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(Redirected from Bantu language)
The 'Bantu languages' (technically 'Narrow Bantu languages') constitute a grouping belonging to the Niger-Congo family. This grouping is deep down in the genealogical tree of the Bantoid grouping, which in turn is deep down in the Niger-Congo tree. By one estimate, there are 513 languages in the Bantu grouping, 681 languages in Bantoid, and 1,514 in Niger-Congo.[1] Bantu languages are spoken basically east and south of the present day nation of Nigeria; i.e., in the regions commonly known as central Africa, east Africa, and southern Africa. Parts of this Bantu chunk of Africa also have languages from outside the Niger-Congo family (see map).
The word Bantu was first used by Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek (1827-1875) with the meaning 'people', as this is reflected in many of the languages of this group. A common characteristic of Bantu languages is that they use a stem form such as ''-ntu'' or ''-tu'' for 'person', and the plural prefix for people in many languages is ''ba-'', together giving ''ba-ntu'' "people". Bleek, and later Carl Meinhof, pursued extensive comparative studies of Bantu language grammars.
==Classification of the Bantu languages[2]==
The classification of the Bantu languages is still in an incipient state. There still is no well founded genetic classification. The most widely used system, the alphanumeric coding system developed by Malcolm Guthrie, is mainly areal. In recent decades, there have been at least two proposals for a genetic classification system to replace the Guthrie system. The "Tervuren" proposal of Bastin, Coupez, and Mann suffers from inferior methodology (its reliance on the "lexicostatistic" method) and the SIL proposal suffers from failure of its creators to publish their methodology. The Guthrie system needs to be updated, e.g., by the addition of languages previously overlooked. A classification system for a grouping of languages must be genetic to be scientifically valid; but for the time being, the development of a rigorous genetic classification of many subdivisions of Niger-Congo is hampered by insufficient data. Progress in this field depends on the production of extensive dictionaries for many more member languages.
The Guthrie, Tervuren, and SIL lists are compared side by side in Maho 2002.
The phoneme inventory of Proto-Bantu and its core vocabulary were reconstructed by Guthrie.
The most prominent grammatical characteristic of Bantu languages is the extensive use of affixes (see Sesotho language and Luganda language for detailed discussions of these affixes). Each noun belongs to a class, and each language may have about ten classes altogether, somewhat like genders in European languages. The class is indicated by a prefix on the noun, as well as on adjectives and verbs agreeing with it. Plural is indicated by a change of prefix.
The verb has a number of prefixes. In Swahili, for example, ''Mtoto mdogo amekisoma'' means 'The small child has read it [a book]'. ''Mtoto'' 'child' governs the adjective prefix ''m-'' and the verb subject prefix ''a-''. Then comes perfect tense ''-me-'' and an object marker ''-ki-'' agreeing with implicit ''kitabu'' 'book'. Pluralizing to 'children' gives ''Watoto wadogo wamekisoma'', and pluralizing to 'books' (''vitabu'') gives it ''Watoto wadogo wamevisoma''.
Bantu words are typically made up of open syllables of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with some languages having words exclusively of this type. The morphological shape of Bantu words is typically CV, VCV, CVCV, VCVCV, etc; that is, any combination of CV (with possibly a V- syllable at the start). In other words, a strong claim for this language family is that almost all words end in a vowel, precisely because closed syllables (CVC) are not permissible. This tendency to avoid consonant clusters is important when words are imported from English or other non-African languages. An example from Chichewa: the word "school", borrowed from English, and then transformed to fit the sound patterns of this language, is ''sukulu''. That is, ''sk-'' has been broken up by inserting an epenthetic ''-u-''; ''-u'' has also been added at the end of the word. Another example is ''buledi'' for "bread". Similar effects are seen in loanwords for other non-African CV languages like Japanese.
The Bantu language with the largest number of speakers is Swahili (G 40), while the Bantu languages with the most ''native'' speakers are Shona and Zulu. Judging from the history of Swahili, some linguists believe that Bantu languages are on a continuum from purely tonal languages to languages with no tone at all.
Reduplication is a common morphological phenomenon in Bantu languages and is usually used to indicate frequency of the action signalled by the (unreduplicated) verb stem [1]
★ Example: in Swahili ''piga'' means "strike", ''pigapiga'' means "strike repeatedly".
Popular names that have reduplication include
★ Bafana Bafana
★ Chipolopolo
★ Eric Djemba-Djemba
★ Lualua
★ Ngorongoro
The following is a short list of Bantu languages that may be relatively well known:
★ in Central and Eastern Africa
★
★ Chewa (Chichewa)
★
★ Ganda (Luganda)
★
★ Gikuyu
★
★ Ekegusii
★
★ Haya (Kihaya)
★
★ Chaga (Kichaga)
★
★ Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)
★
★ Kongo (Kikongo)
★
★ Lingala
★
★ Luhyia
★
★ Soga (Lusoga)
★
★ Mongo (Mongo-Nkundu, Lomongo)
★
★ Ndowe
★
★ Kiga (Rukiga)
★
★ Rundi (Kirundi)
★
★ Nyankole (Runyankole)
★
★ Nyoro (Runyoro)
★
★ Tooro (Rutooro)
★
★ Swahili (Kiswahili)
★
★ Luba (Tshiluba)
★
★ Tumbuka (chiTumbuka)
★
★ Yao (Chiyao)
★
★ Gishu (Lugisu)
★ in Southern Africa
★
★ Oshiwambo (Oshiwambo)
★
★ Ndebele (Sindebele)
★
★ Pedi (Sepedi)
★
★ Shona (chiShona)
★
★ Swati (Siswati)
★
★ Phuthi (Siphuthi)
★
★ Sotho (Sesotho)
★
★ Swazi (siSwati)
★
★ Tsonga (Xitsonga)
★
★ Tswana (Setswana)
★
★ Venda (Tshivenda)
★
★ Xhosa (isiXhosa)
★
★ Zulu (isiZulu)
★ in West Africa
★
★ Basaa (in Cameroon)
★
★ Kako (in Cameroon)
★
★ Ngumba (in Cameroon)
★
★ Beti (in Cameroon)
Most are known in English without the class prefix (''Swahili'', ''Tswana'', ''Ndebele''), but are sometimes used with the (language-specific) prefix (''Kiswahili'', ''Setswana'', ''Sindebele''). The bare (prefixless) form typically does not occur in the language itself. So, in the country of Botswana the people are the ''Batswana'', 'one person' is a 'Motswana', and the language is 'Setswana'.
Today most Bantu linguists would regard the southwards migration, or Bantu expansion, that started about 2000 years before present as originating in the region of eastern Nigeria or Cameroon.
Some words from various Bantu languages have been borrowed into western languages. These include:
★ Banjo
★ Bongos
★ Bomba
★ Candombe
★ Conga
★ Gumbo
★ Jenga
★ Jumbo
★ Kalimba
★ Kwanzaa
★ Mambo
★ Marimba
★ Rumba
★ Safari
★ Samba
★ Simba
★ Ubuntu
★ Zombie
★ Malcolm Guthrie
★ Meeussen's rule
★ Noun class
★ Bantu
★ List of Bantu languages
★ Guthrie, Malcolm. 1948. ''The classification of the Bantu languages.'' London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
★ Guthrie, Malcolm. 1971. ''Comparative Bantu'', Vol 2. Farnborough: Gregg International.
★ Heine, Bernd. 1973. Zur genetische Gliederung der Bantu-Sprachen. ''Afrika und Übersee'', 56: 164–185.
★ Maho, Jouni F. 2001. The Bantu area: (towards clearing up) a mess. ''Africa & Asia'', 1:40–49.
★ Maho, Jouni F. 2002. Bantu lineup: comparative overview of three Bantu classifications. Göteborg University: Department of Oriental and African Languages.
★ Piron, Pascale. 1995. Identification lexicostatistique des groupes Bantoïdes stables. ''Journal of West African Languages'', 25(2): 3–39.
1. http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90099
2. Maho 2001
★ Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary - includes a comprehensive bibliography.
★ Bantu online resources by Jacky Maniacky, including
★
★ List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes (in French)
★ List of Bantu language names with synonyms ordered by Guthrie number).
★ Introduction to the languages of South Africa
★ Etymology Dictionary
★ Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa
★ Bemba Phonology
★ Journal of West African Languages - for back issues and reprints of articles.
★ Bantu Languages of Uganda
Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu vs. other Niger-Congo languages.
The 'Bantu languages' (technically 'Narrow Bantu languages') constitute a grouping belonging to the Niger-Congo family. This grouping is deep down in the genealogical tree of the Bantoid grouping, which in turn is deep down in the Niger-Congo tree. By one estimate, there are 513 languages in the Bantu grouping, 681 languages in Bantoid, and 1,514 in Niger-Congo.[1] Bantu languages are spoken basically east and south of the present day nation of Nigeria; i.e., in the regions commonly known as central Africa, east Africa, and southern Africa. Parts of this Bantu chunk of Africa also have languages from outside the Niger-Congo family (see map).
The word Bantu was first used by Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek (1827-1875) with the meaning 'people', as this is reflected in many of the languages of this group. A common characteristic of Bantu languages is that they use a stem form such as ''-ntu'' or ''-tu'' for 'person', and the plural prefix for people in many languages is ''ba-'', together giving ''ba-ntu'' "people". Bleek, and later Carl Meinhof, pursued extensive comparative studies of Bantu language grammars.
==Classification of the Bantu languages[2]==
The approximate locations of the sixteen Bantu zones (with zone J included)
The classification of the Bantu languages is still in an incipient state. There still is no well founded genetic classification. The most widely used system, the alphanumeric coding system developed by Malcolm Guthrie, is mainly areal. In recent decades, there have been at least two proposals for a genetic classification system to replace the Guthrie system. The "Tervuren" proposal of Bastin, Coupez, and Mann suffers from inferior methodology (its reliance on the "lexicostatistic" method) and the SIL proposal suffers from failure of its creators to publish their methodology. The Guthrie system needs to be updated, e.g., by the addition of languages previously overlooked. A classification system for a grouping of languages must be genetic to be scientifically valid; but for the time being, the development of a rigorous genetic classification of many subdivisions of Niger-Congo is hampered by insufficient data. Progress in this field depends on the production of extensive dictionaries for many more member languages.
The Guthrie, Tervuren, and SIL lists are compared side by side in Maho 2002.
| Contents |
| Language structure |
| Reduplication |
| A list of common Bantu languages |
| Bantu words popularised in western cultures |
| Other relevant links |
| Bibliography |
| References |
| External links |
Language structure
The phoneme inventory of Proto-Bantu and its core vocabulary were reconstructed by Guthrie.
The most prominent grammatical characteristic of Bantu languages is the extensive use of affixes (see Sesotho language and Luganda language for detailed discussions of these affixes). Each noun belongs to a class, and each language may have about ten classes altogether, somewhat like genders in European languages. The class is indicated by a prefix on the noun, as well as on adjectives and verbs agreeing with it. Plural is indicated by a change of prefix.
The verb has a number of prefixes. In Swahili, for example, ''Mtoto mdogo amekisoma'' means 'The small child has read it [a book]'. ''Mtoto'' 'child' governs the adjective prefix ''m-'' and the verb subject prefix ''a-''. Then comes perfect tense ''-me-'' and an object marker ''-ki-'' agreeing with implicit ''kitabu'' 'book'. Pluralizing to 'children' gives ''Watoto wadogo wamekisoma'', and pluralizing to 'books' (''vitabu'') gives it ''Watoto wadogo wamevisoma''.
Bantu words are typically made up of open syllables of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with some languages having words exclusively of this type. The morphological shape of Bantu words is typically CV, VCV, CVCV, VCVCV, etc; that is, any combination of CV (with possibly a V- syllable at the start). In other words, a strong claim for this language family is that almost all words end in a vowel, precisely because closed syllables (CVC) are not permissible. This tendency to avoid consonant clusters is important when words are imported from English or other non-African languages. An example from Chichewa: the word "school", borrowed from English, and then transformed to fit the sound patterns of this language, is ''sukulu''. That is, ''sk-'' has been broken up by inserting an epenthetic ''-u-''; ''-u'' has also been added at the end of the word. Another example is ''buledi'' for "bread". Similar effects are seen in loanwords for other non-African CV languages like Japanese.
The Bantu language with the largest number of speakers is Swahili (G 40), while the Bantu languages with the most ''native'' speakers are Shona and Zulu. Judging from the history of Swahili, some linguists believe that Bantu languages are on a continuum from purely tonal languages to languages with no tone at all.
Reduplication
Reduplication is a common morphological phenomenon in Bantu languages and is usually used to indicate frequency of the action signalled by the (unreduplicated) verb stem [1]
★ Example: in Swahili ''piga'' means "strike", ''pigapiga'' means "strike repeatedly".
Popular names that have reduplication include
★ Bafana Bafana
★ Chipolopolo
★ Eric Djemba-Djemba
★ Lualua
★ Ngorongoro
A list of common Bantu languages
The following is a short list of Bantu languages that may be relatively well known:
★ in Central and Eastern Africa
★
★ Chewa (Chichewa)
★
★ Ganda (Luganda)
★
★ Gikuyu
★
★ Ekegusii
★
★ Haya (Kihaya)
★
★ Chaga (Kichaga)
★
★ Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)
★
★ Kongo (Kikongo)
★
★ Lingala
★
★ Luhyia
★
★ Soga (Lusoga)
★
★ Mongo (Mongo-Nkundu, Lomongo)
★
★ Ndowe
★
★ Kiga (Rukiga)
★
★ Rundi (Kirundi)
★
★ Nyankole (Runyankole)
★
★ Nyoro (Runyoro)
★
★ Tooro (Rutooro)
★
★ Swahili (Kiswahili)
★
★ Luba (Tshiluba)
★
★ Tumbuka (chiTumbuka)
★
★ Yao (Chiyao)
★
★ Gishu (Lugisu)
★ in Southern Africa
★
★ Oshiwambo (Oshiwambo)
★
★ Ndebele (Sindebele)
★
★ Pedi (Sepedi)
★
★ Shona (chiShona)
★
★ Swati (Siswati)
★
★ Phuthi (Siphuthi)
★
★ Sotho (Sesotho)
★
★ Swazi (siSwati)
★
★ Tsonga (Xitsonga)
★
★ Tswana (Setswana)
★
★ Venda (Tshivenda)
★
★ Xhosa (isiXhosa)
★
★ Zulu (isiZulu)
★ in West Africa
★
★ Basaa (in Cameroon)
★
★ Kako (in Cameroon)
★
★ Ngumba (in Cameroon)
★
★ Beti (in Cameroon)
Most are known in English without the class prefix (''Swahili'', ''Tswana'', ''Ndebele''), but are sometimes used with the (language-specific) prefix (''Kiswahili'', ''Setswana'', ''Sindebele''). The bare (prefixless) form typically does not occur in the language itself. So, in the country of Botswana the people are the ''Batswana'', 'one person' is a 'Motswana', and the language is 'Setswana'.
Today most Bantu linguists would regard the southwards migration, or Bantu expansion, that started about 2000 years before present as originating in the region of eastern Nigeria or Cameroon.
Bantu words popularised in western cultures
Some words from various Bantu languages have been borrowed into western languages. These include:
★ Banjo
★ Bongos
★ Bomba
★ Candombe
★ Conga
★ Gumbo
★ Jenga
★ Jumbo
★ Kalimba
★ Kwanzaa
★ Mambo
★ Marimba
★ Rumba
★ Safari
★ Samba
★ Simba
★ Ubuntu
★ Zombie
Other relevant links
★ Malcolm Guthrie
★ Meeussen's rule
★ Noun class
★ Bantu
★ List of Bantu languages
Bibliography
★ Guthrie, Malcolm. 1948. ''The classification of the Bantu languages.'' London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.
★ Guthrie, Malcolm. 1971. ''Comparative Bantu'', Vol 2. Farnborough: Gregg International.
★ Heine, Bernd. 1973. Zur genetische Gliederung der Bantu-Sprachen. ''Afrika und Übersee'', 56: 164–185.
★ Maho, Jouni F. 2001. The Bantu area: (towards clearing up) a mess. ''Africa & Asia'', 1:40–49.
★ Maho, Jouni F. 2002. Bantu lineup: comparative overview of three Bantu classifications. Göteborg University: Department of Oriental and African Languages.
★ Piron, Pascale. 1995. Identification lexicostatistique des groupes Bantoïdes stables. ''Journal of West African Languages'', 25(2): 3–39.
References
1. http://www.ethnologue.org/show_family.asp?subid=90099
2. Maho 2001
External links
★ Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary - includes a comprehensive bibliography.
★ Bantu online resources by Jacky Maniacky, including
★
★ List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes (in French)
★ List of Bantu language names with synonyms ordered by Guthrie number).
★ Introduction to the languages of South Africa
★ Etymology Dictionary
★ Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa
★ Bemba Phonology
★ Journal of West African Languages - for back issues and reprints of articles.
★ Bantu Languages of Uganda
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