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(Redirected from Backache)
'Back pain' (also known "dorsalgia") is pain felt in the back that may originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine.
The pain may be have a sudden onset or it can be a chronic pain, it can be felt constantly or intermittently, stay in one place or refer or radiate to other areas. It may be a dull ache, or a sharp or piercing or burning sensation. The pain may be felt in the neck (and might radiate into the arm and hand), in the upper back, or in the low back, (and might radiate into the leg or foot), and may include symptoms other than pain, such as weakness, numbness or tingling.
Back pain is one of humanity's most frequent complaints. In the U.S., acute low back pain (also called lumbago) is the fifth most common reason for all physician visits. About nine out of ten adults experience back pain at some point in their life, and five out of ten working adults have back pain every year.A.T. Patel, A.A. Ogle. "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Low Back Pain". American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
The spine is a complex interconnecting network of nerves, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, and all are capable of producing pain. Large nerves that originate in the spine and go to the legs and arms can make pain radiate to the extremities.
Back pain can be a sign of a serious medical problem, although this is not most frequently the underlying cause:
★ Typical warning signs of a potentially life-threatening problem are bowel and/or bladder incontinence or progressive weakness in the legs. Patients with these symptoms should seek immediate medical care.
★ Severe back pain (such as pain that is bad enough to interrupt sleep) that occurs with other signs of severe illness (''e.g.'' fever, unexplained weight loss) may also indicate a serious underlying medical condition, such as cancer.
★ Back pain that occurs after a trauma, such as a car accident or fall, should also be promptly evaluated by a medical professional to check for a fracture or other injury.
★ Back pain in individuals with medical conditions that put them at high risk for a spinal fracture, such as osteoporosis or multiple myeloma, also warrants prompt medical attention.
In general, however, back pain does not usually require immediate medical intervention. The vast majority of episodes of back pain are self-limiting and non-progressive. Most back pain syndromes are due to inflammation, especially in the acute phase, which typically lasts for two weeks to three months.
Transient back pain is likely one of the first symptoms of influenza.
Muscle strains (pulled muscles) are commonly identified as the cause of back pain, as are muscle imbalances. Pain from such an injury often remains as long as the muscle imbalances persist. The muscle imbalances cause a mechanical problem with the skeleton, building up pressure at points along the spine, which causes the pain.
Another cause of acute low back pain is a Meniscoid Occlusion.
The more mobile regions of the spine have invaginations of the synovial membrane that act as a cushion to help the bones move over each other smoothly. The synovial membrane is well supplied with blood and nerves. When it becomes pinched or trapped it can cause sudden severe pain. The pinching causes the membrane to become inflamed, causing greater pressure and ongoing pain. Symptoms include severe low back pain that may be accompanied by muscle spasm, pain with walking, concentration of pain to one side, and no radiculopathy (radiating pain down buttock and leg). Relief should be felt with flexion (bending forward), exacerbated with extension (bending backward).
When back pain lasts more than three months, or if there is more radicular pain (sciatica) than back pain, a more specific diagnosis can usually be made. There are several common causes of back pain: for adults under age 50, these include spinal disc herniation and degenerative disc disease or isthmic spondylolisthesis; in adults over age 50, common causes also include osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and spinal stenosis[1],trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease[2]. Non-anatomical factors can also contribute to or cause back pain, such as stress, repressed anger,[3] or depression. Even if there is an anatomical cause for the pain, if depression is present it should also be treated concurrently.
The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible; to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities; to help the patient cope with residual pain; to assess for side-effects of therapy; and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.
Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many find that they need to try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority of back pain patients (most estimates are 1% - 10%) require surgery.
★ Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. A meta-analysis of studies by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and sub-acute low-back pain. A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain., French S, Cameron M, Walker B, Reggars J, Esterman A, , , Spine, 2006 Some patients find that moist heat works best (e.g. a hot bath or whirlpool) or continuous low-level heat (e.g. a heat wrap that stays warm for 4 to 6 hours). Cold therapy (e.g. ice or cold pack application) may be effective at relieving back pain in some cases.
★ Medications, such as muscle relaxants, Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain., van Tulder M, Touray T, Furlan A, Solway S, Bouter L, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, narcotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs/NSAIAs) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain., van Tulder M, Scholten R, Koes B, Deyo R, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, or paracetamol (acetaminophen). A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration found that injection therapy, usually with corticosteroids, does not appear to help regardless of whether the injection is facet joint, epidural or a local injection.[1] Accordingly, a study of intramuscular corticosteroids found no benefit.[2] Herbal analgesics may also be effective.
★ Exercises can be an effective approach, particularly when done under supervision of a professional such as a physical therapist. Generally, some form of consistent stretching and exercise is believed to be an essential component of most back treatment programs. However, one study found that exercise is also effective for chronic back pain, but not for acute pain. Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain., Hayden J, van Tulder M, Malmivaara A, Koes B, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Another study found that back-mobilizing exercises in acute settings are ''less effective'' than continuation of ordinary activities as tolerated. The treatment of acute low back pain--bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity?, Malmivaara A, Häkkinen U, Aro T, Heinrichs M, Koskenniemi L, Kuosma E, Lappi S, Paloheimo R, Servo C, Vaaranen V, , , N Engl J Med, 1995
★ Physical therapy and exercise, including stretching and strengthening (with specific focus on the muscles which support the spine), often learned with the help of a health professional, such as a physical therapist. Physical therapy, when part of a 'back school', can improve back pain. Back schools for non-specific low-back pain., Heymans M, van Tulder M, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes B, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Massage therapy, especially from an may help. Acupressure or pressure point massage may be more beneficial than classic (Swedish) massage. Massage for low back pain., Furlan A, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Body Awareness Therapy such as the Feldenkrais Method has been studied in relation to Fibromyalgia and chronic pain and studies have indicated positive effects. Body awareness therapy for patients with fibromyalgia and chronic pain., Gard G, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005 . Organized exercise programs using these therapies have been developed.
★ Manipulation, as provided by an appropriately trained and qualified chiropractor, osteopath, physical therapist, or a physiatrist. Studies of the effect of manipulation suggest that this approach has a small benefit similar to other therapies and superior to sham. Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain., Assendelft W, Morton S, Yu E, Suttorp M, Shekelle P, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain., Cherkin D, Sherman K, Deyo R, Shekelle P, , , Ann Intern Med, 2003
★ Acupuncture has a small benefit for chronic back pain. The Cochrane Collaboration concluded that "for chronic low-back pain, acupuncture is more effective for pain relief and functional improvement than no treatment or sham treatment immediately after treatment and in the short-term only. Acupuncture is not more effective than other conventional and alternative treatments." Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain., Furlan A, van Tulder M, Cherkin D, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes B, Berman B, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, . More recently, a randomized controlled trial found a small benefit after 1 to 2 years. Randomised controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care for persistent non-specific low back pain., Thomas K, MacPherson H, Thorpe L, Brazier J, Fitter M, Campbell M, Roman M, Walters S, Nicholl J, , , BMJ, 2006
★ Education, and attitude adjustment to focus on psychological or emotional causes - respondent-cognitive therapy and progressive relaxation therapy can reduce chronic pain. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain., Ostelo R, van Tulder M, Vlaeyen J, Linton S, Morley S, Assendelft W, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Most people will benefit from assessing any ergonomic or postural factors that may contribute to their back pain, such as improper lifting technique, poor posture, or poor support from their mattress or office chair, etc. Although this recommendation has not been tested, this intervention is a part of many 'back schools' which do help.15494995
Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for patients with:
★ Lumbar disc herniation or degenerative disc disease
★ Spinal stenosis from lumbar disc herniation, degenerative joint disease, or spondylolisthesis
★ Scoliosis
★ Compression fracture
★ Injections, such as epidural steroid injections, facet joint injections, or prolotherapy have limited, if any, benefit. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain., Nelemans P, de Bie R, de Vet H, Sturmans F, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain., Yelland M, Mar C, Pirozzo S, Schoene M, Vercoe P, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Chemonucleolysis, injection of the enzyme chymopapain (derived from the papaya fruit tree) directly into the herniated disc. The purpose and result of this procedure is for the injected enzyme to decompose the prolapsed nucleus pulpous that is affecting the surrounding nerve root(s), which ultimately is the cause of the back and / or leg pain.
★ Cold compression therapy is advocated for a strained back or chronic back pain and is postulated to reduce pain and inflammation, especially after strenuous exercise such as golf, gardening, or lifting. However, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded "The evidence for the application of cold treatment to low-back pain is even more limited, with only three poor quality studies located. No conclusions can be drawn about the use of cold for low-back pain" A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain., French S, Cameron M, Walker B, Reggars J, Esterman A, , , Spine, 2006
★ Bed rest is rarely recommended as it can exacerbate symptoms, Bed rest for acute low-back pain and sciatica., Hagen K, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem M, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, and when necessary is usually limited to one or two days. Prolonged bed rest or inactivity is actually counterproductive, as the resulting stiffness leads to more pain.
★ Electrotherapy, such as a Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS) has been proposed. Two randomized controlled trials found conflicting results.[3][4] This has led the Cochrane Collaboration to conclude that there is inconsistent evidence to support use of TENS.[5] In addition, spinal cord stimulation, where an electrical device is used to interrupt the pain signals being sent to the brain and has been studied for various underlying causes of back pain.
★ Inversion therapy is useful for temporary back relief due to the traction method or spreading of the back vertebres through (in this case) gravity. The patient hangs in an upside down position for a period of time from ankles or knees until this separation occurs. The effect can be achieved without a complete vertical hang ( 90 degree) and noticeable benefits can be observed at angles as low as 10 to 45 degrees.
★ Low back pain
★ Upper back pain
1. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain, Nelemans P, de Bie R, de Vet H, Sturmans F, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
2. Parenteral corticosteroids for Emergency Department patients with non-radicular low back pain, Friedman B, Holden L, Esses D, Bijur P, Choi H, Solorzano C, Paternoster J, Gallagher E, , , J Emerg Med, 2006
3. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: nonparallel antinociceptive effects on chronic clinical pain and acute experimental pain, Cheing GL, Hui-Chan CW, , , Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 1999
4. A controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise for chronic low back pain, Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, Schoenfeld LS, Ramamurthy S, , , N. Engl. J. Med., 1990
5. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic low-back pain, Khadilkar A, Milne S, Brosseau L, ''et al'', , , Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 2005
★ Back Pain - Information for Patients
★ Back pain at the Open Directory Project
★
★ Handout on Health: Back Pain at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
★ Back Pain Information for Patients: Spine-health.com
'Back pain' (also known "dorsalgia") is pain felt in the back that may originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine.
The pain may be have a sudden onset or it can be a chronic pain, it can be felt constantly or intermittently, stay in one place or refer or radiate to other areas. It may be a dull ache, or a sharp or piercing or burning sensation. The pain may be felt in the neck (and might radiate into the arm and hand), in the upper back, or in the low back, (and might radiate into the leg or foot), and may include symptoms other than pain, such as weakness, numbness or tingling.
Back pain is one of humanity's most frequent complaints. In the U.S., acute low back pain (also called lumbago) is the fifth most common reason for all physician visits. About nine out of ten adults experience back pain at some point in their life, and five out of ten working adults have back pain every year.A.T. Patel, A.A. Ogle. "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Low Back Pain". American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
The spine is a complex interconnecting network of nerves, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, and all are capable of producing pain. Large nerves that originate in the spine and go to the legs and arms can make pain radiate to the extremities.
| Contents |
| Associated conditions |
| Underlying causes |
| Treatment |
| Conservative treatment |
| Surgery |
| Treatments with uncertain or doubtful benefit |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
Associated conditions
Back pain can be a sign of a serious medical problem, although this is not most frequently the underlying cause:
★ Typical warning signs of a potentially life-threatening problem are bowel and/or bladder incontinence or progressive weakness in the legs. Patients with these symptoms should seek immediate medical care.
★ Severe back pain (such as pain that is bad enough to interrupt sleep) that occurs with other signs of severe illness (''e.g.'' fever, unexplained weight loss) may also indicate a serious underlying medical condition, such as cancer.
★ Back pain that occurs after a trauma, such as a car accident or fall, should also be promptly evaluated by a medical professional to check for a fracture or other injury.
★ Back pain in individuals with medical conditions that put them at high risk for a spinal fracture, such as osteoporosis or multiple myeloma, also warrants prompt medical attention.
In general, however, back pain does not usually require immediate medical intervention. The vast majority of episodes of back pain are self-limiting and non-progressive. Most back pain syndromes are due to inflammation, especially in the acute phase, which typically lasts for two weeks to three months.
Underlying causes
Transient back pain is likely one of the first symptoms of influenza.
Muscle strains (pulled muscles) are commonly identified as the cause of back pain, as are muscle imbalances. Pain from such an injury often remains as long as the muscle imbalances persist. The muscle imbalances cause a mechanical problem with the skeleton, building up pressure at points along the spine, which causes the pain.
Another cause of acute low back pain is a Meniscoid Occlusion.
The more mobile regions of the spine have invaginations of the synovial membrane that act as a cushion to help the bones move over each other smoothly. The synovial membrane is well supplied with blood and nerves. When it becomes pinched or trapped it can cause sudden severe pain. The pinching causes the membrane to become inflamed, causing greater pressure and ongoing pain. Symptoms include severe low back pain that may be accompanied by muscle spasm, pain with walking, concentration of pain to one side, and no radiculopathy (radiating pain down buttock and leg). Relief should be felt with flexion (bending forward), exacerbated with extension (bending backward).
When back pain lasts more than three months, or if there is more radicular pain (sciatica) than back pain, a more specific diagnosis can usually be made. There are several common causes of back pain: for adults under age 50, these include spinal disc herniation and degenerative disc disease or isthmic spondylolisthesis; in adults over age 50, common causes also include osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and spinal stenosis[1],trauma, cancer, infection, fractures, and inflammatory disease[2]. Non-anatomical factors can also contribute to or cause back pain, such as stress, repressed anger,[3] or depression. Even if there is an anatomical cause for the pain, if depression is present it should also be treated concurrently.
Treatment
The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible; to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities; to help the patient cope with residual pain; to assess for side-effects of therapy; and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.
Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many find that they need to try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority of back pain patients (most estimates are 1% - 10%) require surgery.
Conservative treatment
★ Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. A meta-analysis of studies by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and sub-acute low-back pain. A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain., French S, Cameron M, Walker B, Reggars J, Esterman A, , , Spine, 2006 Some patients find that moist heat works best (e.g. a hot bath or whirlpool) or continuous low-level heat (e.g. a heat wrap that stays warm for 4 to 6 hours). Cold therapy (e.g. ice or cold pack application) may be effective at relieving back pain in some cases.
★ Medications, such as muscle relaxants, Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain., van Tulder M, Touray T, Furlan A, Solway S, Bouter L, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, narcotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs/NSAIAs) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain., van Tulder M, Scholten R, Koes B, Deyo R, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, or paracetamol (acetaminophen). A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration found that injection therapy, usually with corticosteroids, does not appear to help regardless of whether the injection is facet joint, epidural or a local injection.[1] Accordingly, a study of intramuscular corticosteroids found no benefit.[2] Herbal analgesics may also be effective.
★ Exercises can be an effective approach, particularly when done under supervision of a professional such as a physical therapist. Generally, some form of consistent stretching and exercise is believed to be an essential component of most back treatment programs. However, one study found that exercise is also effective for chronic back pain, but not for acute pain. Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain., Hayden J, van Tulder M, Malmivaara A, Koes B, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Another study found that back-mobilizing exercises in acute settings are ''less effective'' than continuation of ordinary activities as tolerated. The treatment of acute low back pain--bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity?, Malmivaara A, Häkkinen U, Aro T, Heinrichs M, Koskenniemi L, Kuosma E, Lappi S, Paloheimo R, Servo C, Vaaranen V, , , N Engl J Med, 1995
★ Physical therapy and exercise, including stretching and strengthening (with specific focus on the muscles which support the spine), often learned with the help of a health professional, such as a physical therapist. Physical therapy, when part of a 'back school', can improve back pain. Back schools for non-specific low-back pain., Heymans M, van Tulder M, Esmail R, Bombardier C, Koes B, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Massage therapy, especially from an may help. Acupressure or pressure point massage may be more beneficial than classic (Swedish) massage. Massage for low back pain., Furlan A, Brosseau L, Imamura M, Irvin E, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Body Awareness Therapy such as the Feldenkrais Method has been studied in relation to Fibromyalgia and chronic pain and studies have indicated positive effects. Body awareness therapy for patients with fibromyalgia and chronic pain., Gard G, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005 . Organized exercise programs using these therapies have been developed.
★ Manipulation, as provided by an appropriately trained and qualified chiropractor, osteopath, physical therapist, or a physiatrist. Studies of the effect of manipulation suggest that this approach has a small benefit similar to other therapies and superior to sham. Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain., Assendelft W, Morton S, Yu E, Suttorp M, Shekelle P, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain., Cherkin D, Sherman K, Deyo R, Shekelle P, , , Ann Intern Med, 2003
★ Acupuncture has a small benefit for chronic back pain. The Cochrane Collaboration concluded that "for chronic low-back pain, acupuncture is more effective for pain relief and functional improvement than no treatment or sham treatment immediately after treatment and in the short-term only. Acupuncture is not more effective than other conventional and alternative treatments." Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain., Furlan A, van Tulder M, Cherkin D, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes B, Berman B, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, . More recently, a randomized controlled trial found a small benefit after 1 to 2 years. Randomised controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care for persistent non-specific low back pain., Thomas K, MacPherson H, Thorpe L, Brazier J, Fitter M, Campbell M, Roman M, Walters S, Nicholl J, , , BMJ, 2006
★ Education, and attitude adjustment to focus on psychological or emotional causes - respondent-cognitive therapy and progressive relaxation therapy can reduce chronic pain. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain., Ostelo R, van Tulder M, Vlaeyen J, Linton S, Morley S, Assendelft W, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Most people will benefit from assessing any ergonomic or postural factors that may contribute to their back pain, such as improper lifting technique, poor posture, or poor support from their mattress or office chair, etc. Although this recommendation has not been tested, this intervention is a part of many 'back schools' which do help.15494995
Surgery
Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for patients with:
★ Lumbar disc herniation or degenerative disc disease
★ Spinal stenosis from lumbar disc herniation, degenerative joint disease, or spondylolisthesis
★ Scoliosis
★ Compression fracture
Treatments with uncertain or doubtful benefit
★ Injections, such as epidural steroid injections, facet joint injections, or prolotherapy have limited, if any, benefit. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain., Nelemans P, de Bie R, de Vet H, Sturmans F, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Prolotherapy injections for chronic low-back pain., Yelland M, Mar C, Pirozzo S, Schoene M, Vercoe P, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
★ Chemonucleolysis, injection of the enzyme chymopapain (derived from the papaya fruit tree) directly into the herniated disc. The purpose and result of this procedure is for the injected enzyme to decompose the prolapsed nucleus pulpous that is affecting the surrounding nerve root(s), which ultimately is the cause of the back and / or leg pain.
★ Cold compression therapy is advocated for a strained back or chronic back pain and is postulated to reduce pain and inflammation, especially after strenuous exercise such as golf, gardening, or lifting. However, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded "The evidence for the application of cold treatment to low-back pain is even more limited, with only three poor quality studies located. No conclusions can be drawn about the use of cold for low-back pain" A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain., French S, Cameron M, Walker B, Reggars J, Esterman A, , , Spine, 2006
★ Bed rest is rarely recommended as it can exacerbate symptoms, Bed rest for acute low-back pain and sciatica., Hagen K, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem M, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev, and when necessary is usually limited to one or two days. Prolonged bed rest or inactivity is actually counterproductive, as the resulting stiffness leads to more pain.
★ Electrotherapy, such as a Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS) has been proposed. Two randomized controlled trials found conflicting results.[3][4] This has led the Cochrane Collaboration to conclude that there is inconsistent evidence to support use of TENS.[5] In addition, spinal cord stimulation, where an electrical device is used to interrupt the pain signals being sent to the brain and has been studied for various underlying causes of back pain.
★ Inversion therapy is useful for temporary back relief due to the traction method or spreading of the back vertebres through (in this case) gravity. The patient hangs in an upside down position for a period of time from ankles or knees until this separation occurs. The effect can be achieved without a complete vertical hang ( 90 degree) and noticeable benefits can be observed at angles as low as 10 to 45 degrees.
See also
★ Low back pain
★ Upper back pain
References
1. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic benign low back pain, Nelemans P, de Bie R, de Vet H, Sturmans F, , , Cochrane Database Syst Rev,
2. Parenteral corticosteroids for Emergency Department patients with non-radicular low back pain, Friedman B, Holden L, Esses D, Bijur P, Choi H, Solorzano C, Paternoster J, Gallagher E, , , J Emerg Med, 2006
3. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: nonparallel antinociceptive effects on chronic clinical pain and acute experimental pain, Cheing GL, Hui-Chan CW, , , Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 1999
4. A controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise for chronic low back pain, Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, Schoenfeld LS, Ramamurthy S, , , N. Engl. J. Med., 1990
5. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic low-back pain, Khadilkar A, Milne S, Brosseau L, ''et al'', , , Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 2005
External links
★ Back Pain - Information for Patients
★ Back pain at the Open Directory Project
★
★ Handout on Health: Back Pain at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
★ Back Pain Information for Patients: Spine-health.com
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