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EspañolBANKSIA SER. BANKSIA
(Redirected from Banksia ser. Orthostylis)
'''Banksia'' ser. ''Banksia''' is a
valid botanic name for a series of ''Banksia''. As an autonym, it necessarily contains the type species of ''Banksia'', ''B. serrata'' (Saw Banksia). Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.
''Banksia'' ser. ''Banksia'' originated in 1870 as '''Banksia'' sect. ''Orthostylis'''. Published by George Bentham in 1870, ''B.'' sect. ''Orthostylis'' consisted of those ''Banksia'' species with flat leaves with serrated margins, and rigid, erect styles that "give the cones after the flowers have opened a different aspect". The placement and circumscription of ''B.'' sect. ''Orthostylis'' in Bentham's arrangement can be summarised as follows:[1]
:'Genus ''Banksia''
::Section ''Oncostylis'' (13 species)
::Section ''Cyrtostylis'' (10 species)
::Section ''Eubanksia'' (3 species)
::'Section ''Orthostylis'''
:::''B. latifolia'' (now ''B. robur'') - ''B. serrata'' - ''B. ornata'' - ''B. coccinea'' - ''B. sceptrum'' - ''B. Menziesii'' - ''B. lævigata'' - ''B. Hookeriana'' - ''B. prionotes'' - ''B. Victoriæ'' - ''B. speciosa'' - ''B. Baxteri'' - ''B. marcescens'' (now ''B. praemorsa'') - ''B. Lemanniana'' - ''B. Caleyi'' - ''B. Lindleyana'' - ''B. elegans'' - ''B. Candolleana''
::Section ''Isostylis'' (1 species)
In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of ''Banksia'' in his classic monograph ''The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)''. He retained the name ''Orthostylis'', but demoted it to series rank, placing it in ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'' because of its elongate "flower spike", and in ''B.'' sect. ''Banksia'', because it has straight styles after anthesis. The series was given a rather stricter circumscription to that of Bentham: it was defined as containing only those species with a hairy pistil that is prominently curved prior to anthesis. The result was a series of just eight species, all of which had been included in Bentham's ''B.'' sect. ''Orthostylis''. The other eleven members of Bentham's ''Orthostylis'' were moved into other sections and series.[2]
The placement and circumscription of ''B.'' subg. ''Orthostylis'' in George's 1981 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
:'Genus ''Banksia'''
::'Subgenus ''Banksia'''
:::'Section ''Banksia'''
::::Series ''Salicinae'' (9 species)
::::Series ''Grandes'' (2 species)
::::Series ''Quercinae'' (3 species)
::::'Series ''Orthostylis'''
:::::''B. serrata'' - ''B. aemula'' - ''B. ornata'' - ''B. menziesii'' - ''B. speciosa'' - ''B. baxteri'' - ''B. candolleana'' - ''B. sceptrum''
::::Series ''Crocinae'' (4 species)
::::Series ''Cyrtostylis'' (12 species)
::::Series ''Prostratae'' (6 species)
::::Series ''Tetragonae'' (3 species)
::::Series ''Coccineae'' (1 species)
:::Section ''Oncostylis'' (3 series, 21 species)
::Subgenus ''Isostylis'' (2 species)
The placement of ''B. sceptrum'' (Sceptre Banksia) in this series was initially tentative, as George felt that "in some respects it also shows a relationship to the series ''Cyrtostylis''". ''B. aemula'' (Wallum Banksia) was also flagged as anomalous in having a conical pollen-presenter, and ''B. pilostylis'' (Marsh Banksia) was noted as the only species outside the series that has a hairy pistil. Overall, George accepted that the resultant series was "somewhat heterogeneous", but argued that the species had enough in common to warrant grouping them together. Since species of ''B.'' ser. ''Orthostylis'' occur in both western and eastern Australia, George suggested that it had evolved early, and was widespread across southern Australia before aridification and marine incursion established the Nullarbor Plain as a barrier to genetic exchange.
George's 1981 publication of ''B.'' ser. ''Orthostylis'' was illegal. Since the series contained ''B. serrata'' (Saw Banksia), the type species of ''Banksia'', it was required under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to be given the autonym '''Banksia'' L.f. ser. ''Banksia''' . This has been recognised and corrected in later publications.[3]
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a novel taxonomic arrangement of ''Banksia'' that was intended to align the taxonomy of ''Banksia'' more closely with the phylogeny that they had inferred from their cladistic analysis of the genus. They maintained George's two subgenera, but discarded his sections. They found George's ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' to be paraphyletic with respect to ''B.'' ser. ''Crocinae'', but accepted these two series as together monophyletic. They therefore transferred ''Crocinae'' into ''B.'' ser.''Banksia'', placing ''B. ornata'', ''B. serrata'' and ''B. aemula'' in ''B.'' subser. ''Banksia'', and all other species in ''B.'' subser. ''Cratistylis''. Thus the placement and circumscription of ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:
:'Genus ''Banksia'''
::Subgenus ''Isostylis'' (3 species)
::''B. elegans'' (''incertae sedis'')
::'Subgenus ''Banksia'''
:::Series ''Tetragonae'' (4 species)
:::Series ''Lindleyanae'' (1 species)
:::'Series ''Banksia'''
::::Subseries ''Banksia''
:::::''B. ornata'' - ''B. serrata'' - ''B. aemula''
::::Subseries ''Cratistylis''
:::::''B. candolleana'' - ''B. sceptrum'' - ''B. baxteri'' - ''B. speciosa'' - ''B. menziesii'' - ''B. burdettii'' - ''B. victoriae'' - ''B. hookeriana'' - ''B. prionotes''
:::''B. baueri'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. lullfitzii'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. attenuata'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. ashbyi'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. coccinea'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::Series ''Prostratae'' (8 species)
:::Series ''Cyrtostylis'' (4 species)
:::Series ''Ochraceae'' (4 species)
:::Series ''Grandes'' (2 species)
:::Series ''Salicinae'' (2 subseries, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
:::Series ''Spicigerae'' (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties)
:::Series ''Quercinae'' (2 species)
:::Series ''Dryandroides'' (1 species)
:::Series ''Abietinae'' (4 subspecies, 14 species, 8 subspecies)
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the ''Flora of Australia'' series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'', George's 1999 arrangement was identical to his arrangement of 1981.
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's taxonomic arrangement, including finding ''Banksia'' to be paraphyletic with respect to ''Dryandra''.[4] Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by transferring ''Dryandra'' into it, and publishing ''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae'' for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. Thus ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'' was redefined as containing the species lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. The members of George's ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' all fall within Mast and Thiele's ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'', but within that subgenus the series falls into three widely separated clades, indicating that the current circumscription of the series is polyphyletic. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' is complete; when they do so, ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' will either be discarded or significantly redefined.[5]
1.
2.
3. 'Banksia', 'Flora of Australia' ISBN 0-643-06454-0
4. An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae), , Austin, Mast, Australian Systematic Botany, 2005
5. The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), , Austin, Mast, Australian Systematic Botany, 2007
★
★
'''Banksia'' ser. ''Banksia''' is a
valid botanic name for a series of ''Banksia''. As an autonym, it necessarily contains the type species of ''Banksia'', ''B. serrata'' (Saw Banksia). Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.
| Contents |
| According to Bentham |
| According to George |
| According to Thiele and Ladiges |
| Recent developments |
| References |
| External links |
According to Bentham
''Banksia'' ser. ''Banksia'' originated in 1870 as '''Banksia'' sect. ''Orthostylis'''. Published by George Bentham in 1870, ''B.'' sect. ''Orthostylis'' consisted of those ''Banksia'' species with flat leaves with serrated margins, and rigid, erect styles that "give the cones after the flowers have opened a different aspect". The placement and circumscription of ''B.'' sect. ''Orthostylis'' in Bentham's arrangement can be summarised as follows:[1]
:'Genus ''Banksia''
::Section ''Oncostylis'' (13 species)
::Section ''Cyrtostylis'' (10 species)
::Section ''Eubanksia'' (3 species)
::'Section ''Orthostylis'''
:::''B. latifolia'' (now ''B. robur'') - ''B. serrata'' - ''B. ornata'' - ''B. coccinea'' - ''B. sceptrum'' - ''B. Menziesii'' - ''B. lævigata'' - ''B. Hookeriana'' - ''B. prionotes'' - ''B. Victoriæ'' - ''B. speciosa'' - ''B. Baxteri'' - ''B. marcescens'' (now ''B. praemorsa'') - ''B. Lemanniana'' - ''B. Caleyi'' - ''B. Lindleyana'' - ''B. elegans'' - ''B. Candolleana''
::Section ''Isostylis'' (1 species)
According to George
In 1981, Alex George published a thorough revision of ''Banksia'' in his classic monograph ''The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)''. He retained the name ''Orthostylis'', but demoted it to series rank, placing it in ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'' because of its elongate "flower spike", and in ''B.'' sect. ''Banksia'', because it has straight styles after anthesis. The series was given a rather stricter circumscription to that of Bentham: it was defined as containing only those species with a hairy pistil that is prominently curved prior to anthesis. The result was a series of just eight species, all of which had been included in Bentham's ''B.'' sect. ''Orthostylis''. The other eleven members of Bentham's ''Orthostylis'' were moved into other sections and series.[2]
The placement and circumscription of ''B.'' subg. ''Orthostylis'' in George's 1981 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
:'Genus ''Banksia'''
::'Subgenus ''Banksia'''
:::'Section ''Banksia'''
::::Series ''Salicinae'' (9 species)
::::Series ''Grandes'' (2 species)
::::Series ''Quercinae'' (3 species)
::::'Series ''Orthostylis'''
:::::''B. serrata'' - ''B. aemula'' - ''B. ornata'' - ''B. menziesii'' - ''B. speciosa'' - ''B. baxteri'' - ''B. candolleana'' - ''B. sceptrum''
::::Series ''Crocinae'' (4 species)
::::Series ''Cyrtostylis'' (12 species)
::::Series ''Prostratae'' (6 species)
::::Series ''Tetragonae'' (3 species)
::::Series ''Coccineae'' (1 species)
:::Section ''Oncostylis'' (3 series, 21 species)
::Subgenus ''Isostylis'' (2 species)
The placement of ''B. sceptrum'' (Sceptre Banksia) in this series was initially tentative, as George felt that "in some respects it also shows a relationship to the series ''Cyrtostylis''". ''B. aemula'' (Wallum Banksia) was also flagged as anomalous in having a conical pollen-presenter, and ''B. pilostylis'' (Marsh Banksia) was noted as the only species outside the series that has a hairy pistil. Overall, George accepted that the resultant series was "somewhat heterogeneous", but argued that the species had enough in common to warrant grouping them together. Since species of ''B.'' ser. ''Orthostylis'' occur in both western and eastern Australia, George suggested that it had evolved early, and was widespread across southern Australia before aridification and marine incursion established the Nullarbor Plain as a barrier to genetic exchange.
George's 1981 publication of ''B.'' ser. ''Orthostylis'' was illegal. Since the series contained ''B. serrata'' (Saw Banksia), the type species of ''Banksia'', it was required under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to be given the autonym '''Banksia'' L.f. ser. ''Banksia''' . This has been recognised and corrected in later publications.[3]
According to Thiele and Ladiges
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a novel taxonomic arrangement of ''Banksia'' that was intended to align the taxonomy of ''Banksia'' more closely with the phylogeny that they had inferred from their cladistic analysis of the genus. They maintained George's two subgenera, but discarded his sections. They found George's ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' to be paraphyletic with respect to ''B.'' ser. ''Crocinae'', but accepted these two series as together monophyletic. They therefore transferred ''Crocinae'' into ''B.'' ser.''Banksia'', placing ''B. ornata'', ''B. serrata'' and ''B. aemula'' in ''B.'' subser. ''Banksia'', and all other species in ''B.'' subser. ''Cratistylis''. Thus the placement and circumscription of ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:
:'Genus ''Banksia'''
::Subgenus ''Isostylis'' (3 species)
::''B. elegans'' (''incertae sedis'')
::'Subgenus ''Banksia'''
:::Series ''Tetragonae'' (4 species)
:::Series ''Lindleyanae'' (1 species)
:::'Series ''Banksia'''
::::Subseries ''Banksia''
:::::''B. ornata'' - ''B. serrata'' - ''B. aemula''
::::Subseries ''Cratistylis''
:::::''B. candolleana'' - ''B. sceptrum'' - ''B. baxteri'' - ''B. speciosa'' - ''B. menziesii'' - ''B. burdettii'' - ''B. victoriae'' - ''B. hookeriana'' - ''B. prionotes''
:::''B. baueri'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. lullfitzii'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. attenuata'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. ashbyi'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''B. coccinea'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::Series ''Prostratae'' (8 species)
:::Series ''Cyrtostylis'' (4 species)
:::Series ''Ochraceae'' (4 species)
:::Series ''Grandes'' (2 species)
:::Series ''Salicinae'' (2 subseries, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
:::Series ''Spicigerae'' (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties)
:::Series ''Quercinae'' (2 species)
:::Series ''Dryandroides'' (1 species)
:::Series ''Abietinae'' (4 subspecies, 14 species, 8 subspecies)
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the ''Flora of Australia'' series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'', George's 1999 arrangement was identical to his arrangement of 1981.
Recent developments
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's taxonomic arrangement, including finding ''Banksia'' to be paraphyletic with respect to ''Dryandra''.[4] Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by transferring ''Dryandra'' into it, and publishing ''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae'' for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. Thus ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'' was redefined as containing the species lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. The members of George's ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' all fall within Mast and Thiele's ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'', but within that subgenus the series falls into three widely separated clades, indicating that the current circumscription of the series is polyphyletic. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' is complete; when they do so, ''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'' will either be discarded or significantly redefined.[5]
References
1.
2.
3. 'Banksia', 'Flora of Australia' ISBN 0-643-06454-0
4. An Assessment of Old and New DNA sequence evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae), , Austin, Mast, Australian Systematic Botany, 2005
5. The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), , Austin, Mast, Australian Systematic Botany, 2007
External links
★
★
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