AVERY BRUNDAGE

'Avery Brundage' (September 28 1887 – May 8 1975) was an American athlete, sports official, art collector and philanthropist. He has been heavily criticized for decisions he took as a member of the United States Olympic Committee and as president of the International Olympic Committee, many of which would now be classed as racist.
Born in Detroit, Brundage studied civil engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, graduating in 1909. A few years later, he founded his own company, the ''Avery Brundage Company'', which was active in the building business around Chicago until 1947. His personal papers are located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Archives.
Brundage was an all-around athlete, competing in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm in the pentathlon and decathlon events, finishing 6th and 16th, respectively. He also won the US national all-around title in 1914, 1916 and 1918.
In 1928, Brundage became president of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). He became the president of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) in 1929 and gained the vice-presidency of the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) in 1930.
As USOC president, Brundage rejected any proposals to boycott the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, where German Jews were excluded, and became a member of the International Olympic Committee after the group expelled American Ernest Lee Jahnke, who had urged athletes to boycott the Berlin games.
On the morning of the 400-meter relay race, at the last moment, the only two Jews on the 1936 US track team, Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, were replaced by Jesse Owens and Ralph Metcalfe. Glickman later said that that decision might have been the result of pressure from Brundage. Brundage later praised the Nazi regime at a Madison Square rally, and was expelled from the America First Committee in 1941 because of his pro-German leanings.
After the death of IOC president Henri de Baillet-Latour during World War II, Brundage became vice-president of the IOC in 1945. Avery Brundage was elected President of the IOC at the 47th IOC Session in Helsinki in 1952^[1], succeeding Sigfrid Edström.
During his tenure as IOC president, Brundage strongly opposed any form of professionalism in the Olympic Games. Gradually, this view became less accepted by the sports world and other IOC members. It led to some embarrassing incidents, such as the exclusion of Austrian skier Karl Schranz, who was accused of being a professional, from the 1972 Winter Olympics.
He opposed the restoration of Olympic medals to Native American athlete Jim Thorpe, who had been stripped of them when it was found that he had briefly played professional baseball before taking part in the 1912 Olympic games (where he had beaten Brundage in the pentathlon and decathlon). Despite this, Brundage accepted the "shamateurism" from Eastern bloc countries, in which team members were nominally students, soldiers, or civilians working in a non-sports profession, but in reality were paid by their states to train on a full-time basis. Brundage claimed it was "their way of life." It was revealed after his death that Brundage in a fit of jealousy was responsible for notifying the IOC of Thorpes playing professional baseball years before.
In the case of Thorpe, Brundage was quoted as saying "Ignorance is no excuse," but this did not inhibit him from ignorantly opposing the admission of women as Olympic competitors; he insisted they have no role in the Olympic Games beyond the ceremonial or decorative.
He was quoted in 1936: "I am fed up to the ears with women as track and field competitors...her charms sink to something less than zero. As swimmers and divers, girls are [as] beautiful and adroit asd they are ineffective and unpleasing on the track." (Quoted from ''The Ultimate Book of Sports Lists,'' by Andrew Postman and Larry Stone, 1990; ISBN 0-553-328540-8 )
In 1970, when the IOC was considering sites for the 21st Games in 1976, Brundage persuaded the Committee to choose Montreal, Canada, rather than a United States city, according to Los Angeles Times columnist Jim Murray, who said that Brundage cared nothing about the Olympics' potential connection with the American Bicentennial, but hypocritically wanted to be able to use the American broadcast media just the same. Murray blasted Brundage for this attitude.
Brundage also opposed anything that he viewed as the politicisation of sport. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, US sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their fists to show support for the Black Power movement during their medal ceremony. Brundage expelled both men from the Olympic Village and suspended them from the US Olympic team. It must be noted that Brundage oversaw the IOC during the most eggregious violations of amatuer sportsmenship during the rise of state funded athletics in the eastern bloc.
He may be best remembered for his decision during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, to continue the Games following the 5 September Palestinian terrorist attack which killed 11 Israeli athletes. While some criticized Brundage's decision, most supported it, (Israel very vocally did not) and few athletes withdrew from the Games. The Olympic competition was suspended on September 5 for one full day. The next day, a memorial service of 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes was held in the Olympic Stadium. Brundage gave an address in which he stated
To this day the IOC has never officially recognised this tragedy during any of the games held since.
Brundage strongly opposed the exclusion of Rhodesia from the Olympics due to its racial policies; after the attacks in Munich, Brundage linked the massacre of the Israeli athletes and the barring of the Rhodesian team. He later apologized for the comparison. Brundage is also remembered for his proposal of elimination of ALL team sports from the Summer Olympics. He also wanted to eliminate the Winter Olympics entirely. Some say this marked the beginning of the end of Brundage's presidency.
Brundage retired as IOC president following the 1972 Summer Games and was succeeded by Lord Killanin. He is, thus far, the only American to hold the office of the IOC President.
In addition to his role in sports, Brundage was a noted collector of Asian art. During his lifetime, and by bequest on his death, he gave a massive collection of works of art to the city of San Francisco, California. This collection formed the nucleus (and, as of 2003, still accounts for over half the contents) of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, initially founded to house and display his donation.
Brundage died in 1975, aged 87, three years after his retirement as IOC president, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany. A long time Chicago resident he is buried in the well known northside Rosehill Cemetery.
His grave site has been the target of recent Jewish activists who painted "The People of Israel Lives" in Hebrew on the grass in front of his tombstone apparently in protest at his perceived pro-Nazi sympathies and his attitude to the attack on Israelis during the 1972 Munich games.

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References

External links

References

1. Extract of the minutes of the 47th session — Helsinki 1952 (Palais de la Noblesse, Comité International Olympique, , , Bulletin du Comité International Olympique, 1959

External links

★ Shirley Povich: Berlin, 1936 At the Olympics, Achievements of the Brave in a Year of Cowardice (''Washington Post'', July 6th, 1996)

★ The Work of the Executive Board

★ Kirsten Anderberg: More Raised Black Fists at Olympics Ceremonies

★ The Olympic Movement and the End of the Cold War World Affairs

★ Avery Brundage Collection at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign