BIOREMEDIATION

'Bioremediation' can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.

Contents

Overview and applications

Genetic engineering approaches

Advantages

Monitoring bioremediation

See also

References

External links

Overview and applications

Naturally-occurring bioremediation and phytoremediation have been used for centuries. For example, desalination of agricultural land by phytoextraction has a long tradition. Bioremediation technology using microorganisms was reportedly invented by George M. Robinson. He was the assistant county petroleum engineer for Santa Maria, California. During the 1960s, he spent his spare time experimenting with dirty jars and various mixes of microbes.
Bioremediation technologies can be generally classified as ''in situ'' or ''ex situ''. ''In situ'' bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site while ''ex situ'' involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are bioventing, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.
Not all contaminants, however, are easily treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. For example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms. The assimilation of metals such as mercury into the food chain may worsen matters. Phytoremediation is useful in these circumstances, as many plants are able to bioaccumulate these toxins in their above-ground parts, which are then harvested for removal. The heavy metals in the harvested biomass may be further concentrated by incineration.

Genetic engineering approaches

The use of genetic engineering to create organisms specifically designed for bioremediation has great potential.^[1] The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans (the most radioresistant organism known) has been modified to consume and digest toluene and ionic mercury from highly radioactive nuclear waste.^[2]

Advantages

There are a number of cost/efficiency advantages to bioremediation, which can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without excavation. For example, hydrocarbon spills (specifically, petrol spills) or certain chlorinated solvents may contaminate groundwater, and introducing the appropriate electron acceptor or electron donor amendment, as appropriate, may significantly reduce contaminant concentrations after a lag time allowing for acclimation. This is typically much less expensive than excavation followed by disposal elsewhere, incineration or other ''ex situ'' treatment strategies, and reduces or eliminates the need for "pump and treat", a common practice at sites where hydrocarbons have contaminated groundwater.

Monitoring bioremediation

The process of bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the ''Oxidation Reduction Potential'' or redox in soil and groundwater, together with pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations, and concentration of breakdown products (e.g. carbon dioxide). This table shows the (decreasing) biological breakdown rate as function of the redox potential.

Process	Reaction	Redox potential (Eh in mV)
aerobic:	O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O	600 — 400
anaerobic:
denitrification	2NO3- + 10e- + 12H+ → N2 + 6H2O	500 — 200
manganese IV reduction	MnO2 + 2e- + 4H+ → Mn2+ + 2H2O	400 — 200
iron III reduction	Fe(OH)3 + e- + 3H+ → Fe2+ + 3H2O	300 — 100
sulfate reduction	SO42- +8e- +10H+ → H2S + 4H2O	0 — -150
fermentation	2CH2O → CO2 + CH4	-150 — -220

This, by itself and at a single site, gives little information about the process of remediation.
# it is necessary to sample enough points on and around the contaminated site to be able to determine contours of equal redox potential. Contouring is usually done using specialised software, e.g. using Kriging interpolation.
# if all the measurements of redox potential show is that electron acceptors have been used up, it's in effect an indicator for total microbial activity. Chemical analysis is also required to determine when the levels of contaminants and their breakdown products have been reduced to below regulatory limits.

See also

★ Biodegradation

★ Dutch standards

★ List of environment topics

★ Phytoremediation

★ Mycoremediation

★ Living machines

★ Intrinsic bioremediation

★ US Microbics

References

1. Cleaning up with genomics: applying molecular biology to bioremediation, Lovley, DR, , , NATURE REVIEWS. MICROBIOLOGY., 2003
2. Engineering Deinococcus radiodurans for metal remediation in radioactive mixed waste environments, Brim H, McFarlan SC, Fredrickson JK, Minton KW, Zhai M, Wackett LP, Daly MJ, , , NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2000

External links

★ Bioremediation (Toxic Cleanup) News from Genome News Network (GNN)

★ Bioremediation Discussion Group (BioGroup)

★ Technology Focus on Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Website hosted by the USEPA Technology Innovation Program

★ Phytoremediation Website hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden