BREAD AND CIRCUSES

"'Bread and circuses'" has come to be a derogatory phrase that can criticize either government policies to pacify the citizenry, or the shallow, decadent desires of that same citizenry. In both cases, it refers to low-cost, low-quality, high-availability food and entertainment that have become the sole concern of the People, to the exclusion of matters that the speaker considers more important: e.g. the Arts, public works projects, human rights, or democracy itself. The phrase is commonly used to refer to short-term government palliatives offered in place of a solution for significant, long-term problems.

Contents

History

Bread and circuses in the popular culture

Notes

References

See also

External links

History

This phrase originates in ''Satire X'' of the Roman poet Juvenal of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. In context, the Latin phrase ''panem et circenses'' (bread and circuses) is given as the only remaining cares of a Roman populace which has given up its birthright of political freedom:

: ... Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, : the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time : handed out military command, high civil office, legions - everything, now : restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: : 'bread and circuses'

: ''... iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli'' : ''uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim'' : ''imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se'' : ''continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat,'' : '''panem et circenses'. ...'' : (Juvenal, Satire 10.77-81)

Juvenal here makes reference to the elite Roman practice of providing free wheat to some poor Romans as well as costly circus games and other forms of entertainment as a means of gaining political power through popularity. The ''Annona'' (grain dole) was begun under the instigation of the populist Gracchi in 123 BC; it remained an object of political contention until it was taken under the control of the Roman emperors.
A reference in the ''The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy'' (1993) states that Juvenal displayed his contempt for the declining heroism of his contemporary Romans in this passage.^[1] Spanish intellectuals between the 19th and 20th centuries complained about the similar ''pan y toros'' ("bread and bullfights").

Bread and circuses in the popular culture

★ An episode of '' uses the title "Bread and Circuses." In this story, Captain Kirk and his companions are forced to fight in gladiatorial games on a planet modeled after the Roman Empire as the crew of the ''Enterprise'' tries to find fellow humans from Earth that crashed there six years earlier.

★ London-based punk band Million Dead have a song titled "Bread and Circuses" on their second album "Harmony No Harmony". It contains the lyrics "If every hour that I have spent stuck in a circus was spent learning a language, I’d have so much more to say. And if every penny that I have spent on processed bread was spent on growing my own food, my skin wouldn’t look so grey."

★ The Pet Shop Boys mention the phrase in two songs, "The sound of the atom splitting" (bread and circuses) and "Luna Park" (with circuses and bread we're happy)

★ Argentine comedian Enrique Pinti has a classic monologue about society called 'Pan y Circo' (Bread and Circuses)

★ The Brazilian Tropicália movement's musical manifesto is titled , which was misremembered Latin from Tropicalista Caetano Veloso's school days. Leading troicalia band Os Mutantes also recorded a song on their first album titled "Pan et Circenses".

Notes

1. Hirsch, Kett, & Trefil (1993). ''The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy''. Houghton Mifflin.

References

★ Potter, D. and D. Mattingly, Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor (1999).

★ Rickman, G., The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome Oxford (1980).

See also

★ Prolefeed

External links

★ Juvenal's 16 "Satires" in Latin, at The Latin Library

★ Juvenal's first 3 "Satires" in English