BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER

The 'Black-and-white Warbler', ''Mniotilta varia'', is a small New World warbler. It breeds in northern and eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida.
This species is migratory, wintering in Florida, Central America and the West Indies down to Peru. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, mainly to Ireland and Great Britain.
This species is 13 cm long and weighs 11 g. The summer male Black-and-white Warbler is boldly streaked in black and white, and the bird has been described as a flying humbug. There are two white wing bars. Female and juvenile plumages are similar, but duller and less streaked.
The breeding habitat is broadleaved or mixed woodland, preferably in wetter areas. Black-and-white Warblers nest on the ground, laying 4-5 eggs in a cup nest.
These birds feed on insects and spiders, which are sought like a nuthatch, moving up and down tree trunks and along branches. The song is a high ''see wee-see wee-see wee-see wee-see wee-see'', and the call is a hard ''tick''.

Contents

References

External links

Further reading

Book

Thesis

Articles

References

★ Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

★ Curson, Quinn and Beadle,''New World Warblers'' ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

★ Stiles and Skutch, ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica’’ ISBN 0-8014-9600-4

External links

★ Black-and-white Warbler - ''Mniotilta varia'' - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

★ Black-and-white Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology

★ Black-and-white Warbler Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding

★ Stamps

★ Black-and-white Warbler videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Further reading

Book

★ Kricher, J. C. 1995. ''Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 158 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Thesis

★ Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). ''The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation''. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States -- New York.

★ Collins ML. M.Sc. (2003). ''Area utilization, evidence of cooperative breeding, sex ratio bias and nest-site selection in black and white warblers (Mniotilta varia)''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

★ Marcum HA. Ph.D. (2005). ''The effects of human disturbance on birds in Bastrop State Park''. Texas A&M University, United States -- Texas.

★ Stratford JA. Ph.D. (2005). ''Avian species richness and abundance in a rapidly urbanizing landscape in the Southern Piedmont region of Georgia, United States of America''. Auburn University, United States -- Alabama.

★ Villard M-A. Ph.D. (1991). ''Spatio-temporal dynamics of forest bird patch populations in agricultural landscapes''. Carleton University (Canada), Canada.

★ Wallace GE. Ph.D. (1998). ''Demography of Cuban bird communities in the nonbreeding season: Effects of forest type, resources, and hurricane''. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States -- Missouri.

Articles

★ Aquilani SM, Morrell TE & LeBlanc DC. (2003). ''Breeding bird communities in burned and unburned sites in a mature Indiana oak forest''. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. vol '112', no 2. p. 186-191.

★ Barrowclough GF & Corbin KW. (1978). ''Genetic Variation and Differentiation in the Parulidae''. Auk. vol '95', no 4. p. 691-702.

★ Bennett GF, Caines JR & Bishop MA. (1988). ''Influence of Blood Parasites on the Body Mass of Passeriform Birds''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '24', no 2. p. 339-343.

★ Bosque C & Lentino M. (1987). ''The Passage of North American Migratory Land Birds through Xerophytic Habitats on the Western Coast of Venezuela''. Biotropica. vol '19', no 3. p. 267-273.

★ Burris JM & Haney AW. (2005). ''Bird communities after blowdown in a late-successional Great Lakes spruce-fir forest''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '117', no 4. p. 341-352.

★ Burtt EHJ. (1980). ''Over Wing and under Wing Head Scratching by a Male Black and White Warbler Mniotilta-Varia''. Ibis. vol '122', no 4.

★ Collins SL, James FC & Risser PG. (1982). ''Habitat Relationships of Wood Warblers Parulidae in Northern Central Minnesota USA''. Oikos. vol '39', no 1. p. 50-58.

★ Conner RN, Dickson JG, Locke BA & Segelquist CA. (1983). ''Vegetation Characteristics Important to Common Song Birds in East Texas USA''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '95', no 3. p. 349-361.

★ Crawford HS, Hooper RG & Titterington RW. (1981). ''Song Bird Population Response to Silvicultural Practices in Central Appalachian USA Hardwoods''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '45', no 3. p. 680-692.

★ Dettmers R, Buehler DA & Franzreb KE. (2002). ''Testing habitat-relationship models for forest birds of the southeastern United States''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '66', no 2. p. 417-424.

★ Diamond AW, Lack P & Smith RW. (1977). ''Weights and Fat Condition of Some Migrant Warblers in Jamaica''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '89', no 3. p. 456-465.

★ Dugger KM, Faaborg J, Arendt WJ & Hobson KA. (2004). ''Understanding survival and abundance of overwintering Warblers: Does rainfall matter?''. Condor. vol '106', no 4. p. 744-760.

★ Ewert DN & Askins RA. (1991). ''Flocking Behavior of Migratory Warblers in Winter in the Virgin Islands''. Condor. vol '93', no 4. p. 864-868.

★ Golet FC, Wang Y, Merrow JS & DeRagon WR. (2001). ''Relationship between habitat and landscape features and the avian community of red maple swamps in southern Rhode Island''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '113', no 2. p. 217-227.

★ Grand J & Cushman SA. (2003). ''A multi-scale analysis of species-environment relationships: breeding birds in a pitch pine-scrub oak (Pinus rigida-Quercus ilicifolia) community''. Biological Conservation. vol '112', no 3. p. 307-317.

★ Grant PJ. (1978). ''BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER IN ISLES OF SCILLY''. British Birds. vol '71', no 11. p. 541-542.

★ Hobson KA & Schieck J. (1999). ''Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years''. Ecological Applications. vol '9', no 3. p. 849-863.

★ Johnson MD, Ruthrauff DR, Jones JG, Tietz JR & Robinson JK. (2002). ''Short-term effects of tartar emetic on re-sighting rates of migratory songbirds in the non-breeding season''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '73', no 2. p. 191-196.

★ Kellner CJ & Cooper RJ. (1998). ''Two instances of kleptoparasitism in passerines''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '69', no 1. p. 55-57.

★ Komar O, O'Shea J, Townsend Peterson A & Navarro-Siguenza AG. (2005). ''Evidence of latitudinal sexual segregation among migratory birds wintering in Mexico''. Auk. vol '122', no 3. p. 938-948.

★ Lemon RE, Struger J & Lechowicz MJ. (1983). ''Song Features as Species Discriminants in American Warblers Parulidae''. Condor. vol '85', no 3. p. 308-322.

★ Lopez Ornat A & Greenberg R. (1990). ''Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico''. Auk. vol '107', no 3. p. 539-543.

★ MacKinnon DS & Freedman B. (1993). ''Effects of silvicultural use of the herbicide glyphosate on breeding birds of regenerating clearcuts in Nova Scotia, Canada''. Journal of Applied Ecology. vol '30', no 3. p. 395-406.

★ Marshall MR, DeCecco JA, Williams AB, Gale GA & Cooper RJ. (2003). ''Use of regenerating clearcuts by late-successional bird species and their young during the post-fledging period''. Forest Ecology and Management. vol '183', no 1-3. p. 127-135.

★ McEwan I. (1983). ''BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER IN DEVON''. British Birds. vol '76', no 6. p. 280-280.

★ Mills ED & Rogers DTJ. (1992). ''Ratios of Neotropical Migrant and Neotropical Resident Birds in Winter in a Citrus Plantation in Central Belize''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '63', no 2. p. 109-116.

★ Monkkonen M, Helle P, Niemi GJ & Montgomery K. (1997). ''Heterospecific attraction affects community structure and migrant abundances in northern breeding bird communities''. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie. vol '75', no 12. p. 2077-2083.

★ Morneau F, Doucet GJ, Giguere M & Laperle M. (1999). ''Breeding bird species richness associated with a powerline right-of-way in a northern mixed forest landscape''. Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol '113', no 4. p. 598-604.

★ Morris SR, Holmes DW & Richmond ME. (1996). ''A ten-year study of the stopover patterns of migratory passerines during fall migration on Appledore island, Maine''. Condor. vol '98', no 2. p. 395-409.

★ Morse DH. (1977). ''The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds''. Condor. vol '79', no 4. p. 399-412.

★ Murray NL & Stauffer DF. (1995). ''Nongame bird use of habitat in central Appalachian riparian forests''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '59', no 1. p. 78-88.

★ Parkes KC. (1978). ''Still Another Parulid Inter Generic Hybrid Mniotilta-X-Dendroica Sexual Hybrid and Its Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications''. Auk. vol '95', no 4. p. 682-690.

★ Pashley DN. (1988). ''Warblers of the West Indies Ii. the Western Caribbean''. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol '24', no 3-4. p. 112-126.

★ Pashley DN & Hamilton RB. (1990). ''Warblers of the West Indies Iii. the Lesser Antilles''. Caribbean Journal of Science. vol '26', no 3-4. p. 75-97.

★ Paszkowski CA & Sodhi NS. (1995). ''Distribution reproduction of the black-and-white warbler in relation to habitat features in the boreal mixed-wood forest''. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. p. PART 2) 208, 1995.

★ Paszkowski CA, Sodhi NS, Jamieson S & Zohar SA. (2004). ''Habitat use and foraging behavior of male Black-and-white Warblers (Mniotilta varia) in forest fragments and in a contiguous boreal forest''. Ornithological Science. vol '3', no 1. p. 75-84.

★ Pomara LY, Cooper RJ & Petit LJ. (2003). ''Mixed-species flocking and foraging behavior of four Neotropical warblers in panamanian shade coffee fields and forests''. Auk. vol '120', no 4. p. 1000-1012.

★ Prather JW & Smith KG. (2003). ''Effects of tornado damage on forest bird populations in the Arkansas Ozarks''. Southwestern Naturalist. vol '48', no 2. p. 292-297.

★ Schulenberg TS & Parker TA, III. (1981). ''Status and Distribution of Some Northwest Peruvian Birds''. Condor. vol '83', no 3. p. 209-216.

★ Schwalbe PW. (1992). ''Black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia''. Brauning, D. vol 'W', p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.

★ Sodhi NS & Paszkowski CA. (1997). ''The pairing success of male Black-and-White Warblers, Mniotilta varia, in forest fragments and a continuous forest''. Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol '111', no 3. p. 457-458.

★ Talbott SC & Yahner RH. (2003). ''Temporal and spatial use of even-aged reproduction stands by bird communities in central Pennsylvania''. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. vol '20', no 3. p. 117-123.

★ Villard M-A, Merriam G & Maurer BA. (1995). ''Dynamics in subdivided populations of neotropical migratory birds in a fragmented temperate forest''. Ecology. vol '76', no 1. p. 27-40.

★ Wunderle JM & Latta SC. (2000). ''Winter site fidelity of nearctic migrants in shade coffee plantations of different sizes in the Dominican Republic''. Auk. vol '117', no 3. p. 596-614.