AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS

An 'aviation accident' is defined in the International Civil Aviation Organisation Annex 13. The definition may be summarised as:
:An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, in which:
:a) a person is fatally or seriously injured
:b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure; or
:c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
An 'aviation incident' is also defined as:
:An occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.
An accident in which the damage to the plane is such that it must be written off, or in which the plane is totally destroyed is often referred to as a ''hull-loss''.

Contents

History

Causes

Major disasters

Safety

The NTSB

The AAIB

The BST/TSB

See also

Lists of commercial airliner accidents

Lists of military aircraft accidents

Air safety

Other

References

External links

History

Since the birth of flight, aircraft have crashed, often with serious consequences. This is because of the unforgiving nature of flight, where a relatively insubstantial medium, air, supports a significant mass. Should this support fail, there is limited opportunity for a good outcome. Because of this, aircraft design is concerned with minimizing the chance of failure, and pilots are trained with safety a primary consideration. Despite this, accidents still occur, though statistically flying is the safest form of transportation. In fact, the relative rarity of incidents, coupled with the often dramatic outcome, is one reason why they still make headline news. Nevertheless, while the odds of actually getting caught in a plane crash are nowadays distinctly low compared to other means of transportation, the chances of not surviving such a disaster are notably higher.
Many early attempts at flight ended in failure when a design raised to a height for a launch would fail to generate enough lift and crash to the ground. Some of the earliest aviation pioneers lost their lives testing aircraft they built.



Otto Lilienthal died after a failure of one of his gliders. On his roughly 2,500th flight (August 9, 1896), he stalled in a gust of wind, causing him to fall from a height of roughly 56 ft (17 m), fracturing his spine. He died the next day, with his last words being reported as ''Opfer müssen gebracht werden!'' ("sacrifices must be made").
Percy Pilcher was another promising aviation pioneer. Pilcher died testing The Hawk (September 20, 1899). Just as with Lilienthal, promising designs and ideas for motorized planes were lost with his death. Some other early attempts experienced rough landings, such as Richard Pearse who is generally accepted to have crash landed (survived) a motorized aircraft in some bushes, unable to gain altitude after launching it from some height.
The Wright Flyer nearly crashed on the day of its historic flight, sustaining some damage when landing. Three days before, on a previous flight attempt, Wilbur Wright overcontrolled the aircraft in pitch and crashed it on takeoff, causing minor damage in the first known case of pilot-induced oscillation.
US Army Lt. Thomas Selfridge became the first person killed in a powered fixed-wing aircraft on September 17, 1908 when his aircraft, piloted by Orville Wright, crashed after propeller separation failure during military tests at Fort Myer in Virginia. Selfridge died of a fractured skull. Wright suffered broken ribs, pelvis and a leg.

Causes

Approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents occur shortly before, after, or during takeoff or landing, and are often described as resulting from 'human error'; mid-flight disasters are rare but not entirely unheard of. Among other things, the latter have been caused by bombs as in the 1988 Lockerbie incident, mid-air collisions such as in the 2002 Überlingen crash, structural failure as in the 1954 Comet disasters and 1988 Aloha Airlines incident, or in cases of (purportedly) mistaken identity where civilian aircraft were shot down by military (compare Korean Air Flight 007).
An accident survey [1] of 2,147 aircraft accidents from 1950 through 2004 determined the causes to be as follows:

★ 45%: Pilot error

★ 33%: Undetermined or missing in the record

★ 13%: Mechanical failure

★ 7%: Weather

★ 5%: Sabotage (bombs, hijackings, shoot-downs)

★ 4%: Other human error (air traffic controller error, improper loading of aircraft, improper maintenance, fuel contamination, language miscommunication etc.)

★ 1%: Other cause
The survey excluded military, private, and charter aircraft.
A study by Boeing [2] (page 19) determined the primary cause of Airline hull loss accidents (worldwide commercial jet fleet), from 1996 through 2005, to be:

★ 55%: Flight Crew error

★ 17%: Airplane

★ 13%: Weather

★ 7%: Misc./Other

★ 5%: ATC

★ 3%: Maintenance
It should be noted that aircraft manufacturers are often slow to accept that aspects of design might play a role in accident causation, finding it more convenient to state that human crew members were 'responsible'. In fact, the complex interaction between the human crew and the aircraft often creates a fertile ground in which human error may flourish. This is examined by Simon Bennett in his book ''Human Error - by Design''.
That study included 183 accidents, with known causes for 134 of them. The remaining 49 were unknown, or awaiting final reports.
Previous Boeing studies showed higher rates for Flight Crew Error:

★ 70%: 1988 - 1997

★ 67%: 1990 - 1999

★ 66%: 1992 - 2001

★ 62%: 1994 - 2003

★ 56%: 1995 - 2004

Major disasters

The March 27 1977 Tenerife Disaster remains the worst accident in aviation history. In this disaster, 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted take-off without clearance and collided with a taxiing Pan Am 747 at Los Rodeos Airport. Pilot error, communications problems, fog, and airfield congestion (due to a bomb threat at another airport) all contributed to this catastrophe.
The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 in 1985 is the worst single-aircraft disaster. In this crash 520 died on board a Boeing 747. The aircraft suffered an explosive decompression which destroyed its vertical stabilizer and severed hydraulic lines, making the 747 virtually uncontrollable.
The world's worst mid-air collision, Saudia Flight 763/Air Kazakhstan Flight 1907 crash over Haryana, India in 1996 was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the altitude his aircraft was given clearance for. 349 passengers and crew died from both aircraft. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, also recommended the creation of "air corridors" to prevent planes from flying in opposite directions at the same altitude.
The worst aviation-related disaster of any kind was the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001 after the intentional crashing of American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175. 2,974 people were killed, mostly occupants of the destroyed buildings and rescue workers, also making it the most devastating terrorist attack in the world.

Safety

Aviation safety has come a long way in over one hundred years of implementation. In modern times, two major aircraft manufacturers still co-exist: Boeing of the United States of America and the European Airbus. Both have placed huge emphasis on the use of aviation safety equipment, now a billion-dollar industry in its own right, and made safety a major selling point -- realizing that a poor safety record in the aviation industry is a threat to corporate survival. Some major safety devices now required in commercial aircraft involve:

★ Evacuation slides - aid rapid passenger exit from an aircraft in an emergency situation.

★ Advanced avionics - Computerized auto-recovery and alert systems.

★ Turbine Engine durability improvements

★ Landing gear that can be lowered even after loss of power and hydraulics.
Air travel is the safest form of transportation available. Trains have .04 deaths for every 100 million miles while air travel has .01 deaths for every 100 million miles traveled. However, compared to the automobile, with .94 deaths per 100 million miles, both figures are relatively low.[3] [4]According to the BBC: "UK airline operations are among the safest anywhere. When compared against all other modes of transport on a fatality per mile basis air transport is the safest - six times safer than traveling by car and twice as safe as rail." [5]
A 2007 study by Popular Mechanics found that passengers sitting at the back of a plane are 40% more likely to survive a crash than those sitting in the front. [6]
Main articles: Air safety

The NTSB

In the United States, many civil aviation incidents have been investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board. When investigating an aviation disaster, NTSB investigators piece together evidence from the crash and determine the likely cause(s).

The AAIB

In the United Kingdom, the agency responsible for investigation of civilian air crashes is the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the Department for Transport. Its purpose is to establish the circumstances and causes of the accident and to make recommendations for their future avoidance.

The BST/TSB

The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (BST/TSB), an independent agency which reports directly to Parliament, is the Canadian agency responsible for the advancement of transportation safety through the investigation and reporting upon accident and incident occurrences in all prevalent Canadian modes of transportation - marine, air, rail and pipeline.

See also

Lists of commercial airliner accidents

★ Grouped by airline

★ Grouped by location

★ Grouped by year

★ (see subcategories)

★

★ Notable mid air collisions

Lists of military aircraft accidents

★ List of notable incidents and accidents on military aircraft

★ List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Iraq

★ List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Afghanistan

★ List of C-130 Hercules crashes

Air safety

★ Air safety

★ National Transportation Safety Board (U.S. investigation authority)

★ Air Accidents Investigation Branch (UK investigation authority)

★ Transportation Safety Board of Canada (Canada investigation authority)

★ Aviation archaeology

Other

★ Disaster

★ Aircraft hijacking

★ List of aircraft shootdowns

★ List of deaths by aircraft misadventure

★ List of people who died in aviation-related incidents

★ List of space disasters

★ List of news aircraft crashes

★ Accident Analysis

References

External links

★ Footage of a TU-134 crash

★ Aviation Safety Network Established in 1996. The ASN Safety Database contains descriptions of over 12200 airliner, military and corporate jet aircraft accidents/incidents since 1943.

★ National Transportation Safety Board Accident Database & Synopses

★ [7], editorial citing examples of most severe consequences of pilot error and other human error

★ Check-Six.com Celebrities/Famous People Killed in Plane Crashes

★ PlaneCrashInfo.com Data, photos and sounds.

★ Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft: A Compendium of Resources, Reports, Research, Discussion and Commentary, compiled by Peter B. Ladkin et al.

★ AirDisaster.com An online aviation accident database.

★ Ukraine, avia show plane crash video, July 27 2002

★ 1001 Crash - Aircraft accidents videos, analysis, database, statistics, blacklist, fearful flyers.

★ WikiHow How To Survive A Plane Crash