without men, where there is not a bird, not a beast, nor a tree, nor any vegetation" (quoted Braudel 1984 p 388).
The Atacama is sparsely populated. In an oasis, in the middle of the desert, at about 2000 meters elevation, lies the village of San Pedro de Atacama. Its church was built by the Spanish in 1577. In pre-hispanic times, before the Inca empire, the super-arid interior was inhabited mainly by the Atacameño tribe. It is most notable for the construction of fortified towns called ''pucara(s)'', one of which can be seen a few miles from San Pedro de Atacama.
During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries when under the Spanish Empire towns grew along the coast shipping ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mines.
During the 19th century the desert came under control of Bolivia, Chile and Peru and soon became a conflictive zone due to unclear borders and the discovery of nitrate there. After the War of the Pacific in which Chile annexed most of the desert, cities in the zone grew into big international ports, and many Chilean workers migrated there.
The Escondida Mine and Chuquicamata are also located within the Atacama Desert.
The Pan-American Highway runs through the Atacama in a north-south trajectory.
Because of its high altitude, nearly non-existent cloud cover, and lack of light pollution and radio interference from the very widely spaced cities, the desert is one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical observations. The European Southern Observatory operates two major observatories in the Atacama:
★ The La Silla Observatory
★ The Paranal Observatory, which includes the Very Large Telescope.
A new radio astronomy observatory, called ALMA, is being built in the Atacama by astronomers from Europe, Japan, and North America. Another radio astronomy observatory, ACT, is being built on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert.
The Atacama has rich deposits of copper and other minerals, and the world's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate, which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s. The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 1800s.
Now the desert is littered with approximately 170 abandoned nitrate (or "saltpeter") mining towns, almost all of which were shut down decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany at the turn of the 20th century. The towns include Chacabuco, Humberstone, Santa Laura, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma, Maria Elena and Oficina Anita. Chacabuco was converted into a concentration camp during Pinochet's regime. To this day it is surrounded by 98 lost landmines and is guarded by one man who lives there alone after his companion accidentally discovered the 99th lost landmine.
★ Alicanto
★ Yastay
★ Atacama Giant
★ Braudel, Fernand, ''The Perspective of the World,'' ISBN 0520081161, vol. III of ''Civilization and Capitalism'' 1984 (originally published in French, 1979).
★ Sagaris, Lake. ''Bone and dream : into the world's driest desert''. 1st ed. -- Toronto : A.A. Knopf Canada, c2000. ISBN 0676972233
★ Atacama Crossing
★ Atacama border dispute
★ List of deserts by area
★ SanPedrodeAtacama.Net & Org
★ News article on "Mars-like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life"
★ National Geographic feature about Atacama
★ Autonomous Robot Finds Life in Atacama Desert
★ Atacama's Super-Dry History
★ Web Site of the San Pedro de Atacama
★ Atacama Photo Gallery - incredible images of Atacama landscapes, flora and fauna
:''Atacama redirects here; for the political-administrative region of Chile, see'' Atacama Region.
Atacama Desert
The 'Atacama Desert' is a virtually rainless plateau in South America, extending 966 km (600 mi) between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It is created by the rain shadow of the Andes east of the desert. Its area is 181,300 square kilometers (70,000 mi²) The New York Times Almanac, , John W. (ed.), Wright, Penguin Books, 2006, ISBN 0-14-303820-6 , in northern Chile. It is made up of salt basins (''salares''), sand and lava flows, and is 15 million years old and 100 times more arid than California's Death Valley.
Scene from Valle de la Luna (Moon Valley) near San Pedro de Atacama.
| Contents |
| Driest desert |
| Human occupation |
| Abandoned nitrate mining towns |
| Legends |
| Notes |
| References |
| See also |
| External links |
Driest desert
The Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth, and is virtually sterile because it is blocked from moisture on both sides by the Andes mountains and by coastal mountains. The average rainfall in the Chilean region of Antofagasta is just 1 mm per year, and at one time no rain fell in the entire desert for 400 years. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971. It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 metres (22,590 feet) are completely free of glaciers and, in the southern part from 25°S to 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the Quaternary — though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 metres and is continuous above 5,600 metres. Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years.
Some locations in the Atacama do receive a marine fog known locally as the ''Camanchaca'', providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichens and even some cacti. But in the region that is in the "fog shadow" of the high coastal crest-line, which averages 3,000 m height for about 100 km south of Antofagasta, the soil has been compared to that of Mars. Due to its otherworldly appearance, the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes, most notably in the television series ''.
In 2003, a team of researchers published a report in ''Science'' magazine titled "Mars-like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life" in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life, and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil. The region may be unique on Earth in this regard and is being used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions. Alonso de Ercilla characterized it in ''La Araucana'', published in 1569: "Towards Atacama, near the deserted coast, you see a land without men, where there is not a bird, not a beast, nor a tree, nor any vegetation" (quoted Braudel 1984 p 388).
Human occupation
The Atacama is sparsely populated. In an oasis, in the middle of the desert, at about 2000 meters elevation, lies the village of San Pedro de Atacama. Its church was built by the Spanish in 1577. In pre-hispanic times, before the Inca empire, the super-arid interior was inhabited mainly by the Atacameño tribe. It is most notable for the construction of fortified towns called ''pucara(s)'', one of which can be seen a few miles from San Pedro de Atacama.
During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries when under the Spanish Empire towns grew along the coast shipping ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mines.
During the 19th century the desert came under control of Bolivia, Chile and Peru and soon became a conflictive zone due to unclear borders and the discovery of nitrate there. After the War of the Pacific in which Chile annexed most of the desert, cities in the zone grew into big international ports, and many Chilean workers migrated there.
The Escondida Mine and Chuquicamata are also located within the Atacama Desert.
The Pan-American Highway runs through the Atacama in a north-south trajectory.
Because of its high altitude, nearly non-existent cloud cover, and lack of light pollution and radio interference from the very widely spaced cities, the desert is one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical observations. The European Southern Observatory operates two major observatories in the Atacama:
★ The La Silla Observatory
★ The Paranal Observatory, which includes the Very Large Telescope.
A new radio astronomy observatory, called ALMA, is being built in the Atacama by astronomers from Europe, Japan, and North America. Another radio astronomy observatory, ACT, is being built on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert.
Abandoned nitrate mining towns
The Atacama has rich deposits of copper and other minerals, and the world's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate, which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s. The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 1800s.
Now the desert is littered with approximately 170 abandoned nitrate (or "saltpeter") mining towns, almost all of which were shut down decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany at the turn of the 20th century. The towns include Chacabuco, Humberstone, Santa Laura, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma, Maria Elena and Oficina Anita. Chacabuco was converted into a concentration camp during Pinochet's regime. To this day it is surrounded by 98 lost landmines and is guarded by one man who lives there alone after his companion accidentally discovered the 99th lost landmine.
Legends
★ Alicanto
★ Yastay
★ Atacama Giant
Notes
References
★ Braudel, Fernand, ''The Perspective of the World,'' ISBN 0520081161, vol. III of ''Civilization and Capitalism'' 1984 (originally published in French, 1979).
★ Sagaris, Lake. ''Bone and dream : into the world's driest desert''. 1st ed. -- Toronto : A.A. Knopf Canada, c2000. ISBN 0676972233
See also
★ Atacama Crossing
★ Atacama border dispute
★ List of deserts by area
External links
★ SanPedrodeAtacama.Net & Org
★ News article on "Mars-like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life"
★ National Geographic feature about Atacama
★ Autonomous Robot Finds Life in Atacama Desert
★ Atacama's Super-Dry History
★ Web Site of the San Pedro de Atacama
★ Atacama Photo Gallery - incredible images of Atacama landscapes, flora and fauna
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