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EspañolBIBLICAL LITERALISM
'Biblical literalism' is the adherence to the explicit and literal sense of the Bible.[1] In its purest form such a belief would deny the existence of allegory, parable and metaphor in the Bible, however the phrase "biblical literalist" is often a term used (sometimes pejoratively) to refer to those who subscribe to biblical inerrancy. [2]''Take Another Look At Your Good Book'', George Regas, Los Angeles Times, February 3, 2000 [3]
In a sense, however, biblical literalism is not synonymous with biblical inerrancy. [4] Whereas inerrancy doctrine deals with the truthfulness of the author's intended message ''The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy'' (1997) , biblical literalism deals with the interpretation of certain passages being literal.
The term has also been used to refer to historical grammatical method in Biblical hermeneutics which is a common practice of conservative Christians.[5] According to the Elwell Evangelical Dictionary, the term ''literalism'' describes a practice that "seeks to discover the author's intent by focusing upon his words in their plain, most obvious sense". ''Elwell Evangelical Dictionary'', Walter A. Elwell, Baker Publishing Group, May 1996, ISBN 0-8010-2049-2 In this definition, a "literalist" reading of scripture would not take the literal interpretation of allegory, parable and metaphor in the Bible as seen for example in biblical poetry or the parables of Jesus.
The Term "Biblical Literalism" is primarily pejorative. Conrad Hyers, professor of comparative religion at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota, criticized this as "a mentality [that] manifests itself [not] only in conservative churches, private-school enclaves, television programs of the evangelical right, and a considerable amount of Christian bookstore material; one often finds a literalist understanding of Bible and faith being assumed by those who have no religious inclinations, or who are avowedly antireligious in sentiment. Even in educated circles the possibility of more sophisticated theologies... is easily obscured by burning straw effigies of biblical literalism."[6]
Steve Falkenberg, Ph.D, professor of religious psychology at Eastern Kentucky University, says, "I've never met anyone who actually believes the Bible is literally true. I know a bunch of people who say they believe the Bible is literally true but nobody is actually a literalist." [7]
"Taken literally, the Bible says the earth is flat and setting on pillars and cannot move (1 Chr 16:30, Ps 93:1, Ps 96:10, 1 Sam 2:8, Job 9:6). It says that great sea monsters are set to guard the edge of the sea (Job 41, Ps 104:26)..."
It is commonly taught in the most conservative Christian seminaries that certain sections of the Bible should be interpreted as literal statements of the author and are not intended as parables or as allegorical. These include creation in Genesis, the flooding of the entire world in Genesis, the lifespans as enumerated by genealogies of Genesis, the historicity of the narrative accounts of Ancient Israel, the supernatural intervention of God in history, and Jesus' miracles [8][9]
These views however do not contend the literalistic values that parables, metaphors and allegory are not existent in the Bible [10] but rather relies on contextual interpretations based on the author's intention. ''Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics With commentary by Norman L. Geisler'', Reproduced from ''Explaining Hermeneutics: A Commentary on the Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics'', Oakland, California: International Council on Biblical Inerrancy, 1983.
As a part of ''Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy'' conservative Christian scholarship affirms the following:
Noted inerrantist Norman Geisler in his commentary on the ''Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics'' states:
Belief in biblical literalism is fairly rare among most Christians. Unfortunately, good statistics are not easy to come by. However, at least for the United States, some information exists.
According to a recent study, among the 15% of U. S. citizens that are evangelical Protestants, 47.8% believe that the Bible is literally true, and 6.5% believe that the Bible is an ancient book full of history and legends. About 11% of Catholics and mainline Protestants believe the Bible is literally true, and 9% of Jews believe the Torah is literally true. About 20% of Catholics and Protestants reported that the Bible is a book of history and legends, and 52.6% of Jewish respondents feel the same about the Torah.[11]
★ Bible scholars, even those who are theologically conservative, agree that parables should not be taken literally.[12]
★ "Biblical literalism contributes to a lot of mental illness."[13]
★ "Biblical literalists engage in a seductive form of idolatry" (i.e., bibliolatry)."''On the Heresy of Literalism'', Kevin Lewis, University of South Carolina Department of Religious Studies, 2005
★ Biblical literalists are heretics.
★ Biblical literalists are hypocrites.
★ Biblical literalists contradict each other.''Sacred Texts The Myth of Historical Literalism'', Jeremy Patrick, The Humanist, 9/1/2001
★ Biblical literalism is anti-intellectual.
★ Biblical literalism is in conflict with the cultural context of scriptures.[14]
★ Biblical literalism is akin to sexism.[15]
★ Taking a literalist stance on biblical violence promotes violence.[16]
★ The quoting of Bible scriptures to justify certain actions or ethics or beliefs is not always clear or obvious (i.e., characteristic of biblical casuistry). The use of scripture is often used to reduce critical examination or reasoning and can obscure unethical messages.[17]
1. ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' Houghton Mifflin; 4 edition (September 14, 2000) defines literalism as "1. Adherence to the explicit sense of a given text or doctrine. 2. Literal portrayal; realism."
2. Gerald T. Sheppard "Future of the Bible: Beyond Liberalism and Literalism", United Church Pub House (June 1990)
3. ''The Covenantal Kingdom'', R. A. Smith, Christian Liberty Press, January 1996, ISBN 1-930092-23-7
4. ''The Inerrancy of Scripture'' , Kevin Vanhoozer, Latimer House (1992)
5. ''Beyond Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the Hermeneutic Interpretation of Scripture'', John Bartkowski, Sociology of Religion, 57, 1996.
6. Hyers, Conrad "Biblical Literalism: Constricting the Cosmic Dance" Christian Century August 4-11, 1982, p. 823 [1]
7. ''Biblical Literalism'', Steve Falkenberg, New Reformation, 2002.
8. ''Lewis on Miracles'', Art Lindsley, Knowing & Doing; A Teaching Quarterly for Discipleship of Heart and Mind:
C.S. LEWIS INSTITUTE, Fall 2004
9. ''The History and Impact of the Book, The Genesis Flood'', John C. Whitcomb, Impact, Number 395, May 2006
10. Henry A Virkler (1981) Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation
11. ''American Piety in the 21st Century'', Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion, September 2006
12. ''The Inerrancy of Scripture'', Kevin Vanhoozer, Latimer House, Oxford, UK
13. ''Beyond Biblical Literalism'', Dr. Rembert Truluck, Whosoever: An Online Magazine for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Christians, May 27, 1999
14. ''Biblical Literalism: Constricting the Cosmic Dance'', Conrad Hyers, Christian Century August 4-11, 1982, p. 823.
15. ''AMBIVALENT SEXISM, SCRIPTURAL LITERALISM, AND RELIGIOSITY'', Shawn Meghan Burn, Julia Busso, Psychology of Women Quarterly 29 (4), 412–418. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00241.x
16. ''The Hanna-Barbera Cartoons: Compounding Bible Ignorance?'', Helen Lee Turner, Amy E. Jones and Doris A. Blazer, Christian Century, March 1, 1989 p 231.
17. As noted by William Shakespeare, "...even the devil can cite scripture for his purpose" (Merchant of Venice, I.iii.98)
★ Biblical inerrancy
★ Legalism (theology)
★ Historical-grammatical method
★ Biblical Hermeneutics
★ Science and the Bible
★ Eisegesis
★ ''Briefing for Journalists and Activists for Conservative Christians in Britain''
★ ''Beyond Biblical Literalism'', Dr. Rembert Truluck, Whosoever: An Online Magazine for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Christians, May 27, 1999
★ ''Gay Marriage Amendment Another Tragedy of Christian Literalism''
★ ''What the Bible Says: Bible scholars and religious leaders interpret and debate Scripture's references to spirituality'', Assault on Gay America, PBS Frontline, WGBH Educational Foundation.
★ Bullinger, E., W.. "Figures of Speech Used in the Bible". Baker Book House. 1970.
★ ''Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'', Bart D. Ehrman, HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco, November 1, 2005, ISBN-10: 0060738170
★ ''Bart Ehrman's 'Misquoting Jesus', Terry Gross, Fresh Air, National Public Radio, December 14, 2005
★ ''The Gospel according to Bart: A review of Bart D. Ehrman’s Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'', Daniel B. Wallace, bible.org
★ ''Bart Ehrman: "Misquoting Jesus"'', The Diane Rehm Show, WAMU, Thursday December 8, 2005
★ ''The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'', Bart Ehrman and Maureen Fiedler, Interfaith Voices, National Public Radio, March 8, 2007.
★ ''Jesus for the Non-Religious'', John Shelby Spong and Maureen Fiedler, Interfaith Voices, National Public Radio, May 24, 2007.
★ ''Jesus for the Non-Religious'', John Shelby Spong, HarperSanFrancisco, February 27, 2007, ISBN-10: 0060762071.
In a sense, however, biblical literalism is not synonymous with biblical inerrancy. [4] Whereas inerrancy doctrine deals with the truthfulness of the author's intended message ''The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy'' (1997) , biblical literalism deals with the interpretation of certain passages being literal.
The term has also been used to refer to historical grammatical method in Biblical hermeneutics which is a common practice of conservative Christians.[5] According to the Elwell Evangelical Dictionary, the term ''literalism'' describes a practice that "seeks to discover the author's intent by focusing upon his words in their plain, most obvious sense". ''Elwell Evangelical Dictionary'', Walter A. Elwell, Baker Publishing Group, May 1996, ISBN 0-8010-2049-2 In this definition, a "literalist" reading of scripture would not take the literal interpretation of allegory, parable and metaphor in the Bible as seen for example in biblical poetry or the parables of Jesus.
Modern Usage
The Term "Biblical Literalism" is primarily pejorative. Conrad Hyers, professor of comparative religion at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota, criticized this as "a mentality [that] manifests itself [not] only in conservative churches, private-school enclaves, television programs of the evangelical right, and a considerable amount of Christian bookstore material; one often finds a literalist understanding of Bible and faith being assumed by those who have no religious inclinations, or who are avowedly antireligious in sentiment. Even in educated circles the possibility of more sophisticated theologies... is easily obscured by burning straw effigies of biblical literalism."[6]
Steve Falkenberg, Ph.D, professor of religious psychology at Eastern Kentucky University, says, "I've never met anyone who actually believes the Bible is literally true. I know a bunch of people who say they believe the Bible is literally true but nobody is actually a literalist." [7]
"Taken literally, the Bible says the earth is flat and setting on pillars and cannot move (1 Chr 16:30, Ps 93:1, Ps 96:10, 1 Sam 2:8, Job 9:6). It says that great sea monsters are set to guard the edge of the sea (Job 41, Ps 104:26)..."
Literalism vs. Inerrancy and grammatical-historical
It is commonly taught in the most conservative Christian seminaries that certain sections of the Bible should be interpreted as literal statements of the author and are not intended as parables or as allegorical. These include creation in Genesis, the flooding of the entire world in Genesis, the lifespans as enumerated by genealogies of Genesis, the historicity of the narrative accounts of Ancient Israel, the supernatural intervention of God in history, and Jesus' miracles [8][9]
These views however do not contend the literalistic values that parables, metaphors and allegory are not existent in the Bible [10] but rather relies on contextual interpretations based on the author's intention. ''Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics With commentary by Norman L. Geisler'', Reproduced from ''Explaining Hermeneutics: A Commentary on the Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics'', Oakland, California: International Council on Biblical Inerrancy, 1983.
As a part of ''Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy'' conservative Christian scholarship affirms the following:
Noted inerrantist Norman Geisler in his commentary on the ''Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics'' states:
Level of support for biblical literalism
Belief in biblical literalism is fairly rare among most Christians. Unfortunately, good statistics are not easy to come by. However, at least for the United States, some information exists.
According to a recent study, among the 15% of U. S. citizens that are evangelical Protestants, 47.8% believe that the Bible is literally true, and 6.5% believe that the Bible is an ancient book full of history and legends. About 11% of Catholics and mainline Protestants believe the Bible is literally true, and 9% of Jews believe the Torah is literally true. About 20% of Catholics and Protestants reported that the Bible is a book of history and legends, and 52.6% of Jewish respondents feel the same about the Torah.[11]
Arguments against Biblical literalism
★ Bible scholars, even those who are theologically conservative, agree that parables should not be taken literally.[12]
★ "Biblical literalism contributes to a lot of mental illness."[13]
★ "Biblical literalists engage in a seductive form of idolatry" (i.e., bibliolatry)."''On the Heresy of Literalism'', Kevin Lewis, University of South Carolina Department of Religious Studies, 2005
★ Biblical literalists are heretics.
★ Biblical literalists are hypocrites.
★ Biblical literalists contradict each other.''Sacred Texts The Myth of Historical Literalism'', Jeremy Patrick, The Humanist, 9/1/2001
★ Biblical literalism is anti-intellectual.
★ Biblical literalism is in conflict with the cultural context of scriptures.[14]
★ Biblical literalism is akin to sexism.[15]
★ Taking a literalist stance on biblical violence promotes violence.[16]
★ The quoting of Bible scriptures to justify certain actions or ethics or beliefs is not always clear or obvious (i.e., characteristic of biblical casuistry). The use of scripture is often used to reduce critical examination or reasoning and can obscure unethical messages.[17]
References
1. ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'' Houghton Mifflin; 4 edition (September 14, 2000) defines literalism as "1. Adherence to the explicit sense of a given text or doctrine. 2. Literal portrayal; realism."
2. Gerald T. Sheppard "Future of the Bible: Beyond Liberalism and Literalism", United Church Pub House (June 1990)
3. ''The Covenantal Kingdom'', R. A. Smith, Christian Liberty Press, January 1996, ISBN 1-930092-23-7
4. ''The Inerrancy of Scripture'' , Kevin Vanhoozer, Latimer House (1992)
5. ''Beyond Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the Hermeneutic Interpretation of Scripture'', John Bartkowski, Sociology of Religion, 57, 1996.
6. Hyers, Conrad "Biblical Literalism: Constricting the Cosmic Dance" Christian Century August 4-11, 1982, p. 823 [1]
7. ''Biblical Literalism'', Steve Falkenberg, New Reformation, 2002.
8. ''Lewis on Miracles'', Art Lindsley, Knowing & Doing; A Teaching Quarterly for Discipleship of Heart and Mind:
C.S. LEWIS INSTITUTE, Fall 2004
9. ''The History and Impact of the Book, The Genesis Flood'', John C. Whitcomb, Impact, Number 395, May 2006
10. Henry A Virkler (1981) Principles and Processes of Biblical Interpretation
11. ''American Piety in the 21st Century'', Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion, September 2006
12. ''The Inerrancy of Scripture'', Kevin Vanhoozer, Latimer House, Oxford, UK
13. ''Beyond Biblical Literalism'', Dr. Rembert Truluck, Whosoever: An Online Magazine for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Christians, May 27, 1999
14. ''Biblical Literalism: Constricting the Cosmic Dance'', Conrad Hyers, Christian Century August 4-11, 1982, p. 823.
15. ''AMBIVALENT SEXISM, SCRIPTURAL LITERALISM, AND RELIGIOSITY'', Shawn Meghan Burn, Julia Busso, Psychology of Women Quarterly 29 (4), 412–418. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00241.x
16. ''The Hanna-Barbera Cartoons: Compounding Bible Ignorance?'', Helen Lee Turner, Amy E. Jones and Doris A. Blazer, Christian Century, March 1, 1989 p 231.
17. As noted by William Shakespeare, "...even the devil can cite scripture for his purpose" (Merchant of Venice, I.iii.98)
See also
★ Biblical inerrancy
★ Legalism (theology)
★ Historical-grammatical method
★ Biblical Hermeneutics
★ Science and the Bible
★ Eisegesis
Literalists reported views on sex
★ ''Briefing for Journalists and Activists for Conservative Christians in Britain''
★ ''Beyond Biblical Literalism'', Dr. Rembert Truluck, Whosoever: An Online Magazine for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Christians, May 27, 1999
★ ''Gay Marriage Amendment Another Tragedy of Christian Literalism''
★ ''What the Bible Says: Bible scholars and religious leaders interpret and debate Scripture's references to spirituality'', Assault on Gay America, PBS Frontline, WGBH Educational Foundation.
Further reading
★ Bullinger, E., W.. "Figures of Speech Used in the Bible". Baker Book House. 1970.
★ ''Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'', Bart D. Ehrman, HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco, November 1, 2005, ISBN-10: 0060738170
★ ''Bart Ehrman's 'Misquoting Jesus', Terry Gross, Fresh Air, National Public Radio, December 14, 2005
★ ''The Gospel according to Bart: A review of Bart D. Ehrman’s Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'', Daniel B. Wallace, bible.org
★ ''Bart Ehrman: "Misquoting Jesus"'', The Diane Rehm Show, WAMU, Thursday December 8, 2005
★ ''The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why'', Bart Ehrman and Maureen Fiedler, Interfaith Voices, National Public Radio, March 8, 2007.
★ ''Jesus for the Non-Religious'', John Shelby Spong and Maureen Fiedler, Interfaith Voices, National Public Radio, May 24, 2007.
★ ''Jesus for the Non-Religious'', John Shelby Spong, HarperSanFrancisco, February 27, 2007, ISBN-10: 0060762071.
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