BOUNTY HUNTER

A 'bounty hunter' is an individual who captures fugitives ("hunting") for a monetary reward ("bounty"), for apprehending by law, if such laws exist. Other names include 'Bail Agent, Bail Enforcement Agent, Bail Officer, Fugitive Recovery Agent, Fugitive Recovery Officer, ' or ' Bail Fugitive Recovery Specialist.'

Contents

Laws regarding bounty hunters in the U.S.

Animals

Bounty hunting and vigilantism

International laws, legal protection, and bounty hunters in culture

See also

Notable real life bounty hunters

Notes

External links

Laws regarding bounty hunters in the U.S.

In the United States legal system, the 1873 U.S. Supreme Court case (''Taylor v. Taintor,'' 16 Wall (83 U.S. 366, 21 L.Ed. 287), is erroneously cited as having established that the person into whose custody an accused is remanded as part of the accused's bail has sweeping rights to recover that person (although this may have been accurate at the time the decision was reached, the portion cited was obiter dicta and has no binding precedential value). Most bounty hunters are employed by a bail bondsman: the bounty hunter is paid a portion of the bail the fugitive initially paid. If the fugitive eludes bail, the bondsman, not the bounty hunter, is responsible for the remainder of the fugitive's bail.
Thus, the bounty hunter is the bail bondsman's way of ensuring his clients arrive at trial. In the United States, bounty hunters catch an estimated 31,500 bail jumpers per year, about 90% of people who jump bail.[1] Bounty hunters are also sometimes known as "bail enforcement agents" or "fugitive recovery agents," which are the preferred industry and polite terms, but in common speech, they are still called "bounty hunters".
Bounty hunters are sometimes called "skiptracers," but this usage can be misleading. While bounty hunters are often skiptracers as well, skiptracing generally refers to the process of searching for an individual through less direct methods than active pursuit and apprehension, such as private investigators or debt collectors. Skiptracing can also refer to searches related to a civil matter and does not always imply criminal conduct on the part of the individual being traced.
In the United States of America, bounty hunters have varying levels of authority in their duties with regard to their targets, depending on the states they operate in. As opined in ''Taylor v. Taintor,'' and barring restrictions dictated by the state in which the bounty hunter is operating, a bounty hunter can enter the fugitive's private property without a warrant in order to execute a re-arrest. In some states, bounty hunters do not undergo any formal training, and are generally unlicensed, only requiring sanction from a bail bondsman to operate. In other states, however, they are held to varying standards of training and licensure. In California, bounty hunters must undergo a background check and complete various courses that satisfy the penal code 1299 requirements. [2] In most states they are prohibited from carrying firearms without proper permits. However, Louisiana requires bounty hunters to wear clothing identifying them as such. [3] In Kentucky, bounty hunting is generally not allowed because the state does not have a system of bail bondsmen, and releases bailed suspects on their own recognizance, thus there is no bondsman with the right to apprehend the fugitive. Generally, only fugitives who have fled bail on federal charges from another state where bounty hunting is legal are allowed to be hunted in Kentucky.[4] In Texas, every bounty hunter is required to be a peace officer, Level III (armed) security officer, or a private investigator^[1].
There is always a possibility for a fugitive to make life difficult for a bounty hunter by fleeing to states which restrict some or all parts of the bounty hunter's service.

Animals

Historically, bounty hunters have also pursued animals deemed undesireable by particular governments or corporations. In Tasmania, the thylacine was relentlessly hunted to extinction based on such schemes. Gray Wolves too were extirpated from much of the present United States by bounty hunters. An example of the legal sanction they were granted can be found in a Massachusetts Bay Colony law dated May 7, 1662: "This Court doth Order, ''as an encouragement to persons to destroy Woolves'', That henceforth every person killing any Woolf, shall be allowed out of the Treasury of that County where such woolf was slain, Twenty shillings, and by the Town Ten shillings, and by the County Treasurer Ten shillings: which the Constable of each Town (on the sight of the ears of such Woolves being cut off) shall pay out of the next County rate, which the Treasurer shall allow."^[2]

Bounty hunting and vigilantism

The popular image of bounty hunters may include elements of vigilantism. However, almost all bounty hunters are legally employed by bail bondsmen and operate within established legal limits. Bail bondsmen operate legally in forty-nine states (excluding Kentucky) and have an obligation to the courts to ensure that their clients appear for trial.
However, there have been various cases of civil rights abuses that have been committed by bounty hunters. The television program ''60 Minutes'' featured a story of a woman who was arrested by bounty hunters who had mistaken her for another individual.

International laws, legal protection, and bounty hunters in culture

Bounty hunters can also run into problems if a fugitive enters another country. Laws in other nations can be quite different, and taking a fugitive may be considered kidnapping. Noted bounty hunter Duane "Dog" Chapman (star of the TV series, ''Dog the Bounty Hunter'') was arrested in Mexico after he apprehended the multi-millionaire rapist and fugitive Andrew Luster.^[3] Chapman was later himself declared a fugitive by a Mexican prosecutor and was subsequently arrested in the United States to be extradited back to Mexico even though under Mexican law, no laws were broken and still under Mexico's citizen arrest law Dog and his crew acted under proper policy. Daniel Kear pursued and apprehended Sidney Jaffe at a residence in Canada. Kear was extradited to Canada, and convicted of kidnapping [5]. While the United States Government generally allows the activities of bounty hunters in the United States, the government is not as tolerant of these activities when they cause problems with other sovereign nations [6].
Several bounty hunters have also been arrested for killing a fugitive or apprehending the wrong person, mistaking them for a fugitive. Unlike police officers, they have no legal protections against injuries to non-fugitives and few legal protections against injuries to their targets.
In Westerns, bounty hunters are commonly depicted as romantic figures, such as the so-called Man with No Name played by Clint Eastwood. This tradition has been adopted by several action-oriented vehicles of science fiction (when and if inspired by Westerns), with fictional characters like Boba Fett, Rally Vincent, Spike Spiegel, Samus Aran or Jubal Early. In fact, in the ''Star Wars'' universe, there are numerous bounty hunters, though they are sometimes more like mercenaries than bounty hunters. Typically they are shown to work for powerful criminal figures with greater frequency than for the proper authorities.

See also

★ Skiptrace

Notable real life bounty hunters

★ Duane "Dog" Chapman

★ Domino Harvey

Notes

1. http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/consumer/bounty_hunter.aspx
2. Early American Imprints, 1st series, no. 88.
3. BBC news article

External links

★ American Bail Coalition Located in Washington, D.C..

★ Bill also Encourages Bounty Hunters to Track Down those Ordered Deported (Last Minute Amendment by Rep. Pete Sessions, Republican from Texas),

★ How Stuff Works page about Bail Enforcement.