BACCALAURéAT

The 'baccalauréat' (IPA: ), often known in France colloquially as the 'bac', is an academic qualification which French and international students sit at the end of the ''lycée'' (secondary or high school).

Contents

Overview

''Baccalauréat général'' streams

Content

''Série scientifique'' (S)

''Série économique et sociale'' (ES)

''Série littéraire'' (L)

Format

Weight system

Variations on the general baccalauréat

Passing & honours

Supplemental examination

Receiving the ''baccalauréat'' in the United States

See also

Note

Overview

Much like British A-Levels or American high school diplomas, the ''baccalauréat'' allows French and international students to obtain a standardised qualification, typically at the age of 18. This then qualifies holders to work in certain areas, or go on to tertiary education or acquire some other professional qualification or training.
Just about all students in their final year of secondary school of high school sit the exam. However the French ''baccalauréat'' is legally an academic qualifying degree. In theory, the students in ''lycée'' could choose not to sit for the ''baccalauréat'' at the end of the ''lycée'', as it is by law an exam to qualify students for entrance into university. Unlike some US high school diplomas, it is not a ''lycée'' completion exam.
The word ''bac'' is also used to refer to one of the end-of-year exams that students must pass in order to get their ''baccalauréat'' diploma: ''le bac de philo'', for example, is the philosophy exam (which all students must take, regardless of their field of study).
Within France, there are three main types of ''baccalauréat'' degrees:

★ the ''baccalauréat général'' (general baccalaureate);

★ the ''baccalauréat professionnel'' (professional baccalaureate);

★ the ''baccalauréat technologique'' (technological baccalaureate).
Each of these categories encompasses several somewhat specialized curricula.
For entrance to regular universities within France, however, there are some restrictions as to the type of baccalauréat that can be presented. In some cases, it may be possible to enter a French university without the ''bac'' by taking a special exam, the ''diploma for entrance to higher education''.
Though most students take the ''bac'' at the end of secondary school, it is also possible to enter as a ''candidat libre'' (literally, "free candidate") without affiliation to a school. Students who did not take the bac upon completion of secondary school (or did not manage to pass it) and would like to attend university, or feel that the bac would help them accomplish professional aspirations, may exercise this option. The exam is no different from the one administered to secondary-school students, except that free candidates are tested in Physical Education, whereas students' Physical Education grade is calculated based on evaluation throughout the year.

''Baccalauréat général'' streams

Students who sit for the ''baccalauréat général'' choose one of three streams (termed ''séries'') in the penultimate ''lycée'' year. . Each stream results in a specialization and carries different weights (''coefficients'') associated with each subject. The description below does not take into account the streams still used in French DOMs-TOMs which further divides the different ''séries''. For instance, under the most widely used form everywhere except in metropolitan France, the bac S would be C or D, the bac ES would be B and the bac L would be A1 or A2. The streams for the ''baccalauréat général'' are as follows:

S ''scientifique'' (sciences)	ES ''économique et sociale'' (economics and social sciences)	L ''littéraire'' (literature)
The natural sciences stream requires a high level in mathematics, physics & chemistry, and biology.	The ''bac ES'' is balanced between literary and scientific courses of studies, and students must take an economics and social sciences exam.	The ''bac L'' weighs French language, history & geography, and foreign languages heavily. It also includes a literature section.

The ''baccalauréat'' permits students to choose to sit for exams in over forty world languages or French regional languages (such as Arpitan, Basque, Breton, Corsican, Créole, Norman, Occitan, Picard, Roussillonais Catalan...).
It has typically been seen as more prestigious to choose the "bac S", as it is said to open more doors as more numerate. This in turn can offer a greater range of post-graduation opportunities. This bias is inherent to the French educational system as many of the more prestigious "Classes Preparatoires" (post bac specialised classes for entry into the Grandes Écoles) require the S series. However this hegemony may sometimes be contested by teachers from the other two general streams of study, ES and L.

Content

''Série scientifique'' (S)

The S stream prepares students for work in scientific fields such as medicine, engineering and the natural sciences. Natural sciences students must specialize in either Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry or Earth & Life Sciences.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjects1
French Language	2	Written	4 hours
French Language	2	Oral	20 minutes
''Terminale'' subjects
Mathematics	7 or 9	Written	4 hours
Physics & Chemistry	6 or 8	Written and Laboratory	3 ½ hours plus 1 hour
Earth & Life Sciences Engineering Sciences Biology-Ecology	6 or 8 4 + 5 5 + 2	Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory	3 ½ hours plus 1 hour 8 hours ( 1 hour for electrnic, 1 hour for mecanic, 4 hours for partics works and 2 hours for TPE or PPE) 3 ½ hours plus 1 ½ hour
History & Geography	3	Written	4 hours
First Foreign Language (''LV1'')	3	Written	3 hours
Second Foreign Language (''LV2'') or Regional Language (''LVR'')	2	Written	2 hours
Philosophy	3	Written	4 hours
Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Specializations
Mathematics ''or'' Physics & Chemistry ''or'' Earth & Life Sciences	22	Oral or Laboratory (except for Mathematics)	1 hour
Supplementary Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
''Travaux personnels encadrés'' (TPE)	23	Oral	½-hour
Optional Subjects4
Foreign Language	23	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30-40 minutes
1Exam at the end of ''première''. French is replaced by Philosophy in ''terminale''. 2Added to general subject above. 3Only points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. 4Two-subject maximum.

''Série économique et sociale'' (ES)

Students in the ES stream prepare for careers in the social sciences, in management and business administration, and in economics. The subject Economics & Social Sciences is the most heavily weighed and is only offered in this stream. History & Geography and Mathematics are also important subjects in ES.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjects1
French Language	2	Written	4 hours
French Language	2	Oral	20 minutes
Natural Sciences	2	Written	1 ½ hours
''Terminale'' subjects
History & Geography	5	Written	4 hours
Mathematics	5	Written	3 hours
Economics & Social Sciences	7	Written	4 hours2
First Foreign Language (''LV1'')	3	Written	3 hours
Second Foreign Language (''LV2'') or Regional Language (''LVR'')	3	Oral	20-30 minutes
Philosophy	4	Written	4 hours
Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Specializations
Economics & Social Sciences ''or'' Mathematics ''or'' ''LV1/LVR''	23	Written ''or'' Oral	1 hour ''or'' 20 minutes
Supplementary Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
''Travaux personnels encadrés'' (TPE)	24	Oral	½-hour
Optional Subjects5
Foreign Language	24	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30-40 minutes
1Exams at the end of ''première''. French is replaced by Philosophy in ''terminale''. 2The exam is 5-hours long for students in this specialization. 3Added to general subject above. 4Only points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. 5Two-subject maximum.

''Série littéraire'' (L)

Students in the L stream prepare for careers in the humanities such as education, linguistics, and public service. They also have interests in the arts. The most important subjects in the literary stream are Philosophy and French language & literature and another language usually English or German.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjects1
French Language & Literature	3	Written	4 hours
French Language & Literature	2	Oral	20 minutes
Natural Sciences	2	Written	1 ½ hours
Mathematics & Computer Science	2	Written	1 ½ hours
''Terminale'' subjects
Literature	4	Written	2 hours
History & Geography	4	Written	4 hours
First Foreign Language (''LV1'')	4	Written	3 hours
Second Foreign Language (''LV2'') or Regional Language (''LVR'')	4	Written	3 hours
Philosophy	7	Written	4 hours
Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Specializations
Latin ''or'' Ancient Greek	4	Written	3 hours
Mathematics	3	Written	3 hours
Arts & Crafts ''or'' Cinema & Audiovisual Studies ''or'' Art History ''or'' Music ''or'' Theatre & Dramatic Expression ''or'' Dance	6	Written and Oral	3 ½ hours and ½-hour
Supplementary Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
''Travaux personnels encadrés'' (TPE)	22	Oral	½-hour
Optional Subjects3
Foreign Language	22	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30-40 minutes
1Exams at the end of ''première''. French is replaced by Philosophy and Literature in ''terminale''. 2Only points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. 3Two-subject maximum.

Note: The tables in this section were adapted from the French Ministry of Education website.

Format

The majority of the ''baccalauréat'' examination takes place in a week in June. For ''lycée'' students, this is the end of the last year, ''terminale''. This is a very stressful period for students and preparation starts early in the school year, sometimes even a few years beforehand.
Most examinations are given in essay-form. The student is given a substantial block of time (depending on the exam, from two to four hours) to complete a multiple-page, well-argued paper. The number of pages filled-out varies from exam to exam but is usually substantial considering all answers have to be written down, explained and justified. Math and science exams are problem sets but some science questions also require an essay-type answer. All foreign language exams include a short translation section as well. Although multiple-choice exams (''questionnaire à choix multiples'') do exist in the French educational system, they do not appear for the ''baccalauréat'' (except in mathematics where they occasionally appear but often require justification).
Some students also have the opportunity to work on a research project called the ''travaux personnels encadrés'' or TPE. These are generally conducted in groups of 2 or 3 and focus on a subject determined by the students under supervision of a faculty member.
When taken in mainland France, the ''baccalauréat'' material is the same for all students in a given stream. Secrecy surrounding the material is very tight and the envelopes containing the exams are unsealed by a high-ranking school officer (usually a principal or vice-principal) in front of the examinees only a few minutes prior to the start of the examination. The procedure is the same for each subject, in each stream. Students usually have an identification number and an assigned seat. The number is written on all exam material and the name is hidden by folding and sealing the upper right corner of the examination sheet(s). In this fashion, anonymity is respected. The correcting staff is usually a member of the teaching staff in the same district or, at a larger scale, in the same ''académie''. To avoid conflicts of interests, a teacher who has lectured to a student or group of students cannot grade their exam. Also, to ensure greater objectivity on the part of the examiners, the test is anonymous. The grader sees only an exam paper with a serial number, with all personally identifying material stripped away and forbidden from appearing, thus curbing any favoritism based upon sex, religion, national origin, or ethnicity.
Unlike the English GCSEs, Scottish Standard Grades or the American SAT, the French ''baccalauréat'' is not a completely standardized test. Since most answers — even for biology questions — are given in essay form, there is considerable room for subjectivity in grading by the examiner. This is especially true in subjects such as philosophy and French literature. Therefore, students can ask to be able to see the correction and they can ask for their work to be recorrected and file a complaint after the recheck.
Students generally take the French language and literature exam at the end of ''première'', due to the fact that this subject is not taught in ''terminale'' (where it is replaced with a philosophy course). It also has an oral examination component, along with the written part. The oral exam covers works studied throughout ''première''.

Weight system

Each ''baccalauréat'' stream has its own set of subjects that each carry a different weight (''coefficient''). This allows some subjects to be more important than others. For example, in the ES stream Economics & Social Science carry more weight than the Natural Sciences. Therefore the former is more important than the latter. Students usually study more for exams that carry heavier weights since the grade they obtain in these exams may have a bigger impact on their mean grade. It is in the calculation of this mean that passing the ''bac'' and eventual honours are determined.

Variations on the general baccalauréat

The general baccalauréat offers several additional variants. The best known subset is the "option internationale du baccalauréat", the OIB. This is sometimes confusingly translated as the "French international baccalaureat". However it is in no way related to the 'International Baccalaureate' (IB).
The OIB is adds further subjects the French national exam. Students choose one of the L, ES or S streams. It differs as students take a two year syllabus in literature, history and geography in a foreign language. This syllabus and the way it is examined is modelled on the national exam of the target nation. For instance, the British Section (administered by the University of Cambridge) models the programmes on A levels in English, History and Geography. It is therefore necessary to be fully bilingual to complete this degree.
At the end of the "Terminale", OIB students have extra exams in Literature and History/Geography. These exams have a high weight in the final mark of the bac and they do not give extra points to the OIB students. Overall, these students work much more than the other general baccalauréat students and many of them tend to go to foreign universities.

Passing & honours

The passing mark is 10 out of 20. The 2004-2005 success rate for the ''baccalauréat'' in mainland France was 79.7%.
For the ''baccalauréat'' four levels of honours are given:

★ A mark between 12 and 13,99 will earn a student a ''mention assez bien'' (honours);

★ A mark between 14 and 15,99 will earn a ''mention bien'' (high honours);

★ A mark higher than 16 will earn a mention of ''très bien'' (highest honours).
The single highest mark within a graduating cohort (not lower than 18 over 20) can be rewarded by the unofficial ''félicitations du jury'' (jury's congratulations).
Honours are prestigious but not crucial, as admissions to the ''classes préparatoires'' (or Preparatory classes) (that prepare to grande école exams) are decided months before the exam.
French educators seldom use the entire grading scale. The same applies when marking the ''baccalauréat''. Therefore it is practically impossible to get a perfect score of 20 out of 20. It is also very rare to see scores lower than 3 (which is much less than required for a supplemental examination anyway). In the 2004-2005 school year, according to [ftp://trf.education.gouv.fr/pub/edutel/dpd/ni/ni2005/ni0509.pdf official statistics], 38.6% of successful examinees were awarded honours. This shows that more than 60% of all passing students finished with a grade between 10 and 12 over 20.
Here is a useful formula² to convert a French grade ($x$) to an equivalent percentage grade ($y$):
$y\; =\; x\; cdot\; 4\; +\; 30$
For example, a grade of 13 over 20 is comparable to 82%.

Supplemental examination

If a student averages between 8 and 10, he or she is permitted to sit for the ''épreuve de rattrapage'' (also called the ''second groupe''), a supplemental oral exam given in two subjects of the student's choice. If the student does well enough in these orals to raise the overall, weighed grade to a 10, then he or she receives his or her ''baccalauréat''. If the student does poorly in the orals and receives below an 8, he or she may choose to repeat the final year of lycée (''terminale'').
The student cannot choose to sit for the entire examination once again in September, as the September exams may only be taken by those who have not been able to take the June exams: illness or other serious reasons.

Receiving the ''baccalauréat'' in the United States

There are a small number of schools which prepare students for the ''baccalauréat'' in the United States. Otherwise, it is possible to prepare the ''baccalauréat'' with the CNED a French public institution under the oversight of the department of education dedicated to providing distance learning material. It can, of course, only be taken after completion of the necessary coursework, which is entirely in French. Upon receiving the ''baccalauréat'', students wishing to pursue post-secondary studies in the US generally will present their degrees to the university's chancellor, or head of registrar. If it is decided that the coursework merits credits, they will generally be assigned according to what stream the student has taken.

See also

★ Education in France

★ International Baccalaureate

★ European Baccalaureate

Note

# The formula was taken from the Lycée Claudel website, a French lycée in Ottawa, Canada and might only be accurate for Canadian -- and even Ontarian -- percentage grades. In Ontario an 80% grade is an "A" on the American Scale and the student is awarded an Ontario Scholar Diploma. A 90% grade is an A+ on the American Scale is considered a grade with honours and automatically qualifies the student for government funded scholarships and bursuries. The formula should be used for comparison only.