BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER

The 'Black-throated Green Warbler', ''Dendroica virens'', is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.
It is 12 cm long and weighs 9 g, and has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.
The breeding habitat of the Black-throated Green Warbler is coniferous and mixed forests in eastern North America and western Canada and cypress swamps on the southern Atlantic coast. These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.
These birds migrate to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and southern Florida.
Black-throated Green Warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover or catch insects in flight. Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.
The song of this bird is a buzzed ''zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet'' or ''zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet''. The call is a sharp ''tsip''.
This bird is vulnerable to nest parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird.

Contents

References

External links

Further reading

Book

Reports

Thesis

Articles

References

★ Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

★ Curson, Quinn and Beadle,''New World Warblers'' ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

★ Stiles and Skutch, ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica’’ ISBN 0-8014-9600-4

External links

★ Black-throated Green Warbler - ''Dendroica virens'' - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

★ Black-throated Green Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology

★ Black-throated Green Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding

Further reading

Book

★ Morse, D. H. and A. F. Poole (2005). ''Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens)''. ''The Birds of North America Online'' (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database.

Reports

★ Cooper JM, Enns KA & Shepard MG. (1997). ''Status of the black-throated green warbler in British Columbia''. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.

★ Norton MR. (1999). ''Status of the black-throated green warbler, Dendroica virens, in Alberta''. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.

Thesis

★ Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). ''The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation''. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States -- New York.

★ Clarke M. M.Sc. (2005). ''Avian abundance and habitat relationships in a managed forest landscape in eastern Nova Scotia''. Dalhousie University (Canada), Canada.

★ Collins SL. Ph.D. (1981). ''HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS AND HABITAT VARIABILITY OF THE WOOD WARBLERS (PARULIDAE)''. The University of Oklahoma, United States -- Oklahoma.

★ Drolet B. M.Sc. (1997). ''Variation des assemblages d'oiseaux chanteurs selon la structure du paysage de la sapiniere boreale exploitee''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.

★ Elliott CA. Ph.D. (1987). ''Songbird species diversity and habitat use in relation to vegetation structure and size of forest stands and forest-clearcut edges in north-central Maine''. The University of Maine, United States -- Maine.

★ Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). ''An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.

★ Hannah TA. M.Sc. (2006). ''Declines in the black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens): From pattern to process''. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.

★ McKinley PS. Ph.D. (2004). ''Tree species selection and use by foraging insectivorous passerines in a forest landscape''. University of New Brunswick (Canada), Canada.

★ Rail J-F. M.Sc. (1995). ''Definir la fragmentation de l'habitat des passereaux par l'effet de barriere des discontinuites de l'habitat d'origine humaine''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.

★ Roloff GJ. Ph.D. (1994). ''Using an ecological classification system and wildlife habitat models in forest planning''. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.

★ Whelan CJ. Ph.D. (1987). ''Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds''. Dartmouth College, United States -- New Hampshire.

Articles

★ Adams DA & Hammond JS. (1991). ''Changes in Forest Vegetation Bird and Small Mammal Populations at Mount Mitchell North Carolina USA 1959-62 and 1985''. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. vol '107', no 1. p. 3-12.

★ Bermingham E, Rohwer S, Freeman S & Wood C. (1992). ''Vicariance Biogeography in the Pleistocene and Speciation in North American Wood Warblers a Test of Mengel's Model''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol '89', no 14. p. 6624-6628.

★ Betts MG, Hadley AS & Doran PJ. (2005). ''Avian mobbing response is restricted by territory boundaries: Experimental evidence from two species of forest warblers''. Ethology. vol '111', no 9. p. 821-835.

★ Caroline G, Marcel D, Jean-Pierre LS & Jean H. (2004). ''Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?''. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol '34', no 9. p. 1895.

★ Collins SL. (1983). ''Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure for the Wood Warblers in Maine and Minnesota USA''. Oecologia. vol '59', no 2-3. p. 246-252.

★ Collins SL. (1983). ''Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure of the Black-Throated Green Warbler Dendroica-Virens''. Auk. vol '100', no 2. p. 382-389.

★ Darveau M, Beauchesne P, Belanger L, Huot J & Larue P. (1995). ''Riparian forest strips as habitat for breeding birds in boreal forest''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '59', no 1. p. 67-78.

★ Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '71', no 2. p. 201-210.

★ Doyon F, Gagnon D & Giroux J-F. (2005). ''Effects of strip and single-tree selection cutting on birds and their habitat in a Southwestern Quebec northern hardwood forest''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '209', no 1-2. p. 101-115.

★ Greenberg R, Gonzales CE, Bichier P & Reitsma R. (2001). ''Nonbreeding habitat selection and foraging behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler complex in Southeastern Mexico''. Condor. vol '103', no 1. p. 31-37.

★ Hanowski J, Danz N, Lind J & Niemi G. (2003). ''Breeding bird response to riparian forest harvest and harvest equipment''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '174', no 1-3. p. 315-328.

★ Hanowski JM, Niemi GJ & Blake JG. (1990). ''Statistical Perspectives and Experimental Design When Counting Birds on Line Transects''. Condor. vol '92', no 2. p. 326-335.

★ Heckscher CM. (2000). ''Forest-dependent birds of the Great Cypress (North Pocomoke) Swamp: Species composition and implications for conservation''. Northeastern Naturalist. vol '7', no 2. p. 113-130.

★ Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). ''Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western Canada: Consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods''. Condor. vol '102', no 4. p. 759-769.

★ Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). ''Effects of forest fragmentation by agriculture on avian communities in the southern boreal mixedwoods of western Canada''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '112', no 3. p. 373-387.

★ Holmes RT & Robinson SK. (1981). ''Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Insectivorous Birds in a Northern Hardwoods Forest''. Oecologia. vol '48', no 1. p. 31-35.

★ Holmes RT & Sherry TW. (2001). ''Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: Importance of habitat change''. Auk. vol '118', no 3. p. 589-609.

★ Jim S & Keith AH. (2000). ''Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests''. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol '30', no 8. p. 1281.

★ Kirk DA, Diamond AW, Smith AR, Holland GE & Chytyk P. (1997). ''Population changes in boreal forest birds in Saskatchewan and Manitoba''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '109', no 1. p. 1-27.

★ Lacki MJ & Baker MD. (1998). ''Observations of forest-interior bird communities in older-growth forests in eastern Kentucky''. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol '59', no 2. p. 174-177.

★ Laurent EJ, Shi HJ, Gatziolis D, LeBouton JP, Walters MB & Liu JG. (2005). ''Using the spatial and spectral precision of satellite imagery to predict wildlife occurrence patterns''. Remote Sensing of Environment. vol '97', no 2. p. 249-262.

★ Lopez Ornat A & Greenberg R. (1990). ''Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico''. Auk. vol '107', no 3. p. 539-543.

★ Martin PR, Fotheringham JR & Robertson RJ. (1995). ''A Prairie Warbler with a conspecific and heterospecific song repertoire''. The Auk. vol '112', no 3. p. 770.

★ Maurer BA & Whitmore RC. (1981). ''Foraging of 5 Bird Species in 2 Forests with Different Vegetation Structure''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '93', no 4. p. 478-490.

★ Meiklejohn BA & Hughes JW. (1999). ''Bird communities in riparian buffer strips of industrial forests''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '141', no 1. p. 172-184.

★ Merrill SB, Cuthbert FJ & Oehlert G. (1998). ''Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts''. Conservation Biology. vol '12', no 1. p. 190-199.

★ Michael AP & Jutta CB. (1998). ''Spruce budworm outbreaks and the incidence of vagrancy in eastern North American wood-warblers''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '76', no 3. p. 433.

★ Mitchell JM. (1999). ''Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in hemlock ravines in Ohio, USA''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '19', no 1. p. 3-11.

★ Morgan K & Freedman B. (1985). ''Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia Canada''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '100', no 4. p. 506-519.

★ Morse DH. (1977). ''The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds''. Condor. vol '79', no 4. p. 399-412.

★ Morse DH. (1991). ''Song Types of Black-Throated Green Warblers on Migration''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '103', no 1. p. 93.

★ Parrish JD. (1995). ''Effects of needle architecture on warbler habitat selection in a coastal spruce forest''. Ecology. vol '76', no 6. p. 1813-1820.

★ Parrish JD. (1995). ''Experimental evidence for intrinsic microhabitat preferences in the black-throated green warbler''. Condor. vol '97', no 4. p. 935-943.

★ Perry EF & Andersen DE. (2003). ''Advantages of clustered nesting for Least Flycatchers in north-central Minnesota''. Condor. vol '105', no 4. p. 756-770.

★ Rabenold KN. (1978). ''Foraging Strategies Diversity and Seasonality in Bird Communities of Appalachian Spruce Fir Forests''. Ecological Monographs. vol '48', no 4. p. 397-424.

★ Rail J-F, Darveau M, Desrochers A & Huot J. (1997). ''Territorial responses of boreal forest birds to habitat gaps''. Condor. vol '99', no 4. p. 976-980.

★ Rappole JH, King DI & Barrow WC, Jr. (1999). ''Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler''. Condor. vol '101', no 4. p. 762-770.

★ Rising JD. (1988). ''Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '100', no 2. p. 312-316.

★ Robichaud I & Villard M-A. (1999). ''Do Black-throated Green Warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest''. Condor. vol '101', no 2. p. 262-271.

★ Robinson SK & Holmes RT. (1982). ''Foraging Behavior of Forest Birds the Relationships among Search Tactics Diet and Habitat Structure''. Ecology. vol '63', no 6. p. 1918-1931.

★ Rodewald PG & Brittingham MC. (2002). ''Habitat use and behavior of mixed species landbird flocks during fall migration''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '114', no 1. p. 87-98.

★ Ross RM, Redell LA, Bennett RM & Young JA. (2004). ''Mesohabitat use of threatened hemlock forests by breeding birds of the Delaware River basin in northeastern United States''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '24', no 4. p. 307-315.

★ Schulte LA, Pidgeon AM & Mladenoff DJ. (2005). ''One hundred fifty years of change in forest bird breeding habitat: Estimates of species distributions''. Conservation Biology. vol '19', no 6. p. 1944-1956.

★ Schulte LS & Niemi GJ. (1998). ''Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '62', no 4. p. 1418-1429.

★ Smith R & Dallman M. (1996). ''Forest gap use by breeding black-throated green warblers''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '108', no 3. p. 588.

★ Smith R, Hamas M, Dallman M & Ewert D. (1998). ''Spatial variation in foraging of the Black-throated Green warbler along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron''. Condor. vol '100', no 3. p. 474-484.

★ Smith RJ, Moore FR & May CA. (2007). ''Stopover habitat along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron, Michigan: Emergent aquatic insects as a food resource for spring migrating landbirds''. Auk. vol '124', no 1. p. 107-121.

★ Stewart PA. (1986). ''Fall Migration of Twelve Species of Wood Warblers through Coastal Virginia USA''. North American Bird Bander. vol '11', no 3. p. 83-88.

★ Tingley MW, Orwig DA, Field R & Motzkin G. (2002). ''Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations''. Journal of Biogeography. vol '29', no 10-11. p. 1505-1516.

★ Venier LA & Pearce JL. (2005). ''Boreal bird community response to jack pine forest succession''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '217', no 1. p. 19-36.

★ Whelan CJ. (1989). ''Avian foliage structure preferences for foraging and the effect of prey biomass''. Animal Behaviour. vol '38', no 5. p. 839.

★ Whelan CJ. (2001). ''Foliage structure influences foraging of insectivorous forest birds: An experimental study''. Ecology. vol '82', no 1. p. 219-231.