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EspañolBOLIVARIAN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE AMERICAS
The 'Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas' (Spanish: ''Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas'' or ALBA - which also means 'dawn' in Spanish) is an international cooperation organization based upon the idea of social, political, and economic integration between the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
The agreement was initially proposed by the government of Venezuela as an alternative to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA or ALCA in Spanish) proposed by the United States. While the ALBA itself has not yet become a hemispheric-wide trade agreement, Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua and Bolivia have entered into a Peoples' Trade Agreement (Spanish: "Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos" - TCP) which aims to implement the principles of ALBA between those four nations. However, Nicaragua is also a member of the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). In July of 2007, the President of Iran's official website stated that the Islamic Republic would join ALBA with observer membership[1].
The adjective ''Bolivarian'' refers to general Simón Bolívar, who is revered as a hero throughout much of Latin America for his leadership of independence movements in South America against Spanish colonial power. In addition, Bolívar is a major figure in Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez's hemispheric ideology Bolivarianism.
Unlike neoliberal free trade agreements, the ALBA represents an attempt at regional economic integration that is not based primarily on trade liberalization but on a vision of social welfare and mutual economic aid.
The Cuba-Venezuela Agreement [2], which was signed on December 14, 2004 by Presidents Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro. The agreement was aimed at the exchange of medical resources and petroleum between both nations. Venezuela delivers about 96,000 barrels of oil per day from its state-owned petroleum operations to Cuba at very favorable prices and Cuba in exchange sent 20,000 state-employed medical staff and thousands of teachers to Venezuela's slums.
President Evo Morales of poor but gas-rich Bolivia joined the TCP on April 29, 2006, only days before he announced his intention to nationalize Bolivia's hydrocarbon assets.[3]
Newly elected President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua, signed the agreement in January 2007;[4] Venezuela agreed to forgive Nicaragua's $31 million debt as a result. On February 23, 2007 Ortega visited Caracas to solidify Nicaragua's participation in ALBA.[5]. Rafael Correa, the president of Ecuador, signed a joint agreement with Hugo Chávez, to become a member of ALBA once he becomes president.[6]
The Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, Baldwin Spencer, has hailed the signing of the trade agreement with Venezuela as a significant historical milestone in relations between the Caribbean and Latin America. He along with the Prime Ministers of Dominica and St. Vincent and the Grenadines signed onto ALBA.
1. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070702/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iran_venezuela
2. http://www.mltoday.com/Pages/NLiberation/Cuba-VenezPact.html/ initial Cuba-Venezuela TCP
3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4959008.stm
4. http://venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=2190
5. http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID={C7A2EA96-4C6C-4B7C-BAFA-C3798EB6D0F1})&language=EN
6. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=2181
★ AlternativaBolivariana.org
★ Venezuela's Answer to "Free Trade": The Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (December 7, 2006) - Focus on the Global South
★ Cuba, Bolivia, Venezuela celebrate alternative to US-led trade pacts (April 30th, 2006) - ''Jamaica Observer''
★ Venezuela and the Caribbean (April 21st 2006) - ''Stabroek Newspaper'' Guyana.
★ Editorial: Hugo Chávez and the Americans (May 12th 2005) - ''Stabroek Newspaper'' Guyana.
★ Commentary: Is Mr Chavez's Bolivarian Alternative attractive? (February 26th 2004) - ''Stabroek Newspaper'' Guyana.
★ Text of December 14, 2004 agreement between Venezuela and Cuba for the application of ALBA
★ Venezuelan and Ecuadorian Presidents Seal Friendship with Joint Declaration (Dec 22nd, 2006) Venezuela Analysis
The agreement was initially proposed by the government of Venezuela as an alternative to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA or ALCA in Spanish) proposed by the United States. While the ALBA itself has not yet become a hemispheric-wide trade agreement, Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua and Bolivia have entered into a Peoples' Trade Agreement (Spanish: "Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos" - TCP) which aims to implement the principles of ALBA between those four nations. However, Nicaragua is also a member of the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). In July of 2007, the President of Iran's official website stated that the Islamic Republic would join ALBA with observer membership[1].
Map of participants in the TCP
The adjective ''Bolivarian'' refers to general Simón Bolívar, who is revered as a hero throughout much of Latin America for his leadership of independence movements in South America against Spanish colonial power. In addition, Bolívar is a major figure in Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez's hemispheric ideology Bolivarianism.
Unlike neoliberal free trade agreements, the ALBA represents an attempt at regional economic integration that is not based primarily on trade liberalization but on a vision of social welfare and mutual economic aid.
The Cuba-Venezuela Agreement [2], which was signed on December 14, 2004 by Presidents Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro. The agreement was aimed at the exchange of medical resources and petroleum between both nations. Venezuela delivers about 96,000 barrels of oil per day from its state-owned petroleum operations to Cuba at very favorable prices and Cuba in exchange sent 20,000 state-employed medical staff and thousands of teachers to Venezuela's slums.
President Evo Morales of poor but gas-rich Bolivia joined the TCP on April 29, 2006, only days before he announced his intention to nationalize Bolivia's hydrocarbon assets.[3]
Newly elected President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua, signed the agreement in January 2007;[4] Venezuela agreed to forgive Nicaragua's $31 million debt as a result. On February 23, 2007 Ortega visited Caracas to solidify Nicaragua's participation in ALBA.[5]. Rafael Correa, the president of Ecuador, signed a joint agreement with Hugo Chávez, to become a member of ALBA once he becomes president.[6]
The Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, Baldwin Spencer, has hailed the signing of the trade agreement with Venezuela as a significant historical milestone in relations between the Caribbean and Latin America. He along with the Prime Ministers of Dominica and St. Vincent and the Grenadines signed onto ALBA.
| Contents |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
See also
References
1. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070702/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iran_venezuela
2. http://www.mltoday.com/Pages/NLiberation/Cuba-VenezPact.html/ initial Cuba-Venezuela TCP
3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4959008.stm
4. http://venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=2190
5. http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID={C7A2EA96-4C6C-4B7C-BAFA-C3798EB6D0F1})&language=EN
6. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=2181
External links
★ AlternativaBolivariana.org
★ Venezuela's Answer to "Free Trade": The Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (December 7, 2006) - Focus on the Global South
★ Cuba, Bolivia, Venezuela celebrate alternative to US-led trade pacts (April 30th, 2006) - ''Jamaica Observer''
★ Venezuela and the Caribbean (April 21st 2006) - ''Stabroek Newspaper'' Guyana.
★ Editorial: Hugo Chávez and the Americans (May 12th 2005) - ''Stabroek Newspaper'' Guyana.
★ Commentary: Is Mr Chavez's Bolivarian Alternative attractive? (February 26th 2004) - ''Stabroek Newspaper'' Guyana.
★ Text of December 14, 2004 agreement between Venezuela and Cuba for the application of ALBA
★ Venezuelan and Ecuadorian Presidents Seal Friendship with Joint Declaration (Dec 22nd, 2006) Venezuela Analysis
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