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(Redirected from Bachelor of Medicine)
'Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery', or in Latin 'Medicinæ Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiæ' (abbreviated ''MB BChir'', ''MB BCh'', ''MB ChB'', ''BM BS'', ''MB BS'' etc.), are the two degrees awarded after a course of undergraduate study in medicine and surgery at a university in the United Kingdom and other places following its usage, such as medical schools in Australia, Egypt, Hong Kong, Iraq, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, New Zealand, Jamaica, South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sudan and India. The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one. (At Oxford and Cambridge it is/was possible to be awarded the two degrees on different dates.)
Those holding the degree(s) and practising medicine are usually referred to as "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr".
The degrees are often used as the Commonwealth equivalent of what is known elsewhere as the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD). In countries that award bachelors' degrees in medicine, however, the MD refers to a Higher Doctorate, and is reserved for medical practitioners who do research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine.
The specific names and abbreviations given to these degrees vary from country to country and from one institution or awarding body to the next; this is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any significant difference between the relative levels of the degrees. The Latin names are usually given as ''Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirugiae Baccalaureus'' or ''Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia'', abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise; the English versions are ''Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery'' or ''Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery'', usually abbreviated as MB BS, and rarely as BM BS, even though most MBBS-awarding institutions do not use Latin on their diplomas.
These degrees are not offered in the United States, Canada and other countries. In the United States a medical student typically completes a bachelor's degree (not necessarily in science) during which they take courses meeting pre-medical requirements before pursuing a medical doctorate.
''MB BS'' are conferred by most Australian medical schools (undergraduate and graduate-entry).
The graduate-entry Flinders medical school confers ''BM BS''.
The University of Newcastle offers the five-year undergraduate degree ''BMed''. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Newcastle, this degree is equivalent to the MB BS, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
All 50 medical colleges in Bangladesh (14 public and the rest private) award ''MB BS''.
All medical schools in Egypt award ''MB BCh''.
Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in England:
★ ''MB ChB'' are used at the universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, and Warwick.
★ ''MB BS'' are used at the University of East Anglia, Hull York Medical School, Imperial College London, the University of London, and University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
★ ''BM BCh'' are used at the University of Oxford.
★ ''BM BS'' are used at University of Nottingham, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry and Brighton Sussex Medical School
★ ''BM'' is awarded at the University of Southampton. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Southampton, this degree is equivalent to the MB ChB, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
★ ''MB BChir'' are awarded by the University of Cambridge.
At Oxford and Cambridge universities the preclinical course leads to a Bachelor of Arts degree (upgradable after 3 or 4 years to Master of Arts), after which most students used to go elsewhere to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university or return to their old university to take clinical examinations.
The ''English Triple Conjoint Diploma'' of ''LRCP, LRCS, LMSSA'' were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal College of Surgeons of England and Society of Apothecaries through the United Examining Board. These qualifications were registrable with the General Medical Council until 1999. Prior to 1994, the English Conjoint diploma of ''LRCP, MRCS'' was awarded for over a century, and the ''LMSSA'' was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification.
The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong has continued to follow the British tradition despite the handover of the territory's sovereignty from the hands of the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China on 30 June 1997.
The dual degree is awarded as:
★ ''MB BS'' at University of Hong Kong; and
★ ''MB ChB'' at Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Medical schools are popularly known as Medical colleges in India.The medical colleges which teaches allopathy system of medicine award the ''MBBS'' degree under the Medical Council of India and State Medical councils' regulations. An ''MBBS'' is an undergraduate degree, usually lasting 5½ years, It includes one year of a compulsory rotating internship, but a recent amendment of the Medical Council of India (MCI) Act that would make the undergraduate MBBS course six-and-a-half years long instead of the present five-and-a-half years.
The last year of the course will be spent by students in serving patients in rural India. They will have to spend four months each in a public health centre, community health cell and district headquarters.
. Completion of an ''MBBS'' degree is required in order to apply for, and join, a broad speciality programmes offering the MD / MS degree. Subsequently further super specialisation can lead to DM or MCh degrees.
There also used to be Licentiate qualifications in Medicine and Surgery (LMS) in India, awarded after a shorter course, originally at a "medical school" rather than a "medical college."
The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bombay awarded a Licentiate at LMS level, a Membership (MCPS) at MB BS level and a Fellowship (FCPS) at MD level. The State Medical Faculty of West Bengal (previously of Bengal) also gave Licentiates and Memberships.
All medical schools in Iraq award ''MB ChB''.
The three degrees of ''MB BCh BAO'' are awarded by all medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland - namely Queen's University Belfast, University of Dublin (Trinity College) and some constituent institutions of the National University of Ireland (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University College Dublin, University College Cork and National University of Ireland, Galway).
''BAO'' is ''Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia'' (Bachelor of the Obstetric Art), which the Irish Universities began to award in the 19th century after legislation insisted on a final examination in obstetrics: however this third degree was not registrable with the GMC.
''LRCPI LRCSI'', or simply ''LRCP&SI'', denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying licenciates awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland to students of the RCSI's medical school. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registrable with the Irish Medical Council. Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees ''MB BCh BAO'', due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the National University of Ireland.
The RCSI students also received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish Universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as ''L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI'' or more misleadingly as ''LLM, RCP&SI.''
''LAH'' formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, and is no longer awarded.
The two national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely the University of Nairobi and Moi University, award MB ChB.
The traditional route of pursuing a medical degree in Kenya requires one to have high marks in KCSE, a national exam administered at the conclusion of high school. In recent years however, students who can pay their own tuition and those from other countries have been accepted into these programs. It is hoped that these new regulations shall promote the number of locally trained doctors as many are leaving the country in a phenomenon that has been regarded by others as a brain drain.
The University of Malaya and Universiti Teknologi MARA both award ''MB BS''.Other public universities such as
'Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery', or in Latin 'Medicinæ Baccalaureus et Baccalaureus Chirurgiæ' (abbreviated ''MB BChir'', ''MB BCh'', ''MB ChB'', ''BM BS'', ''MB BS'' etc.), are the two degrees awarded after a course of undergraduate study in medicine and surgery at a university in the United Kingdom and other places following its usage, such as medical schools in Australia, Egypt, Hong Kong, Iraq, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, New Zealand, Jamaica, South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sudan and India. The naming suggests that they are two separate degrees; however, in practice, they are usually treated as one. (At Oxford and Cambridge it is/was possible to be awarded the two degrees on different dates.)
Those holding the degree(s) and practising medicine are usually referred to as "Doctor" and use the prefix "Dr".
The degrees are often used as the Commonwealth equivalent of what is known elsewhere as the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD). In countries that award bachelors' degrees in medicine, however, the MD refers to a Higher Doctorate, and is reserved for medical practitioners who do research and submit a thesis in the field of medicine.
Naming
The specific names and abbreviations given to these degrees vary from country to country and from one institution or awarding body to the next; this is mostly for reasons of tradition rather than to indicate any significant difference between the relative levels of the degrees. The Latin names are usually given as ''Medicinae Baccalaureus, Chirugiae Baccalaureus'' or ''Baccalaureus in Medicina et in Chirurgia'', abbreviated as MB ChB, MB BCh or otherwise; the English versions are ''Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery'' or ''Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery'', usually abbreviated as MB BS, and rarely as BM BS, even though most MBBS-awarding institutions do not use Latin on their diplomas.
These degrees are not offered in the United States, Canada and other countries. In the United States a medical student typically completes a bachelor's degree (not necessarily in science) during which they take courses meeting pre-medical requirements before pursuing a medical doctorate.
Australia
''MB BS'' are conferred by most Australian medical schools (undergraduate and graduate-entry).
The graduate-entry Flinders medical school confers ''BM BS''.
The University of Newcastle offers the five-year undergraduate degree ''BMed''. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Newcastle, this degree is equivalent to the MB BS, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
Bangladesh
All 50 medical colleges in Bangladesh (14 public and the rest private) award ''MB BS''.
Egypt
All medical schools in Egypt award ''MB BCh''.
England
Various abbreviations are used for these degrees in England:
★ ''MB ChB'' are used at the universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Keele, Manchester, Sheffield, and Warwick.
★ ''MB BS'' are used at the University of East Anglia, Hull York Medical School, Imperial College London, the University of London, and University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
★ ''BM BCh'' are used at the University of Oxford.
★ ''BM BS'' are used at University of Nottingham, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry and Brighton Sussex Medical School
★ ''BM'' is awarded at the University of Southampton. Although no degree in surgery is formally awarded by Southampton, this degree is equivalent to the MB ChB, and students may go on to a career in surgery the same as any other graduates in medicine and surgery.
★ ''MB BChir'' are awarded by the University of Cambridge.
At Oxford and Cambridge universities the preclinical course leads to a Bachelor of Arts degree (upgradable after 3 or 4 years to Master of Arts), after which most students used to go elsewhere to complete clinical training. They could then take the degrees of their new university or return to their old university to take clinical examinations.
The ''English Triple Conjoint Diploma'' of ''LRCP, LRCS, LMSSA'' were non-university qualifying examinations in medicine and surgery awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal College of Surgeons of England and Society of Apothecaries through the United Examining Board. These qualifications were registrable with the General Medical Council until 1999. Prior to 1994, the English Conjoint diploma of ''LRCP, MRCS'' was awarded for over a century, and the ''LMSSA'' was a distinct and sometimes less-esteemed qualification.
Hong Kong
The awarding of qualifications in Hong Kong has continued to follow the British tradition despite the handover of the territory's sovereignty from the hands of the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China on 30 June 1997.
The dual degree is awarded as:
★ ''MB BS'' at University of Hong Kong; and
★ ''MB ChB'' at Chinese University of Hong Kong.
India
Medical schools are popularly known as Medical colleges in India.The medical colleges which teaches allopathy system of medicine award the ''MBBS'' degree under the Medical Council of India and State Medical councils' regulations. An ''MBBS'' is an undergraduate degree, usually lasting 5½ years, It includes one year of a compulsory rotating internship, but a recent amendment of the Medical Council of India (MCI) Act that would make the undergraduate MBBS course six-and-a-half years long instead of the present five-and-a-half years.
The last year of the course will be spent by students in serving patients in rural India. They will have to spend four months each in a public health centre, community health cell and district headquarters.
. Completion of an ''MBBS'' degree is required in order to apply for, and join, a broad speciality programmes offering the MD / MS degree. Subsequently further super specialisation can lead to DM or MCh degrees.
There also used to be Licentiate qualifications in Medicine and Surgery (LMS) in India, awarded after a shorter course, originally at a "medical school" rather than a "medical college."
The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bombay awarded a Licentiate at LMS level, a Membership (MCPS) at MB BS level and a Fellowship (FCPS) at MD level. The State Medical Faculty of West Bengal (previously of Bengal) also gave Licentiates and Memberships.
Iraq
All medical schools in Iraq award ''MB ChB''.
Ireland
The three degrees of ''MB BCh BAO'' are awarded by all medical schools in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland - namely Queen's University Belfast, University of Dublin (Trinity College) and some constituent institutions of the National University of Ireland (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University College Dublin, University College Cork and National University of Ireland, Galway).
''BAO'' is ''Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia'' (Bachelor of the Obstetric Art), which the Irish Universities began to award in the 19th century after legislation insisted on a final examination in obstetrics: however this third degree was not registrable with the GMC.
''LRCPI LRCSI'', or simply ''LRCP&SI'', denotes a holder of the historical non-university qualifying licenciates awarded jointly by the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland to students of the RCSI's medical school. Unlike the corresponding licentiates awarded by the Royal Colleges in Scotland and England (which were external qualifications), these qualifications are still registrable with the Irish Medical Council. Students at RCSI still receive these licenciates but now also receive the degrees ''MB BCh BAO'', due to RCSI's status as a recognised college of the National University of Ireland.
The RCSI students also received a Licence in Midwifery (LM) from each college, in the same way that the Irish Universities granted BAO degrees, so their qualifications were sometimes expressed as ''L & LM, RCPI, L & LM, RCSI'' or more misleadingly as ''LLM, RCP&SI.''
''LAH'' formerly denoted a licentiate of the now-defunct Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, and is no longer awarded.
Kenya
The two national universities with medical faculties in Kenya, namely the University of Nairobi and Moi University, award MB ChB.
The traditional route of pursuing a medical degree in Kenya requires one to have high marks in KCSE, a national exam administered at the conclusion of high school. In recent years however, students who can pay their own tuition and those from other countries have been accepted into these programs. It is hoped that these new regulations shall promote the number of locally trained doctors as many are leaving the country in a phenomenon that has been regarded by others as a brain drain.
Malaysia
The University of Malaya and Universiti Teknologi MARA both award ''MB BS''.Other public universities such as
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