The geographic region and '
Free State of Bavaria' (
German: ''), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, forms the southernmost and geographically largest
state '' ''of
Germany. Its capital is
Munich.
History
Main articles: History of Bavaria
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the
Celts, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Rhaetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke
Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century AD. These peoples may have included
Marcomanni,
Thuringians,
Goths,
Rugians,
Heruli, and some remaining
Romans. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvari") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate
Bohemia, the homeland of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa
520.
Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the
Protestant Reformation, and even today, most of it is strongly
Roman Catholic.
From about
550 to
788, the house of
Agilolfing ruled the
duchy of Bavaria, ending with
Tassilo III who was deposed by
Charlemagne.
Three early dukes are named in
Frankish sources:
Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the
Merovingian kings and married the
Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in
555. Their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibald's successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of
Slavs and
Avars around
600. Tassilo's son
Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between
610 and
616.
After Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until
Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy (it is unclear what Bavarian religious life consisted of before this time). His son,
Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the
Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodo's death the duchy was divided among his sons, but reunited under his grandson Hucbert.
At Hucbert's death (735) the duchy passed to a distant relative named
Odilo, from neighboring Alemannia (modern Southwest Germany and northern Switzerland). Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the
Carolingian Grifo. He was defeated near
Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.
Tassilo III (b. 741 - d. after 794) succeeded his father at the age of eight after an unsuccessful attempt by Grifo to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onwards. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, fighting Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, his cousin
Charlemagne began to pressure Tassilo to submit and finally deposed him in 788. The deposition was not entirely legitimate; Dissenters attempted a coup against Charlemagne at Tassilo's old capital of
Regensburg in 792, led by his own son
Pippin the Hunchback, and the king had to drag Tassilo out of imprisonment to formally renounce his rights and titles at the Assembly of Frankfurt in 794. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources and he probably died a monk. As all of his family were also forced into monasteries, this was the end of the Agilolfing dynasty.
For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations. With the revolt of duke
Henry the Quarrelsome in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and south east. The last, and one of the most important, of these dukes was
Henry the Lion of the house of
Welf, founder of
Munich. When Henry the Lion was deposed as duke of
Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin,
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1180, Bavaria was awarded as
fief to the
Wittelsbach family, which ruled from 1180 to 1918.
Also the
Electoral Palatinate was acquired by the Wittelsbach in 1214.
The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the
Hohenstaufen in 1268 also
Swabian territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes.
Emperor Louis the Bavarian acquired
Brandenburg,
Tyrol,
Holland and
Hainaut for his House but released the
Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. In 1506 with the
Landshut War of Succession the other parts of Bavaria were reunited and Munich became the sole capital.
In 1623 the Bavarian duke replaced his relative, the
Count Palatine of the Rhine in the early days of the
Thirty Years' War and acquired the powerful
prince-electoral dignity in the
Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws. Also the Upper Palatinate was reunited with Bavaria. The ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria during the early 18th century. From 1777 onwards Bavaria and the Electoral Palatinate were governed in personal union again.
When
Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a
kingdom in 1806, and its area reduplicated.
Tyrol and
Salzburg were temporarily reunited with Bavaria but finally ceded to Austria. In return the
Rhenish Palatinate and
Franconia were annexed to Bavaria in 1815. Between 1799 and 1817 the leading minister count
Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. In 1818 a modern constitution (by the standards of the time) was passed, that established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). The constitution was valid until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of the
First World War.
After the rise of Prussia to prominence Bavaria managed to preserve its independence by playing off the rivalries of
Prussia and
Austria, but defeat in the
1866 Austro-Prussian War led to its incorporation into the
German Empire in 1871. In the early 20th century
Wassily Kandinsky,
Paul Klee,
Henrik Ibsen, and other notable artists were drawn to Bavaria, notably to the
Schwabing district of Munich, later devastated by
World War II.
Wieskirche
premier
Kurt Eisner, who deposed King
Ludwig III, was assassinated in 1919 leading to a violently suppressed communist revolt. Extremist activity on the right also increased, notably the 1923
Beer Hall Putsch, and Munich and
Nuremberg became
Nazi strongholds under the
Third Reich. As a manufacturing center, Munich was heavily bombed during
World War II and occupied by
U.S. troops.
Since
World War II, Bavaria has been rehabilitated into a prosperous industrial hub. A massive reconstruction effort restored much of Munich's historic core, and the city played host to the
1972 Summer Olympics. More recently, state minister-president
Edmund Stoiber was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor in the
2002 federal election, and native son
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected
Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg (a German-Army officer who was the central figure in the July 20 plot to kill
Adolf Hitler in 1944) was born in Jettingen, Bavaria.
Geography
The Bavarian Alps
Bavaria shares international borders with
Austria and the
Czech Republic as well as with
Switzerland (across
Lake Constance). Neighbouring states within Germany are
Baden-Württemberg,
Hesse,
Thuringia and
Saxony. Two major rivers flow through the state, the
Danube (''Donau'') and the
Main, while the upper
Rhine forms part of the southwest border of the state. The Bavarian Alps define the border with
Austria, and within the range is the highest peak in
Germany, the
Zugspitze.
The major cities in Bavaria are
Munich (''München''),
Nuremberg (''Nürnberg''),
Augsburg,
Würzburg,
Regensburg,
Ingolstadt,
Fürth and
Erlangen.
''See also:''
List of places in Bavaria
Politics
Bavaria has a
unicameral ''
Landtag'', or state parliament, elected by universal suffrage. Until December 1999, there was also a ''Senat'', or
Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished. The head of government is the
Minister-President.
Bavaria has long been a bastion of conservative politics in Germany, with the
Christian Social Union having almost a monopoly on power since its inception in 1946. Every Minister-President since 1957 has been a member of this party.
In 1995 the Bavarians decided to introduce
direct democracy on the local level in a
referendum. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called ''Mehr Demokratie'' (More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court aggravated the regulations considerably (e.g. by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in
Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens’ participation in communal and municipal affairs – 835 referendums took place from 1995 through 2005.
In the 2003 elections the CSU won more than two thirds of the seats in ''Landtag''. No party in post-war German history had achieved this before (not counting the rigged election wins of the
SED in communist
East Germany).
On the other hand the bigger and more liberal, or rather social democratic, cities, especially Munich, have been governed for decades by the SPD (Social Democrats).
From the historical point of view, older Bavaria was one of the most liberal, even though predominantly
Roman Catholic, states until the rather rural areas of Swabia and Franconia were added in 1814/15 at the Congress of Vienna.
The Kingdom of Bavaria and the Duchy of Baden were the first German States to have a constitution early in the 19th Century.
2003 election result
At the last state election on 21 September 2003, the CSU achieved a two-thirds majority of seats, the first ever gained by a party in a German state parliament.
Edmund Stoiber remained Minister-President, with the CSU forming a government without a coalition.
| Party | Party List votes | Vote percentage (change) | Total Seats (change) | Seat percentage |
|---|
| Christian Social Union (CSU) | 6,217,864 | 60.7% | +7.8% | 124 | +1 | 68.9% |
| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 2,012,065 | 19.6% | −9.1% | 41 | −26 | 22.8% |
| Alliance '90/The Greens | 793,050 | 7.7% | +2.0% | 15 | +1 | 8.3% |
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 263,731 | 2.6% | +0.9% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| The Republicans (REP) | 229,464 | 2.2% | −1.4% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) | 411,306 | 4.0% | +0.3% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 200,103 | 2.0% | +0.2% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| All Others | 120,952 | 1.2% | −0.7% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| 'Totals' | 10,248,735 | 100.0% | | 180 | −24 | 100.0% |
|---|
Seat results – SPD in red, Greens in green, CSU in black
Economy
Bavaria has long had one the largest and healthiest economies of any region in Germany, or Europe for that matter. Its
GDP in 2004 exceeded 385 billion Euros.
[1] This would make Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe. Some large companies headquarted in Bavaria include
BMW,
Audi,
Siemens,
Allianz,
Infineon appliance giant
Robert Bosch GmbH, and
Adidas AG.
Culture
Bavarian church with
Alps in the background
Though only a very small part belongs to the
Alps, the perception of Bavaria as an alpine region still endures.
Due to their long independence (until 1871), Bavarians have always maintained a strong national identity. Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. A prevalent perception among other Germans is that Bavarians see Bavaria as the most important part of Germany. A common play on words "It's nice to be a Preiss, but it's higher to be a Bayer" lambasts the Bavarian sense of superiority. Its name in German, ''"Freistaat Bayern"'' means simply "the free state of Bavaria." However, many Germans sarcastically refer to Bavaria as ''"Frei statt Bayern"'' which literally means "Free instead of Bavaria," implying that Bavarians view themselves as a separate country, or at least culturally superior to the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to:
Religion
The predominant faith is
Catholicism, particularly in the southern parts of Bavaria and Lower Franconia. As per the most recent available Kirchliche Statistik Eckdaten from the Deutsche Bishofskonferenz, Bavaria is one of two Bundesländer with a population that is in majority catholic. As per this source, in 2005 57,8 % of the Bavarian population was Catholic.
Meanwhile,
Lutheranism has a significant presence in large parts of Franconia. Religion remains important to many in the region, as expressed by the typical Bavarian and Austrian greeting: "''
Grüß Gott!''" (''God bless you''). The current pope,
Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger), was born in
Marktl am Inn in
Upper Bavaria.
Attitude towards traditions
Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes are worn on special occasions, century-old folk music is practised and dialect songs and poems are taught in nursery schools. The May Poles (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's yellow pages, as figurettes on the pole represent the trades of the village), and the bagpipes in the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the
ancient Celtic and Germanic remnants of cultural heritage of the region.
Food and drink
Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany, for example
Weißwurst (white sausage). Beer in particular has always been regarded as a basic nutrient (Grundnahrungsmittel, or 'liquid bread'). Statistically, beer consumption per capita in Bavaria is higher than in the rest of Germany. At folk festivals, beer is traditionally served by the litre (the so-called
Maß). Bavarians are particularly proud of the traditional
purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, barley, and hops. In 1906 the Reinheitsgebot made its way to German law and it had been a law in Germany until the EU struck it down recently as incompatible with the European common market. Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most beer-loving people with an average annual consumption of 170 litres per person.
Language and dialects
Bavarian (blue), Franconian (green) and Alemannic German (red colour)
These three
German dialects are spoken in Bavaria:
Austro-Bavarian in Old Bavaria (South East and East),
Swabian German (an
Alemannic German dialect) in the Bavarian part of
Swabia (South West) and
East Franconian German in
Franconia (North).
Bavarians are very proud of their marked
dialects, and most of them speak with their Bavarian,
Franconian or
Swabian accent. As with traditions in general, cultivation of dialect and regional accent is not associated with backwardness, but is considered a strengthening of regional identity.
Politics
The Christian Social Union, which has ruled in Bavaria uninterruptedly since 1957, does not seek election in any other state of Germany. The
CSU, arguably the most inward looking of the major German political parties, combines socially conservative positions with advocacy for extensive involvement of the state in the economy.
Ethnography
In comparison to the sometimes elaborate formality in other parts of Germany, Bavarians are known to be more egalitarian and folksy. Their sociability can be experienced at the annual
Oktoberfest, the world's largest beer festival welcoming around 6 million visitors every year, or in the famous beer gardens. Genuine traditional Bavarian
beer gardens work on a BYO basis, i.e. patrons bring their own food and only buy beer from the brewery that runs the beer garden.
Administrative divisions
Regierungsbezirke (administrative regions)
Administrative Regions of Bavaria
Bavaria is divided into 7 administrative regions called ''Regierungsbezirke'' (singular ''Regierungsbezirk'').
#
Upper Franconia ()
#
Middle Franconia (''Mittelfranken'')
#
Lower Franconia (''Unterfranken'')
#
Swabia (''Schwaben'')
#
Upper Palatinate (''Oberpfalz'')
#
Upper Bavaria (''Oberbayern'')
#
Lower Bavaria (''Niederbayern'')
These administrative regions consist of 71 administrative districts (called ''Landkreise'', singular ''Landkreis'') and 25 independent cities (''kreisfreie Städte'', singular ''kreisfreie Stadt'').
Landkreise/kreisfreie Städte (rural districts/urban districts)
Administrative districts of Bavaria
Rural districts:
Urban districts:
Gemeinden (municipalities)
The 71 administrative districts are on the lowest level divided into 2031
municipalities (called ''Gemeinden'', singular ''Gemeinde''). Together with the 25 independent cities (which are in effect municipalities independent of ''Landkreis'' administrations), there are a total of 2056 municipalities in Bavaria.
In 44 of the 71 administrative districts, there are a total of 215
unincorporated areas (as of January 1, 2005, called ''gemeindefreie Gebiete'', singular ''gemeindefreies Gebiet''), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (
Chiemsee -without islands,
Starnberger See -without island
Roseninsel,
Ammersee, which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and
Waginger See).
Historical buildings
Miscellaneous
Famous people
There are many famous people who were born or lived in present-day Bavaria:
★
Pope Benedict XVI -- as of April 2005 he is the current
Pope of the
Roman Catholic Church. His baptismal name is 'Joseph Ratzinger'.
★ 'Painters' such as
Hans Holbein the Elder,
Albrecht Dürer,
Albrecht Altdorfer,
Lucas Cranach,
Carl Spitzweg,
Franz von Lenbach,
Franz von Stuck and
Franz Marc,
Paul Klee,
Gabriel Munter.
★ 'Musicians' such as
Orlando di Lasso,
Christoph Willibald Gluck,
Richard Wagner,
Richard Strauss,
Carl Orff and
Theobald Boehm, the inventor of the modern
flute.
★ Modern musicians like
Klaus Doldinger and
Barbara Dennerlein.
★ 'Writers', 'poets' and 'playwrights' like
Hans Sachs,
Jean Paul,
Frank Wedekind,
Christian Morgenstern,
Oskar Maria Graf,
Bertolt Brecht,
Lion Feuchtwanger,
Thomas Mann and his sons
Klaus and
Golo Mann.
★ 'Scientists' such as
Max Planck,
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, and
Werner Heisenberg, as well as
Adam Ries,
Joseph von Fraunhofer,
Georg Ohm,
Carl von Linde,
Albert Einstein,
Rudolf Moessbauer,
Helmut Hirt and
Robert Huber.
★ Well-known 'inventors' such as
Martin Behaim,
Levi Strauss and
Rudolf Diesel.
★ 'Physicians' like
Max Joseph von Pettenkofer,
Sebastian Kneipp and the
neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first described the
Alzheimer's Disease.
★ 'Footballers' like
Franz Beckenbauer,
Sepp Maier,
Gerd Müller,
Paul Breitner,
Klaus Augenthaler,
Lothar Matthäus and
Philipp Lahm.
★ 'Actors' like
Werner Stocker and Andreas Miltenberger (
The Silence of the Lambs (film) and
Hannibal (film)).
★ 'Film directors'
Rainer Werner Fassbinder,
Joseph Vilsmaier and
Werner Herzog.
★ 'Mystic and prophet'
Matthias Stormberger(he apparently foresaw
World War I,
World War II and the rise of
Adolf Hitler, in 1830.)
[2]
★
The Smith of Kochel
★
Kaspar Hauser
★
Andreas Grasser
Company names
The motorcycle and automobile makers
BMW (''Bayerische Motoren-Werke'', or Bavarian Motor Works) and
Audi,
Grundig (consumer electronics),
Siemens (electricity, telephones, informatics, medical instruments),
Adidas and
Puma have (or had) a Bavarian industrial base.
The iconic, opening scenes of the 1965 Rodgers and Hammerstein film musical ''The Sound of Music'' were shot in the Bavarian Alps.
A famous annual festival is called ''
Oktoberfest'' or ''October Festival''. It was first celebrated in 1810 as a public feast when the Bavarian crown prince Ludwig married Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen. The celebration originally was designed as a feast for all members of the Bavarian Nation, who should celebrate the country and the crown. It only turned to a pure matter of boozing in the 20th century and is nowadays attended rather by tourists than by Bavarians. Munich locals often despise it. It is celebrated during the two weeks leading up to the first Sunday in October.
Bavaria has also given its name to a major
Dutch brewery, ''
Bavaria Brewery''.
The meaning of the coat of arms
Modern coat of arms was designed by
Eduard Ege, following heraldic traditions in 1946.
★ The Golden Lion: At the dexter chief, sable, a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules. This represents the administrative region of Upper Palatinate.
★ The "Franconian Rake": At the sinister chief, per fess dancetty, gules and argent. This represents the administrative regions of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia.
★ The Blue Panther: At the dexter base, argent, a panther rampant azure, armed Or and langued gules. This represents the regions of Lower and Upper Bavaria.
★ The Three Lions: At the sinister base, Or, three lions passant guardant sable, armed and langued gules. This represents Swabia.
★ The White-And-Blue Heart-Shaped Shield: The heart-shaped shield of white and blue fusils askance was originally the coat of arms of the Counts of Bogen, adopted in 1247 by the Wittelsbachs House. The white-and-blue fusils are indisputably the emblem of Bavaria and the heart-shaped shield today symbolizes Bavaria as a whole. Along with the People's Crown, it is officially used as the Minor Coat of Arms.
★ The People's Crown: The four coat fields with the heart-shaped shield in the centre are crowned with a golden band with precious stones decorated with five ornamental leaves. This crown appeared for the first time in the coat of arms in 1923 to symbolize sovereignty of the people after the dropping out of the royal crown.
| Arms of the Bavarian electorate 1753: | |
| Arms of the Kingdom of Bavaria 1807: | |
| Arms of the Kingdom of Bavaria 1835: | |
Bavarian "citizenship"
The fact that unlike all other German Länder, Bavaria's constitution provides for Bavarian
citizenship is often mentioned as an indicator for Bavarian distinctiveness. Some Bavarians are keen to emphasize that - in accordance with the generous indication of the constitution - they regard everyone
★ born in Bavaria,
★ born to a Bavarian parent,
★ adopted by a Bavarian as a child,
★ married to a Bavarian, or
★ naturalized in Bavaria,
as a fellow-Bavarian; some of those falling under this untechnical definition express pride in being "Bavarian". However, state legislation regulating citizenship procedures has never been enacted, the constitution itself provides that all Germans enjoy the same rights as Bavarian citizens, and no office issues certificates concerning a "Bavarian" citizenship. Thus, the notion of citizenship rather bears a folkloristic, but not really political meaning.
However, many of those born in Bavarian clearly divide between born Bavarians and people that only moved to Bavaria. The nickname for all those who came to Bavaria is "Zuagroaste" ("those who have traveled here").
Many people in the northern part of Bavaria see themselves as Franconians and do therefore not like to be called "Bavarians". They have a separate dialect and don't wear traditional Bavarian clothing.
German-Bavarian relations
It is a common joke in Germany that Bavaria is not part of Germany. In fact a minority seriously agrees with this notion; the ''
Bayernpartei'' (Bavaria Party) advocates Bavarian independence from Germany. It is important to note that Bavaria was the only state to reject the
West German constitution in 1949. However this has had no consequences on its implementation. Furthermore, many NGOs (
non-governmental organizations) have a German and a dedicated Bavarian branch. For example the Red Cross: BRK (Bayerisches Rotes Kreuz) in Bavaria and DRK (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz) in the rest of Germany. The main disintegrated factor might seem to be the fact that Bavaria has its very own political party representing the free state in the
Bundestag. However, this party always cooperates with CDU (
Christian Democratic Union), forming factions and building up the government with it. Thus, the existence of a dedicated party is not necessarily a disintegrating factor and is rather seen as a sign for political diversity in Germany.
Population and area
| Administrative Region | Population (2005) | Area (km²) | No. municipalities |
|---|
| Lower Bavaria | 1,196,923 | 9.6% | 10,330 | 14.6% | 258 | 12.5% |
| Lower Franconia | 1,341,481 | 10.8% | 8,531 | 12.1% | 308 | 15.0% |
| Upper Franconia | 1,101,390 | 8.8% | 7,231 | 10.2% | 214 | 10.4% |
| Middle Franconia | 1,712,275 | 13.7% | 7,245 | 10.3% | 210 | 10.2% |
| Upper Palatinate | 1,089,543 | 8.7% | 9,691 | 13.7% | 226 | 11.0% |
| Swabia | 1,788,919 | 14.3% | 9,992 | 14.2% | 340 | 16.5% |
| Upper Bavaria | 4,238,195 | 33.8% | 17,530 | 24.8% | 500 | 24.3% |
| 'Total' | 12,468,726 | 100.0% | 70,549 | 100.0% | 2,056 | 100.0% |
|---|
See also
:
List of rulers of Bavaria
:
List of Premiers of Bavaria
:
Former countries in Europe after 1815
:Extensive pictures of Bavaria in addition to those shown below are linked from in , where they are organized (predominantly) by locale.
External links
★ http://www.bayern.de official website
★
Bavarian Traditions and Customs
References
1. State population
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