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In the field of social psychology, a 'breaching experiment' is an experiment that seeks to examine peoples' reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms. Breaching experiments are most commonly associated with ethnomethodology, in particular the work of Harold Garfinkel. The conduct of a breaching experiment is sometimes referred to as "Garfinkeling."

Contents

Examples

Interview usage of experiments

Ethics

In popular media

References

Examples

★ Erving Goffman's seminal study ''Behavior in Public Places'' gives some classic examples of behavioral norms, such as "''it is inconsiderate to litter - put your garbage in the trash can''". A breaching experiment studies people's reaction to an experimenter who breaks this kind of small, everyday rule. The strength of the reaction is taken as an indication of the strength of the rule.

★ "The inexplicable do-gooder": Social science researcher Earl R. Babbie writes that ''"it is a social rule that ordinary citizens should not pick up garbage from the street, or mend street signs, or otherwise fix problems."'' Babbie claims that people have negative reactions when they see somebody fixing something that is not "their job" to fix; in some cases, altruistic actions are viewed as personal intrusions.

★ A famous breaching experiment was conducted on the New York City subway in the 1970s, when experimenters boarded crowded trains and asked able-bodied but seated riders, with no explanation, to give up their seats. Reportedly, the experimenters themselves were deeply troubled by being involved in such a seemingly minor violation of a social norm. The experiment was supervised by Stanley Milgram. [1]

Interview usage of experiments

Breaching experiments are sometimes conducted on job or educational interviews, particularly of candidates for medical school admission. This type of interview is known as a stress interview, and is used to verify that the interviewee can handle high-stress, interpersonal situations, such as when one party behaves in a clearly inappropriate manner. For example, physicians are often asked inappropriate questions by patients, but must keep a calm temper even when this happens. Sometimes these interview devices are considered inappropriate and may constitute harassment.

Ethics

Some breaching experiments conducted in the past would be considered unethical today because of their intrusive nature. Such experiments have contributed to the rise of human subjects review of social science research, often based on the principle of informed consent.

In popular media

Sometimes behaviour breaching is enacted for entertainment instead of scientific research.
Examples are:

★ Some of the sketches in candid camera shows.

★ The MTV show ''Boiling Points'' and Country Music Television series ''Prankville'' are breaching experiment-based reality programs where actors will subject people, chosen randomly, to absurd and often discomforting behavior. On ''Boiling Points'', if the "subject" endures throughout a pre-set period of time without losing control of their temper, they are given US$ 100.

★ The interviews conducted by Sacha Baron Cohen presenting himself as any of various fictional characters, such as the Kazakh Borat, with outrageous anti-Semitic and misogynistic questions.

★ Australian performer Garry McDonald as fictional character Norman Gunston.

References

★ Garfinkel, Harold, 1985 [Reprint]. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Polity Press.

★ Goffman, Erving, 1966. Behavior in Public Places. Free Press.