(PA - 10) 'Muhammad Ayub Khan' (
Urdu/
Pashto: Ù…Øمد ايوب خان) HJ, NPk (
May 14,
1907 –
April 19,
1974) was a
Field Marshal during the mid-
1960s, and the political leader of
Pakistan from
1958 to
1969. He became Pakistan's first native Commander in Chief in 1951, and was the youngest full-rank
general and self-appointed
field marshal in Pakistan's military history. He was also the first Pakistani military general to seize power through a
coup.
Early life
Ayub Khan was born in the village of Rehana in
Haripur District to a
Pashto and
Hindko speaking family of the Pashtun
Tareen tribe, the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan, who was a Risaldar Major (the senior most non-commissioned rank) in Hodson's Horse, a cavalry regiment of the Royal Indian Army. For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a mule's back. Later he was shifted to a school in Haripur, where he started living with his grandmother. He enrolled at
Aligarh University in
1922, but never completed his studies, as he was accepted into the
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He did well at
Sandhurst, and was given an officer's post in the
British Indian Army and then joined the 1st Battalion of the
14th Punjab Regiment (Sherdils), later known as 5 Punjab Regiment. During
World War II he served as a
captain and later as a
major on the Burma front. Following the war, he joined the fledgling
Pakistani Army as the 10th ranking senior officer (his Pakistan Army number was 10). He was promoted to
Brigadier and commanded a
brigade in
Waziristan and then was sent initially with the local rank of
Major General to
East Pakistan (modern day
Bangladesh) as General Officer Commanding a division that was responsible for the whole East Wing of Pakistan in
1948, for which non-combatant service he was awarded the Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) and from where he returned in November
1949 as Adjutant General and then .
briefly was named Deputy Commander-in-Chief. The PTAN have alway been remembering hid achivemenst which has been done by him.
Commander-in-Chief
Ayub Khan was made Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army on
January 17,
1951, succeeding General Sir Douglas Gracey, thus becoming the first native Pakistani general to hold that position. The events surrounding his appointment set the precedent for a Pakistani general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly because he was the least ambitious of the Generals and the most loyal.
[1]
Defence Minister
He would later go on to serve in the second cabinet (1954) of
Muhammad Ali Bogra as Defence Minister, and when
Iskander Mirza declared
martial law on
October 7 1958, Khan was made its chief
martial law administrator. This would be the first of many instances in the
history of Pakistan of the military becoming directly involved in politics.
President of Pakistan (1958 - 1969)
As a result of his having control of the Pakistan Army, Ayub deposed Mirza on
October 27 in a bloodless
coup, sending Generals Azam, Burki and Sheikh in the middle of the night to pack Mirza off to exile in England. This was actually welcomed in Pakistan, since the nation had experienced a very unstable political climate since independence.
In 1960, he held an indirect referendum of his term in power, Functioning as a kind of electoral college, close to 80,000 recently elected village councilmen were allowed to vote yes or no to the question: "Have you confidence in the President, Field Marshal Mohammed Ayub Khan?" Winning 95.6% of the vote, he used the confirmation as impetus to formalise his new system
Main articles: Constitution of Pakistan
Ayub moved to have a constitution created, and this was completed in
1961. A fairly secular person by nature, Ayub Khan's constituion reflected his personal views of politicians and the use of religion in politics.
In 1962, he pushed through a new constitution that while it did give due respect to Islam, it did not declare Islam the state religion of the country. It also provided for election of the President by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) basic democrats—men who could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his control. The government "guided" the press and, while Ayub permitted a national assembly, it had only limited powers.
Legal reforms
Ayub Khan introduced the Muslim Family Laws through an Ordinance on March 2, 1961 under which unmitigated
polygamy was abolished, consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage, brakes were also placed on the practice of instant divorce where men pronounced it irrevocably by pronouncing talaq thrice in one go. The Arbitration Councils set up under the law in the urban and rural areas were to deal with cases of (a) grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the subsistence of a marriage; (b) reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife; (c) grant maintenance to the wife and children.
[2]
Presidential Elections
Main articles: Pakistani presidential election, 1963
In 1964, Ayub confident in his apparent popularity and seeing deep divisions within the political opposition, called for Presidential elections.
He was however taken by surprise when despite a brief disagreement between the five main opposition parties ( a preference for a former close associate of Ayub Khan General Azam Khan as candidate was dropped), the joint opposition agreed on supporting the respected and popular
Fatima Jinnah, the sister of the founder of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Despite Jinnah's considerable popularity and public disaffection with Ayub's government
[3], Ayub won with 61% of the vote; in a bitterly contested election.
Foreign policy
As President, Ayub Khan allied Pakistan with the global U.S. military alliance against the
Soviet Union. This in turn led to major economic aid from the U.S. and European nations, and the industrial sector of Pakistan grew very rapidly, improving the economy, but the consequences of cartelization included increased inequality in the distribution of wealth. It was under Ayub Khan that the capital was moved from
Karachi to
Rawalpindi, in anticipation of the construction of a new capital:
Islamabad. In 1960, Khan's government signed the
Indus Waters Treaty with archrival
India to resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the six rivers in the
Punjab Doab that flow between the two countries. Khan's administration also built a major network of irrigation canals, high-water dams and thermal and hydroelectric power stations.
Despite the Indus Waters Treaty, Ayub maintained icy relations with India. He established close political and military ties with Communist
China, exploiting its differences with Soviet Russia and its 1962 war with India. To this day, China remains a strong economic, political and military ally of Pakistan.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Main articles: Operation Gibraltar
Main articles: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
The turning point in his rule was the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, which despite a military stalemate, resulted in higher personnel losses for Pakistan than India. He was reported to have said at the outbreak of hostilies, that he would drink his evening
tea in Delhi.
[4] The war also adversely affected Pakistan's then rapidly developing economy and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub at Tashkent, called the
Tashkent Declaration. The settlement was perceived by many Pakistanis as a failure and led
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to resign his post and take up opposition to Khan.
[5] The war also increased opposition in East Pakistan where the
Awami League headed by
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman sought more autonomy for the province.
Final Years in office
In
1969, he opened up negotiations with the opposition alliance, except for Maulana Bhashani and Zulfiqar Bhutto. However under increasing pressure from Bhutto and Bhashani who were allegedly encouraged to continue the agitation by elements within the Army and in violation of his own constituion which required him to transfer power to the speaker of the assembly. Ayub turned over control of Pakistan to Commander in Chief General
Yahya Khan on
25 March 1969, He was the President's most loyal lieutenant, and was promoted over seven more senior generals in 1966 to the army's top post
Criticisms
Government corruption and
nepotism, in addition to an environment of repression of free speech and political freedoms increased unrest. Criticisms of his sons and family's personal wealth increased, especially his son's actions after his father's election in the allegedly rigged 1964 Presidential elections against Fatima Jinnah is a subject of criticism by many writers. Gohar Ayub, it is said led a victory parade right into the heartland of Opposition territory in Karachi, in a blatantly provocative move and the civil administrations failure to stop the rally led to a fierce clashes between opposing groups with many locals being killed.
[6] Gohar Ayub also faced criticisms during that time on questions of family corruption and cronyism through his business links with his father-in-law retired
Lt. General Habibullah Khan Khattak. One Western commentator in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time at $4 million dollars, while his families wealth was put in the range of $10-$20 million dollars.
[7]
Ayub began to lose both power and popularity. On one occasion, while visiting East Pakistan, there was a failed attempt to assassinate him, though this was not reported in the press of the day.
[8]
Ayub was persuaded by underlings to award himself the ''Nishan-e-Pakistan'', Pakistan's highest civil award, on the grounds that to award it to other heads of state he should have it himself and also promoted himself to the rank of Field Marshal. He was to be Pakistan's second Field Marshal, if the first is regarded as Field Marshal
Sir Claude Auchinleck (1884-1981), supreme commander of military forces in India and Pakistan in the lead-up to independence in 1947.
Aggravating an already bad situation, with increasing economic disparity in the country under his rule, hoarding and manipulation by major sugar manufacturers resulted in the controlled price of 1 kg sugar to be increased by 1
rupee and the whole population took to the streets.
[9] As Ayub's popularity plummeted, he decided to give up rule.
Legacy
Ayub Khan's legacy is mixed, he was opposed to democracy believing like any other dictator that parliamentary democracy was not suited for the people of his country. Like many subsequent military dictators he was contemptuous of politicians and political parties. However, during his early years in office, he sided with the Americans against the Soviets, and in return received billions of dollars in aid, which resulted in enormous economic growth.
He subsidized fertilizers and modernized agriculture through irrigation development, spurred industrial growth with liberal tax benefits. In the decade of his rule, gross national product rose by 45% and manufactured goods began to overtake such traditional exports as jute and cotton. It is alleged that his policies were tailored to reward the elite families and the feudal lords. During the fall of his dictatorship, just when the government was celebrating the so-called "Decade of Development", mass protests erupted due an increasingly greater divide between the rich and the poor.
He shunned prestige projects and stressed birth control in a country that has the fifth largest population in the world: 125 million. He dismissed criticism with the comment that if there was no family planning, the time would surely come when "Pakistanis eat Pakistanis." In foreign affairs, he retained his ties to the West and to the United States in particular, allowing the United States to use the Badaber airbase for U-2 flights over the then Soviet Union.
Family
In 1971 when war broke out, Ayub Khan was in
West Pakistan and did not comment on the events of the war. He died in 1974.
Ayub Khan’s son Gohar Ayub Khan was Pakistan’s Foreign Minister in the Nawaz Sharif government. Gohar’s son and Ayub’s grandson
Omar Ayub Khan is Pakistan’s current Minister of State for Finance.
Footnotes
1. The rule of seniority
by Kamal Zafar Sunday March 5 2006 The Nation
2. ISLAMIC PAKISTAN: ILLUSIONS & REALITY by Abdul Sattar Ghazali
3. Trouble with Mother. Time Magazine Friday, Dec. 25, 1964
4. Gohar’s concocted story By Samuel Baid dailyexcelsior
5. Story of Pakistan
6. (Mazari 1999)
7. (Pick April 1969)
8. Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror, Hassan Abbas, , , M.E. Sharpe, 2004, ISBN 0-7656-1497-9 , pp53
9. Comrade Stalin and the sugar question by Ayaz Amir May 26 2006
Further reading
Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966-1972 Mohammad Ayub Khan
Oxford University Press
See also
★
Politics of Pakistan
★
Prime Minister of Pakistan
★
Line of Succession to President of Pakistan
★
Cold War
External links
★
Chronicles Of Pakistan
★
Ayub Khan bio
★
Video Clip of Ayub Khan in Paris----use Quick Time Player.
★
Video clip of Ayub Khan with General De Gaulle
★
Video Clip in Rawalpindi
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
