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The 'Bhuyan chieftains' were a loose confederation of landlord chiefs that controlled parts of the northern banks of the Brahmaputra in Assam during medieval times. Often called ''Bara Bhuyan'', they are mentioned in the histories of Bengal and Orissa too. These landlords did not belong to any particular ethnicity, religion or caste. At times of peace these Bhuyans acted independently and in times of threat would unify under a leader, usually called the ''Shiromani Bhuyan''. Srimanta Sankardeva, the revered Bhakti leader, was the last Shiromani Bhuyan in Assam. The Bhuyans of the north bank were transferred to the south bank by the Ahom king, which effectively ended their sovereignty.

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