BELL HOOKS

'Gloria Jean Watkins' (born on September 25, 1952), better known as 'bell hooks', is an African-American intellectual, feminist, and social activist. Her writing has focused on the interconnectivity of race, class, and gender and their ability to produce and perpetuate systems of oppression and domination. She has published over thirty books and numerous scholarly and mainstream articles, appeared in several documentary films and participated in various public lectures. Primarily through a postmodern female perspective, she has addressed race, class, and gender in education, art, history, sexuality, mass media and feminism.

Contents

Biography

Early life

Career

Influences

Criticism

Awards and nominations

Select bibliography

Film appearances

References

Further reading

External links

Biography

Early life

Hooks was born on September 25, 1952 in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. She grew up in a working class family with five sisters and one brother. Her father, Veodis Watkins, was a custodian and her mother, Rosa Bell Watkins, was a homemaker. Throughout her childhood, she was an avid reader.
Hooks's early education took place in racially segregated public schools, and wrote of great adversities when making the transition to an integrated school, where teachers and students were predominantly white. She graduated from Crispus Attucks High School in Hopkinsville, earned her B.A. in English from Stanford University in 1973 and her M.A. in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1976. In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, she completed her doctorate in the literature department from the University of California, Santa Cruz with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison.

Career

Hooks began her teaching career in 1976 as an English professor and senior lecturer in Ethnic Studies at the University of Southern California. During her three years there, Golemics (Los Angeles) released her first published work, a chapbook of poems titled "And There We Wept" (1978), written under her pen name, "bell hooks". She adopted the name from those of her mother and grandmother. According to her, the name's unconventional lowercasing signifies what is most important in her works: the "substance of books, not who I am."^[1]
Hooks taught at several post-secondary institutions in the early 80s, including the University of California, Santa Cruz and San Francisco State University. South End Press (Boston) published her first major work, ''Ain’t I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism'' in 1981, written while she was an undergraduate student. In the decades since its publication, "Ain't I a Woman?" has gained widespread recognition as an influential contribution to postmodern feminist thought.^[2]
''Ain’t I a Woman?'' examines several recurring themes in her later work: the historical impact of sexism and racism on black women, devaluation of black womanhood; media roles and portrayal, the education system, the "white supremacist patriarchal capitalist" system in the marginalization of black women; and the disregard for issues of race and class within feminism.
Since the publication of ''Ain’t I a Woman?'', she has become eminent as a leftist and postmodern political thinker and cultural critic. She targets and appeals to a broad audience by presenting her work in a variety of media using various writing and speaking styles. As well as having written books, she has published numerous scholarly and mainstream magazines, lectures at widely accessible venues, and appears in various documentaries.
Hooks has published over thirty books, ranging in topics from black men, patriarchy and masculinity to self-help, engaged pedagogy to personal memoirs, and sexuality (in regards to feminism and politics of aesthetic/visual culture. A prevalent theme in her most recent writing is the community and communion, the ability of loving communities to overcome race, class, and gender. In three conventional books and four children's books, she demonstrates that communication and literacy (the ability to read, write, and think critically) are the quintessential to developing healthy communities and relationships that are not marred by race, class, or gender inequalities.
Hooks has held positions as Professor of African and Afro-American Studies and English at Yale University, Associate Professor of Women’s Studies and American Literature at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, and as Distinguished Lecturer of English Literature at the City College of New York.
Hooks gave a controversial commencement speech in 2002 at Southwestern University. Eschewing the congratulatory mode of traditional commencement speeches, she spoke of government-sanctioned violence and oppression, and admonished students who went with the flow. The speech was booed by many in the audience, though "several graduates passed over the provost to shake hooks's hand or give her a hug."^[3] Many parents of graduates have refused to donate money to the university since that time, and President Jake Schrum's refusal to address the issue has alienated many former supporters of the university.
In 2004 she joined forces with Berea College in Berea, Kentucky as Distinguished Professor in Residence,^[4] where she participated in a weekly feminist discussion group, "Monday Night Feminism", a luncheon lecture series, "Peanut Butter and Gender" and a seminar, "Building Beloved Community: The Practice of Impartial Love".

Influences

Hooks's influences include abolitionist and feminist Sojourner Truth (whose speech ''Ain't I a Woman?'' inspired Hooks's first major work), Brazilian educator Paulo Freire (whose perspectives on education Hooks embraces in her theory of engaged pedagogy), theologian Gustavo Gutierrez, psychologist, Erich Fromm, playwright Lorraine Hansberry, Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, writer James Baldwin, black nationalist leader Malcolm X, and civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr (who addressess how the strength of love unites communities).^[5]
[6]

Criticism

Some writers have criticized Hooks. David Horowitz made light of her statement that "it is difficult not to hear in standard English always the sound of slaughter and conquest" (''Teaching to Transgress'', p.169).^[7] Peter Schweizer accused her of hypocrisy in sexual politics,^[8] and Jamie Glazov accused her of "gutter hate diatribes."^[9]
One passage Horowitz and Glazov specifically object to is a discussion in the first chapter of ''Killing Rage'', in which Hooks states that she is "sitting beside an anonymous white male that [she] long[s] to murder".^[10] She explains that her impulse was occasioned by a ticket/boarding pass dispute involving her black and female friend. To Hooks, the dispute was symptomatic of the role of racism and sexism in American society, describing her reaction to this man, and of another white man who was given the same treatment:
:It was not a question of your giving up the seat, it was an occasion for you to intervene in the harassment of a young black woman and you chose your own comfort and tried to deflect away from your complicity in that choice by offering an insincere, face saving apology... It was this sequences of racialized incidents involving black women that intensified my rage against the white man sitting next to me. I felt a 'Killing Rage.' I wanted to stab him softly, to shoot him with the gun I wished I had in my purse. And as I watched his pain, I would say to him tenderly 'racism hurts.'^[11]

Awards and nominations

★ ''Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics'': The American Book Awards/ Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991)

★ ''Ain’t I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism'': “One of the twenty most influential women’s books in the last 20 years” by ''Publishers Weekly'' (1992)

★ bell hooks: The Writer’s Award from the Lila Wallace–Reader’s Digest Fund (1994)

★ ''Happy to Be Nappy'': NAACP Image Award nominee (2001)

★ ''Homemade Love'': The Bank Street College Children's Book of the Year (2002)

★ ''Salvation: Black People and Love'': Hurston Wright Legacy Award nominee (2002)

★ bell hooks: ''Utne Reader's “100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life”

★ bell hooks: ''The Atlantic Monthly's “One of our nation’s leading public intellectuals”

Select bibliography

★ ''Ain’t I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism'' (1981) ISBN 0-89608-129-X

★ ''Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center'' (1984) ISBN 0-89608-614-3

★ ''Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black'' (1989) ISBN 0-921284-09-8

★ ''Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics'' (1990) ISBN 0-921284-34-9

★ ''Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life'' (1991) (with Cornel West) ISBN 0-89608-414-0

★ ''Black Looks: Race and Representation'' (1992) ISBN 0-89608-433-7

★ ''Sisters of the Yam: Black Women and Self-recovery'' (1993) ISBN 1-896357-99-7

★ ''Teaching to Transgress: Education As the Practice of Freedom'' (1994)ISBN 0-415-90808-6

★ ''Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations'' (1994) ISBN 0-415-90811-6

★ ''Art on My Mind: Visual Politics'' (1995) ISBN 1-56584-263-4

★ ''Killing Rage: Ending Racism'' (1995) ISBN 0-8050-5027-2

★ ''Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood'' (1996) ISBN 0-8050-5512-6

★ ''Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies'' (1996)

★ ''Wounds of Passion: A Writing Life'' (1997) ISBN 0-8050-5722-6

★ ''Happy to be Nappy'' (1999) ISBN 0-7868-0427-0

★ ''Remembered Rapture: The Writer at Work'' (1999) ISBN 0-8050-5910-5

★ '' (2000) ISBN 0-06-095947-9

★ ''Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics'' (2000) ISBN 0-89608-629-1

★ ''Where We Stand: Class Matters'' (2000)

★ ''Salvation: Black People and Love'' (2001) ISBN 0-06-095949-5

★ ''Communion: The Female Search for Love'' (2002) ISBN 0-06-093829-3

★ ''Homemade Love'' (2002) ISBN 0-7868-0643-5

★ ''Be Boy Buzz'' (2002) ISBN 0-7868-0814-4

★ ''Rock My Soul: Black People and Self-esteem'' (2003) ISBN 0-7434-5605-X

★ ''The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity, and Love'' (2003) ISBN 0-7434-5607-6

★ ''Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope'' (2003) ISBN 0-415-96817-8

★ ''(2004) ISBN 0-415-96926-3

★ ''Skin Again'' (2004) ISBN 0-7868-0825-X

★ ''Space'' (2004) ISBN 0-415-96816-X

★ ''Soul Sister: Women, Friendship, and Fulfillment'' (2005) ISBN 0-89608-735-2

★ ''Witness'' (2006) ISBN 0-89608-759-X

Film appearances

★ ''Black Is, Black Ain't'' (1994)

★ ''Give a Damn Again'' (1995)

★ ''Cultural Criticism and Transformation'' (1997)

★ ''My Feminism'' (1997)

★ ''I am a Man: Black masculinity in America'' (2004)

★ ''Voices of Power'' (1999)

★ ''Baadasssss Cinema'' (2002)

★ ''Writing About a Revolution: A talk'' (2004)

★ ''Happy to Be Nappy and other stories of me'' (2004)

★ ''Is Feminism Dead?'' (2004)

References

1. bell hooks Speaks Up Heather Williams
2. Google Scholar shows 894 citations of ''Ain't I a Woman'' (as of August 30, 2006)
3. http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A93217
4. http://www.berea.edu/catalog/officers.asp
5. Notes on IAPL 2001 keynote speaker, bell hooks
6. Building a Community of Love, bell hooks & Thich Nhat Hanh
7. "Top 10 Most Dangerous Academics in America," ''Human Events,'' February 13, 2006, p.10
8. '','' Peter Schweizer, Doubleday, 2005, p.9
9. bell hooks and the Politics of Hate
10. hooks, bell. ''Killing Rage'', p. 8. Henry Holt & Co. New York, NY. 1995
11. hooks, bell. ''Killing Rage'', p. 11. Henry Holt & Co. New York, NY. 1995

Further reading

★ Florence, Namulundah. ''bell hooks's Engaged Pedagogy.'' Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1998. ISBN 0-89789-564-9

★ Leitch et al, eds. “bell hooks.” ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. 2475-2484. ISBN 0-393-97429-4

★ South End Press Collective, eds. “Critical Consciousness for Political Resistance”''Talking About a Revolution.''Cambridge: South End Press, 1998. 39-52. ISBN 0-89608-587-2

★ Stanley, Sandra Kumamoto, ed. ''Other Sisterhoods: Literary Theory and U.S. Women of Color.'' Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998. ISBN 0-252-02361-7

★ Wallace, Michelle. ''Black Popular Culture.'' New York: The New Press, 1998. ISBN 1-56584-459-9

External links

★ all about bell link to biography, interviews, articles, and book information

★ bell hooks and the Politics of Hate Criticism of hooks

★ Crossing Boundaries, Reaching Out: The Public Scholarship of bell hooks link to article by Alice Marwick

★ Ejournal website link to several critical resources for bell hooks

★ Real Change News link to hooks's interview with Rosette Royale

★ Shambhala Sun link to hooks's articles published in Shambhala Sun Magazine

★ South End Press link to hooks's books published by South End Press

★ University of California, Santa Barbara link to a biographical sketch of hooks

★ University of Pennsylvania hooks's article “Postmodern Blackness”

★ Whole Terrain link to hooks's articles published in Whole Terrain

★ Z Magazine - Challenging Capitalism & Patriarchy: Third World Viewpoint interviews bell hooks