UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL
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(Redirected from Bristol University)
The 'University of Bristol' is a university in Bristol, England. It received its Royal Charter in 1909[10] although its predecessor institution 'University College, Bristol' then a college of the University of London had been in existence since 1876.[11] It is one of the original "red brick" universities.[12] Bristol ranks as one of the top 10 universities in the United Kingdom according to most published league tables.[13][14][15]
The University is a member of the Russell Group,[16] European-wide Coimbra Group[17] and the Worldwide Universities Network of which the University's Vice-Chancellor Prof Eric Thomas is the current Chair.[18] The most recent Research Assessment Exercise data shows a particular research strength with 15 departments awarded a 5
★ rating.[19] Bristol has around 23,000 students and is one of two universities in Bristol, the other being the more recently established University of the West of England.[20] The University has gained press attention for its high private school intake and the 2003 dispute over its admissions system.[21]
'"There shall be from henceforth for ever in Our said City of Bristol a University..."' -
King Edward VII, Charter of Incorporation of the University of Bristol, 4 December 1909[22]
The University was preceded by the University College of Bristol founded in 187611 where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students.[23]
The University was able to apply for a Royal Charter due to the financial support of the Wills and Fry families who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations and chocolate respectively. Although the Wills Family made vast sums of money from the slave-produced plantations they later became abolitionists who gave their money to the city of Bristol.[24]
The Royal Charter was gained in May 1909 with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the University in October 1909. Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor.11
Since the founding of the University itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now a member of the Russell Group of research-led UK universities, the Coimbra Group of leading European universities and the Worldwide Universities Network (the WUN).
The University College was the first such institution in the country to admit women on the same basis as men.11 While University College London makes a similar claim, Bristol was the first to offer segregated courses on an equal footing to men and women, while later, UCL was the first to offer the same course to a mixed class.[25]
The University is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is considerably smaller by student numbers than the nearby University of the West of England.8 Bristol does not have a campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre referred to as the "University Precinct".
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After the founding of the University College as a College of the University of London in 1876, Government support began in 1889 and allowed the opening of a new Medical School and an Engineering School after mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909,[26] two subjects which remain among the University's greatest strengths. In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 from Henry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money) were provided to endow a University for Bristol and the West of England, provided that a Royal Charter could be obtained within two years. In December 1909, the King granted such a Charter[27] and erected The University of Bristol. Henry Wills became its first Chancellor. He died in 1911, and in tribute his sons George and Harry built the Wills Memorial Building, started in 1913 and completed in 1925.[28] These days, it houses parts of the academic provision for law, geography and geology amongst others and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall. The Wills Memorial Building is listed Grade II
★ building.[29]
In 1920 George Wills bought the Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the University as a Students' Union.11
The building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II
★ listed building.[30]
At the point of foundation, the University was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community. This mission continues today ; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the 'BS' postcode area of Bristol.
In 1927 the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford.[31] It has since housed some of Bristol's most famous names: Paul Dirac (1933),[32] a Bristol graduate; Cecil Frank Powell (1950);[33] Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967);[34] and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1977).[35] The Laboratory stands on the same site today close to the Bristol Grammar School and the city museum and remains at the forefront of research in the field.[36]
Sir Winston Churchill became the University's third Chancellor in 1929, serving the University in that capacity until 1965.11
During World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed.[37] It has since been restored to its former glory, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ.
In 1946, the University established the first drama department in the country.11 In the same year, Bristol began offering special entrance exams and grants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955. This substantial building housed all of the University's engineers until 1996 when Electrical Engineering and Computer Science moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the Faculty and provides academic space for the "heavy" engineering subjects (civil, mechanical, aeronautical).
With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Student's Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in the Clifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. The new Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms as well as three bars: the Epi; the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge. Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly[38] and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area having been mentioned in a BBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain.[39] However, there is some evidence that the University has looked at relocating the Student's Union building.[40]
The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of the Anderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the University).11
As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and more recently, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the University since the University currently has little borrowing facility left available to it to finance large capital ventures without external funding.[41]
1981 saw the establishment of one of the few Centres for Deaf Studies in the United Kingdom, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties. Also in 1988, and again in 2004,[42] the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS.
In 2002, the University was involved in argument over press intrusion after details of Euan Blair's application to university (son of then-Prime Minister Tony Blair) were published in national newspapers. Euan eventually gained a 2:1 in Ancient History from Bristol.[43]
As the number of postgraduate students has grown (particularly the numbers pursuing taught Master's Degrees) there eventually became a need for separate representation on University bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.[44]
Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses). In 2001 the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, a intellectual property commercialisation company.[45] In 2007 research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Insititute for Public Affairs (BIPA).
In 2002, the University opened a new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the University precinct.[46] At a cost local residents are also able to use the facilities.[47]
Expansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project[48] provides cutting-edge technology to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe. It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2005.
In January 2005, The School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL),[49] with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only Chemistry CETL in the UK.[50]
There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years.[51]
Main articles: 2003 Bristol University admissions row
The University has been regarded as being elitist by some commentators,[52] taking 42% of its undergraduate students from non-state schools according to the most recent 2006/2007 figures despite the fact that such pupils make just 7% of the population in the UK.[53] It should be noted that 20% of sixth form pupils attend non-state funded institutions. In late February and early March 2003, Bristol became embroiled in a row about admissions policies, with some private schools threatening a boycott[54] based on their claims that, in an effort to improve equality of access, the University was discriminating against their students. These claims were hotly denied by the University.[55] In August 2005, following a large-scale survey, the Independent Schools Council publicly acknowledged that there was no evidence of bias against applicants from the schools it represented.[56] The University has a new admissions policy[57] which lays out in considerable detail the basis on which any greater or lesser weight may be given to particular parts of particular applicants backgrounds — in particular what account may be taken of which school the applicant hails from. This new policy also encourages greater participation from locally resident applicants.
League tables generally place Bristol within the top ten universities in the United Kingdom. The 2008 University League Table published by ''The Times'' placed Bristol 8th[58] and ''The Sunday Times'' placed Bristol 9th.[59] ''The Good University Guide'' placed Bristol 7th.[60] ''The Guardian'' which uses a slightly different methodology places Bristol 15th,[61] According to data published in ''The Telegraph'' Bristol has the third highest percentage of 'good honours' of any university, behind Oxford and Cambridge.[62]
Internationally, ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'' places Bristol joint 16th in Europe[63] and 64th in the world.[64] The Shanghai Jiao Tong University in its 2007 Academic Ranking of World Universities placed Bristol 62nd globally.[65]
Bristol is also known for its research strength, having 15 departments gaining the top grade of 5
★ in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise.[66] Only Oxbridge and University College London received more maximum scores.[67] Overall, 36 out of 46 or 84%[68] of University departments rated gained the top two ratings - 5 or 5
★ ratings [69] and 76% of all the academic staff working in departments scored these top two levels.[67] In terms of teaching strength Bristol had an average Teaching Quality Assessment score of 22.05/24[71] before the TQA was abolished. For 2007 admissions Bristol reported that there were 38,000 applications for the 3,100 home-funded undergraduate places at the university.[72] The average A-level tariff score for 2005 entry was 436.4.[73]
Main articles: University of Bristol Union
The University has a Student Union, the University of Bristol Union which claims to have the largest Student's Union building in the country[74] From this location the student radio station ''BURST'' (Bristol University Radio Station) broadcasts and the student paper ''Epigram'' publishes. In terms of student life the Union is responsible for the organisation of the annual fresher fair, the coordination of Bristol Student Community Action which organizes volunteering projects in the local community and the organization of entertainment events and student societies. The largest student society is RAG (Raise and Give) which raises money for various charities.[75] The current President of the union is Ben Ullman and previous presidents have included Sue Lawley and Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Opik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, an athletic union which is a member of the British Universities Sports Association.[76] In distinction to the 'blues' awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's outstanding athletes are awarded 'reds'.[77]
Accommodation for undergraduates is focused upon two areas of Bristol - Clifton and Stoke Bishop.[78]
Goldney Hall, one of the student residences, is a popular location for filming, with ''The Chronicles of Narnia'', ''The House of Eliott'' and ''Truly, Madly, Deeply'' as well as episodes of ''Only Fools and Horses'' and ''Casualty'' being filmed there.[79] The Grotto at Goldney House is a Grade I listed building.[80] The University also owns Clifton Hill House, a Grade I listed building.[81]
All residences are linked to the Internet using the University of Bristol Residential Networking Service or Resnet.[82] Postgraduate houses and student residences are also available.
The University is made up of a number of schools and departments organised into six faculties:[83]
Main articles: Governance of the University of Bristol
In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by the Chancellor, currently Brenda Hale and lead on a day-to-day basis by the Vice-Chancellor, currently Prof Eric Thomas. There are four Pro-Vice-Chancellors and two ceremonial Pro-Chancellors.[84]
Responsibility for running the University is held at an executive level by the Vice-Chancellor, but the Council is the only body which can recommend changes to the University's statutes and Charter,[85] with the exception of academic ordinances. These can only be made with the consent of the Senate, the chief academic body in the University.[85] The Chancellor and Pro Chancellors are appointed formally by Court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of Council.[87] Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the University returns 100 members to Court and 1 member to Council,[84] but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the University.
The Chancellor is elected by Court on nomination by the Council. The initial term is ten years, although this is renewable. There have been seven Chancellors of the University:[89][90]
★ Henry Overton Wills III, 1909-1911
★ The Viscount Haldane of Cloan, 1912-1928
★ Sir Winston Churchill, 1929-1965
★ The Duke of Beaufort, 1965-1970
★ Professor Dorothy Hodgkin, 1970-1988
★ Sir Jeremy Morse, 1989 - 2003
★ The Baroness Hale of Richmond, 2004 -
There have been twelve Vice-Chancellors of the University:8990
★ Professor Conwy Lloyd Morgan, 1909
★ Sir Isambard Owen, 1909 - 1921
★ Professor E. F. Francis, ''(Acting)'' 1921 - 1922
★ Thomas Loveday, 1922 - 1945
★ Professor A. M. Tyndall ''(Acting)'' 1945 - 1946
★ Sir Philip Morris, 1946 - 1966
★ Professor J. E. Harris 1966 - 1968
★ Professor A. R. Collar 1968 - 1969
★ Sir Alec Merrison, 1969 - 1984
★ Professor P. Haggett ''(Acting)'' 1984 - 1985
★ Sir John Kingman, 1985 - 2001
★ Professor Eric Thomas, 2001 -
Bristol awards a range of academic degrees spanning bachelor's and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates. The postnominals awarded are the degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities. The University is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme,[91] and awards the Eng.D. in systems engineering, engineering management, aerospace engineering and non-destructive evaluation.[92]
Bristol notably does not award by title any Bachelor's degrees in music which is available for study but awarded B.A. (although it does award M.Mus. and D.Mus.), or any degree in divinity since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a B.A.). Similarly, the University does not award B.Litt. (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both M.Litt. and D.Litt. In regulations the University does not name M.D. or D.D.S. as higher doctorates although they are in many universities.[93], as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates.
The degrees of D.Litt., D.Sc., D.Eng., LL.D. and D.Mus., whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award,[94] are most often conferred as honorary degrees (''in honoris causa'').[95] Those used most commonly are the D.Litt., D.Sc. and LL.D., with the M.A. (and occasionally the M.Litt.) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the University.
Main articles: Academic dress of the University of Bristol
The University specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress.[96] For the most part, it uses Cambridge-style hoods and Oxford-style gowns. Unusually for British universities, the hoods are required to be 'University red' (see the logo at the top of the page) rather than black.[97]
Main articles: Alumni of the University of Bristol
Bristol has produced 6 Nobel Laureates and academics include 10 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences,4 Fellows of the British Academy,12 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 18 Fellows of the Royal Society. [98]
Notable alumni of the University of Bristol include writers Dick King-Smith, Angela Carter and David Nicholls author of the novel ''Starter for Ten'' turned into a screenplay set in the University of Bristol.[99] Other high profile former students include illusionist Derren Brown and TV newsreader Alastair Stewart as well as musician James Blunt. Radio 4 presenter Sue Lawley was a student as were Little Britain stars Matt Lucas and David Walliams,[100] Simon Pegg (of Hot Fuzz fame) and Chris Morris, creation of the controversial Brass Eye. Liberal Democratic MP Lembit Opik was President of Bristol University Students' Union during his time there. For a full list of famous alumni see Bristol University's page on notable alumni.[101]
In 2004, the University unveiled its new logo. This logo has replaced the University Arms shown, but the Arms will continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement.[102] The Arms comprise:
''argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the dexter a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the sinister a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third.''102
The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, ''"If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)"''.102
★ ''University for Bristol: A History in Text and Pictures by Don Carleton,University of Bristol P. (Oct 1984) , ISBN-10: 0862922003''
★ ''Wills Memorial Building (University of Bristol Buildings series) by Sarah Whittingham, ISBN-10: 086292541X ''
★ ''How Did This Garden Grow?: The History of the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bristol by Rosalind Delany, Friends of Bristol University Botanic Garden ISBN-10: 0954350405 ''
★ Education in Bristol
1. The University of Bristol style guides and templates
2. NNDB
3. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/specialreport/table/0,,2023291,00.html
4. University of Bristol Facts & Figures
5. Bristol University
6. Bristol University
7. http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page49.asp
8. Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2005/06
9. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/visualidentity/logo.html
10. The University of Bristol Acts
11. Bristol University History
12. The University of Bristol
13. The Times Good University Guide 2007
14. The Sunday Times University League Table
15. The Good University Guide
16. The Russell Group
17. The Coimbra Group
18. The Worldwide Universities Network
19. RAE Assessment Data 2001
20. http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aboutUWE/uwe.shtml
21. Bristol faces boycott over admissions row
22. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/charter.html
23. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,478329,00.html
24. http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=1612
25. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/history/landmarks
26. http://www.history-ontheweb.co.uk/uni/bristol.htm
27. http://www.bris.ac.uk/cms/go/universitycalendar/regs/charter.html
28. http://eis.bris.ac.uk/~glejl/WMB/index.html
29. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=380278
30. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=380288
31. http://www.phy.bris.ac.uk/history.html
32. http://www.alumni.bris.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=280&srcid=190
33. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/
34. http://www.student-consolidation.net/nobel-prize-winners/bethe/bethe.htm
35. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/mott-bio.html
36. http://www.hero.ac.uk/rae/rae_dynamic.cfm?myURL=http://195.194.167.103/Results/byuoa/uoa19.htm
37. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/ceas/summer_school/about.shtml
38. http://www.bris.ac.uk/union/altprospectus/unilife/union
39. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/3266673.stm
40. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/council/papers/2002-03/0410mtg/0410app4.html
41. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/finance/statements/current/fs0506.pdf
42. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/3463995.stm
43. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2212130.stm
44. http://www.pgu.org.uk/yourpgu/
45. http://education.guardian.co.uk/businessofresearch/story/0,,1658169,00.html
46. http://www.bris.ac.uk/sport/about/
47. http://www.bris.ac.uk/sport/community
48. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/gallery/places/blade.html
49. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/whatsnew/cetl.htm
50. http://www.hefce.ac.uk/learning/tinits/cetl/final/
51. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Bursar/masterplan.html
52. http://education.independent.co.uk/news/article166899.ece
53. http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=1583
54. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2818263.stm
55. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/3014108.stm
56. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4161100.stm
57. http://www.bris.ac.uk/university/how_run/policies/admissions-policy.html
58. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/article2105007.ece
59. http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug2006/stug2006.pdf
60. http://www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk/league_static.php?auth=1&startNum=1&endNum=12&order_by=rank
61. http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=0&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=&Subject=Institution-wide&Institution=Bristol&Tariff=6
62. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/30/ncambs430.xml
63. http://www.thes.co.uk/statistics/international_comparisons/2006/top_europe.aspx
64. http://www.paked.net/higher_education/rankings/times_rankings.htm
65. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2007/ARWU2007_Top100.htm
66. http://www.hero.ac.uk/rae/rae_dynamic.cfm?myURL=http://195.194.167.103/Results/openInst.asp
67. http://www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk/universities/university.php?ins=Bristol
68. http://www.bris.ac.uk/law/research/research-awards/award-details/student-award.pdf
69. http://education.independent.co.uk/higher/az_uni_colleges/article1213466.ece
70. http://www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk/universities/university.php?ins=Bristol
71. http://www.bris.ac.uk/tsu/ext_quality/qaa/qaaresults.html
72. http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2007/5577.html
73. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/facts/
74. http://www.bris.ac.uk/internationalcentre/europe/erasmusin/arrival.html
75. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/01/23/rag_feature.shtml
76. http://www.busa.org.uk/fl/members.asp
77. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/high-performance/bristol-reds.html
78. http://www.bris.ac.uk/accom/prospectus/pros.pdf
79. Titles with locations including Goldney Hall, Clifton, Bristol, England, UK from imdb.com. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
80. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=379242
81. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/property/estatebuilding/
82. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/is/computing/advice/homeusers/resnet/about/faq.html#whatis
83. Academic Departments and Research Centres by Faculty
84. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/governance/
85. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/council/
86. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/council/
87. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/statutes/stat13.html
88. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/governance/
89. Bristol University - Fomer Officers
90. Papers of the University of Bristol
91. Engineering Doctorate Centre Details
92. Regulations for the Degree of Engineering Doctorate (Eng.D.)
93. Regulations for Dissertations for Doctoral and Masters Degrees...
94. Regulations for the Degrees of Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Science, Doctor of Engineering and Doctor of Laws
95. Honorary Graduates
96. http://www.bris.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/regscostume.html
97. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/regscostume.html
98. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/distinctions
99. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2006/06/26/starter_feature.shtml
100. http://www.alumni.bris.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=268&srcid=190
101. http://www.alumni.bris.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=190&srcid=178
102. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/visualidentity/arms.html
★ University of Bristol – official website
★ University of Bristol Union – official website
★ The Times' profile for Bristol University - The Times
The 'University of Bristol' is a university in Bristol, England. It received its Royal Charter in 1909[10] although its predecessor institution 'University College, Bristol' then a college of the University of London had been in existence since 1876.[11] It is one of the original "red brick" universities.[12] Bristol ranks as one of the top 10 universities in the United Kingdom according to most published league tables.[13][14][15]
The University is a member of the Russell Group,[16] European-wide Coimbra Group[17] and the Worldwide Universities Network of which the University's Vice-Chancellor Prof Eric Thomas is the current Chair.[18] The most recent Research Assessment Exercise data shows a particular research strength with 15 departments awarded a 5
★ rating.[19] Bristol has around 23,000 students and is one of two universities in Bristol, the other being the more recently established University of the West of England.[20] The University has gained press attention for its high private school intake and the 2003 dispute over its admissions system.[21]
History
As chief benefactor of what was then University College of Bristol Henry Overton Wills was influential in allowing Bristol to gain a Royal Charter.
'"There shall be from henceforth for ever in Our said City of Bristol a University..."' -
King Edward VII, Charter of Incorporation of the University of Bristol, 4 December 1909[22]
The University was preceded by the University College of Bristol founded in 187611 where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students.[23]
The University was able to apply for a Royal Charter due to the financial support of the Wills and Fry families who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations and chocolate respectively. Although the Wills Family made vast sums of money from the slave-produced plantations they later became abolitionists who gave their money to the city of Bristol.[24]
The Royal Charter was gained in May 1909 with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the University in October 1909. Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor.11
Since the founding of the University itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now a member of the Russell Group of research-led UK universities, the Coimbra Group of leading European universities and the Worldwide Universities Network (the WUN).
The University College was the first such institution in the country to admit women on the same basis as men.11 While University College London makes a similar claim, Bristol was the first to offer segregated courses on an equal footing to men and women, while later, UCL was the first to offer the same course to a mixed class.[25]
The University is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is considerably smaller by student numbers than the nearby University of the West of England.8 Bristol does not have a campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre referred to as the "University Precinct".
Early years
The Wills Memorial Building on Park Street.
.jpg)
The Victoria Rooms now house the University's Department of Music.
Bristol's Royal Fort
After the founding of the University College as a College of the University of London in 1876, Government support began in 1889 and allowed the opening of a new Medical School and an Engineering School after mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909,[26] two subjects which remain among the University's greatest strengths. In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 from Henry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money) were provided to endow a University for Bristol and the West of England, provided that a Royal Charter could be obtained within two years. In December 1909, the King granted such a Charter[27] and erected The University of Bristol. Henry Wills became its first Chancellor. He died in 1911, and in tribute his sons George and Harry built the Wills Memorial Building, started in 1913 and completed in 1925.[28] These days, it houses parts of the academic provision for law, geography and geology amongst others and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall. The Wills Memorial Building is listed Grade II
★ building.[29]
In 1920 George Wills bought the Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the University as a Students' Union.11
The building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II
★ listed building.[30]
At the point of foundation, the University was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community. This mission continues today ; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the 'BS' postcode area of Bristol.
In 1927 the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford.[31] It has since housed some of Bristol's most famous names: Paul Dirac (1933),[32] a Bristol graduate; Cecil Frank Powell (1950);[33] Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967);[34] and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1977).[35] The Laboratory stands on the same site today close to the Bristol Grammar School and the city museum and remains at the forefront of research in the field.[36]
Sir Winston Churchill became the University's third Chancellor in 1929, serving the University in that capacity until 1965.11
Mass higher education
During World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed.[37] It has since been restored to its former glory, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ.
In 1946, the University established the first drama department in the country.11 In the same year, Bristol began offering special entrance exams and grants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955. This substantial building housed all of the University's engineers until 1996 when Electrical Engineering and Computer Science moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the Faculty and provides academic space for the "heavy" engineering subjects (civil, mechanical, aeronautical).
With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Student's Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in the Clifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. The new Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms as well as three bars: the Epi; the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge. Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly[38] and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area having been mentioned in a BBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain.[39] However, there is some evidence that the University has looked at relocating the Student's Union building.[40]
The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of the Anderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the University).11
As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and more recently, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the University since the University currently has little borrowing facility left available to it to finance large capital ventures without external funding.[41]
Recent history
1981 saw the establishment of one of the few Centres for Deaf Studies in the United Kingdom, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties. Also in 1988, and again in 2004,[42] the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS.
In 2002, the University was involved in argument over press intrusion after details of Euan Blair's application to university (son of then-Prime Minister Tony Blair) were published in national newspapers. Euan eventually gained a 2:1 in Ancient History from Bristol.[43]
As the number of postgraduate students has grown (particularly the numbers pursuing taught Master's Degrees) there eventually became a need for separate representation on University bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.[44]
Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses). In 2001 the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, a intellectual property commercialisation company.[45] In 2007 research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Insititute for Public Affairs (BIPA).
In 2002, the University opened a new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the University precinct.[46] At a cost local residents are also able to use the facilities.[47]
Expansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project[48] provides cutting-edge technology to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe. It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2005.
In January 2005, The School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL),[49] with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only Chemistry CETL in the UK.[50]
There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years.[51]
2003 admissions row
Main articles: 2003 Bristol University admissions row
The University has been regarded as being elitist by some commentators,[52] taking 42% of its undergraduate students from non-state schools according to the most recent 2006/2007 figures despite the fact that such pupils make just 7% of the population in the UK.[53] It should be noted that 20% of sixth form pupils attend non-state funded institutions. In late February and early March 2003, Bristol became embroiled in a row about admissions policies, with some private schools threatening a boycott[54] based on their claims that, in an effort to improve equality of access, the University was discriminating against their students. These claims were hotly denied by the University.[55] In August 2005, following a large-scale survey, the Independent Schools Council publicly acknowledged that there was no evidence of bias against applicants from the schools it represented.[56] The University has a new admissions policy[57] which lays out in considerable detail the basis on which any greater or lesser weight may be given to particular parts of particular applicants backgrounds — in particular what account may be taken of which school the applicant hails from. This new policy also encourages greater participation from locally resident applicants.
Academic reputation
League tables generally place Bristol within the top ten universities in the United Kingdom. The 2008 University League Table published by ''The Times'' placed Bristol 8th[58] and ''The Sunday Times'' placed Bristol 9th.[59] ''The Good University Guide'' placed Bristol 7th.[60] ''The Guardian'' which uses a slightly different methodology places Bristol 15th,[61] According to data published in ''The Telegraph'' Bristol has the third highest percentage of 'good honours' of any university, behind Oxford and Cambridge.[62]
Internationally, ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'' places Bristol joint 16th in Europe[63] and 64th in the world.[64] The Shanghai Jiao Tong University in its 2007 Academic Ranking of World Universities placed Bristol 62nd globally.[65]
Bristol is also known for its research strength, having 15 departments gaining the top grade of 5
★ in the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise.[66] Only Oxbridge and University College London received more maximum scores.[67] Overall, 36 out of 46 or 84%[68] of University departments rated gained the top two ratings - 5 or 5
★ ratings [69] and 76% of all the academic staff working in departments scored these top two levels.[67] In terms of teaching strength Bristol had an average Teaching Quality Assessment score of 22.05/24[71] before the TQA was abolished. For 2007 admissions Bristol reported that there were 38,000 applications for the 3,100 home-funded undergraduate places at the university.[72] The average A-level tariff score for 2005 entry was 436.4.[73]
Students' Union and student life
Main articles: University of Bristol Union
The University has a Student Union, the University of Bristol Union which claims to have the largest Student's Union building in the country[74] From this location the student radio station ''BURST'' (Bristol University Radio Station) broadcasts and the student paper ''Epigram'' publishes. In terms of student life the Union is responsible for the organisation of the annual fresher fair, the coordination of Bristol Student Community Action which organizes volunteering projects in the local community and the organization of entertainment events and student societies. The largest student society is RAG (Raise and Give) which raises money for various charities.[75] The current President of the union is Ben Ullman and previous presidents have included Sue Lawley and Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Opik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, an athletic union which is a member of the British Universities Sports Association.[76] In distinction to the 'blues' awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's outstanding athletes are awarded 'reds'.[77]
Student accommodation
Accommodation for undergraduates is focused upon two areas of Bristol - Clifton and Stoke Bishop.[78]
Goldney Hall, one of the student residences, is a popular location for filming, with ''The Chronicles of Narnia'', ''The House of Eliott'' and ''Truly, Madly, Deeply'' as well as episodes of ''Only Fools and Horses'' and ''Casualty'' being filmed there.[79] The Grotto at Goldney House is a Grade I listed building.[80] The University also owns Clifton Hill House, a Grade I listed building.[81]
All residences are linked to the Internet using the University of Bristol Residential Networking Service or Resnet.[82] Postgraduate houses and student residences are also available.
| Image | Hall Name | Established | Location | Catered/Self-catered | Principal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Badock Hall | 1964 | Stoke Bishop | Catered | Mrs Francoise Evans | |
| Churchill Hall | 1964 | Stoke Bishop | Catered | Mr A G Rump | |
 | Clifton Hill House | 1750 | Clifton | Catered | Mrs AM Burnside |
| Durdham Hall | 1994 | Stoke Bishop | Self-catered | Mrs T-E Beech | |
| Goldney Hall | c1720 | Clifton | Self-catered | Profesor G McLennan | |
| Hiatt Baker Hall | 1966 | Stoke Bishop | Catered | WGC Boyd | |
| Manor Hall | 1932 | Clifton | Self-catered | M J Crossley Evans | |
| University Hall | 1971 | Stoke Bishop | Self-catered | Mrs FJM Wilke | |
.JPG) | Wills Hall | 1928 | Stoke Bishop | Catered | DR Shell |
Faculties
The University is made up of a number of schools and departments organised into six faculties:[83]
Governance
Main articles: Governance of the University of Bristol
In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by the Chancellor, currently Brenda Hale and lead on a day-to-day basis by the Vice-Chancellor, currently Prof Eric Thomas. There are four Pro-Vice-Chancellors and two ceremonial Pro-Chancellors.[84]
Responsibility for running the University is held at an executive level by the Vice-Chancellor, but the Council is the only body which can recommend changes to the University's statutes and Charter,[85] with the exception of academic ordinances. These can only be made with the consent of the Senate, the chief academic body in the University.[85] The Chancellor and Pro Chancellors are appointed formally by Court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of Council.[87] Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the University returns 100 members to Court and 1 member to Council,[84] but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the University.
Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors
The Chancellor is elected by Court on nomination by the Council. The initial term is ten years, although this is renewable. There have been seven Chancellors of the University:[89][90]
★ Henry Overton Wills III, 1909-1911
★ The Viscount Haldane of Cloan, 1912-1928
★ Sir Winston Churchill, 1929-1965
★ The Duke of Beaufort, 1965-1970
★ Professor Dorothy Hodgkin, 1970-1988
★ Sir Jeremy Morse, 1989 - 2003
★ The Baroness Hale of Richmond, 2004 -
There have been twelve Vice-Chancellors of the University:8990
★ Professor Conwy Lloyd Morgan, 1909
★ Sir Isambard Owen, 1909 - 1921
★ Professor E. F. Francis, ''(Acting)'' 1921 - 1922
★ Thomas Loveday, 1922 - 1945
★ Professor A. M. Tyndall ''(Acting)'' 1945 - 1946
★ Sir Philip Morris, 1946 - 1966
★ Professor J. E. Harris 1966 - 1968
★ Professor A. R. Collar 1968 - 1969
★ Sir Alec Merrison, 1969 - 1984
★ Professor P. Haggett ''(Acting)'' 1984 - 1985
★ Sir John Kingman, 1985 - 2001
★ Professor Eric Thomas, 2001 -
Degrees
Bristol awards a range of academic degrees spanning bachelor's and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates. The postnominals awarded are the degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities. The University is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme,[91] and awards the Eng.D. in systems engineering, engineering management, aerospace engineering and non-destructive evaluation.[92]
Bristol notably does not award by title any Bachelor's degrees in music which is available for study but awarded B.A. (although it does award M.Mus. and D.Mus.), or any degree in divinity since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a B.A.). Similarly, the University does not award B.Litt. (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both M.Litt. and D.Litt. In regulations the University does not name M.D. or D.D.S. as higher doctorates although they are in many universities.[93], as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates.
The degrees of D.Litt., D.Sc., D.Eng., LL.D. and D.Mus., whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award,[94] are most often conferred as honorary degrees (''in honoris causa'').[95] Those used most commonly are the D.Litt., D.Sc. and LL.D., with the M.A. (and occasionally the M.Litt.) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the University.
Academic dress
Main articles: Academic dress of the University of Bristol
The University specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress.[96] For the most part, it uses Cambridge-style hoods and Oxford-style gowns. Unusually for British universities, the hoods are required to be 'University red' (see the logo at the top of the page) rather than black.[97]
Alumni
Main articles: Alumni of the University of Bristol
Bristol has produced 6 Nobel Laureates and academics include 10 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences,4 Fellows of the British Academy,12 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 18 Fellows of the Royal Society. [98]
Notable alumni of the University of Bristol include writers Dick King-Smith, Angela Carter and David Nicholls author of the novel ''Starter for Ten'' turned into a screenplay set in the University of Bristol.[99] Other high profile former students include illusionist Derren Brown and TV newsreader Alastair Stewart as well as musician James Blunt. Radio 4 presenter Sue Lawley was a student as were Little Britain stars Matt Lucas and David Walliams,[100] Simon Pegg (of Hot Fuzz fame) and Chris Morris, creation of the controversial Brass Eye. Liberal Democratic MP Lembit Opik was President of Bristol University Students' Union during his time there. For a full list of famous alumni see Bristol University's page on notable alumni.[101]
Logo
''argent on a cross quadrate gules the arms of the City of Bristol between in pale and a sun in splendour (for Wills) and an open book proper, leaved and clasped or, and inscribed with the words Nisi quia Dominus, and in fesse to the dexter a dolphin embowed (for Colston), and to the sinister a horse courant (for Fry), both of the third.''102
The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, ''"If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)"''.102
Further reading
★ ''University for Bristol: A History in Text and Pictures by Don Carleton,University of Bristol P. (Oct 1984) , ISBN-10: 0862922003''
★ ''Wills Memorial Building (University of Bristol Buildings series) by Sarah Whittingham, ISBN-10: 086292541X ''
★ ''How Did This Garden Grow?: The History of the Botanic Gardens of the University of Bristol by Rosalind Delany, Friends of Bristol University Botanic Garden ISBN-10: 0954350405 ''
See also
★ Education in Bristol
References
1. The University of Bristol style guides and templates
2. NNDB
3. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/specialreport/table/0,,2023291,00.html
4. University of Bristol Facts & Figures
5. Bristol University
6. Bristol University
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8. Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2005/06
9. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/visualidentity/logo.html
10. The University of Bristol Acts
11. Bristol University History
12. The University of Bristol
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15. The Good University Guide
16. The Russell Group
17. The Coimbra Group
18. The Worldwide Universities Network
19. RAE Assessment Data 2001
20. http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aboutUWE/uwe.shtml
21. Bristol faces boycott over admissions row
22. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/charter.html
23. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,478329,00.html
24. http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=1612
25. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/history/landmarks
26. http://www.history-ontheweb.co.uk/uni/bristol.htm
27. http://www.bris.ac.uk/cms/go/universitycalendar/regs/charter.html
28. http://eis.bris.ac.uk/~glejl/WMB/index.html
29. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=380278
30. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=380288
31. http://www.phy.bris.ac.uk/history.html
32. http://www.alumni.bris.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=280&srcid=190
33. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/
34. http://www.student-consolidation.net/nobel-prize-winners/bethe/bethe.htm
35. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/mott-bio.html
36. http://www.hero.ac.uk/rae/rae_dynamic.cfm?myURL=http://195.194.167.103/Results/byuoa/uoa19.htm
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38. http://www.bris.ac.uk/union/altprospectus/unilife/union
39. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/3266673.stm
40. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/council/papers/2002-03/0410mtg/0410app4.html
41. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/finance/statements/current/fs0506.pdf
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49. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/whatsnew/cetl.htm
50. http://www.hefce.ac.uk/learning/tinits/cetl/final/
51. http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Bursar/masterplan.html
52. http://education.independent.co.uk/news/article166899.ece
53. http://www.epigram.org.uk/view.php?id=1583
54. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2818263.stm
55. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/3014108.stm
56. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4161100.stm
57. http://www.bris.ac.uk/university/how_run/policies/admissions-policy.html
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59. http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug2006/stug2006.pdf
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61. http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=0&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=&Subject=Institution-wide&Institution=Bristol&Tariff=6
62. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/07/30/ncambs430.xml
63. http://www.thes.co.uk/statistics/international_comparisons/2006/top_europe.aspx
64. http://www.paked.net/higher_education/rankings/times_rankings.htm
65. http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2007/ARWU2007_Top100.htm
66. http://www.hero.ac.uk/rae/rae_dynamic.cfm?myURL=http://195.194.167.103/Results/openInst.asp
67. http://www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk/universities/university.php?ins=Bristol
68. http://www.bris.ac.uk/law/research/research-awards/award-details/student-award.pdf
69. http://education.independent.co.uk/higher/az_uni_colleges/article1213466.ece
70. http://www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk/universities/university.php?ins=Bristol
71. http://www.bris.ac.uk/tsu/ext_quality/qaa/qaaresults.html
72. http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2007/5577.html
73. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/facts/
74. http://www.bris.ac.uk/internationalcentre/europe/erasmusin/arrival.html
75. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/01/23/rag_feature.shtml
76. http://www.busa.org.uk/fl/members.asp
77. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sport/high-performance/bristol-reds.html
78. http://www.bris.ac.uk/accom/prospectus/pros.pdf
79. Titles with locations including Goldney Hall, Clifton, Bristol, England, UK from imdb.com. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
80. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?id=379242
81. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/property/estatebuilding/
82. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/is/computing/advice/homeusers/resnet/about/faq.html#whatis
83. Academic Departments and Research Centres by Faculty
84. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/governance/
85. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/council/
86. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/council/
87. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/statutes/stat13.html
88. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/governance/
89. Bristol University - Fomer Officers
90. Papers of the University of Bristol
91. Engineering Doctorate Centre Details
92. Regulations for the Degree of Engineering Doctorate (Eng.D.)
93. Regulations for Dissertations for Doctoral and Masters Degrees...
94. Regulations for the Degrees of Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Science, Doctor of Engineering and Doctor of Laws
95. Honorary Graduates
96. http://www.bris.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/regscostume.html
97. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/cms/go/statutes/cms/go/statutes/regs/regulations/regscostume.html
98. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/distinctions
99. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2006/06/26/starter_feature.shtml
100. http://www.alumni.bris.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=268&srcid=190
101. http://www.alumni.bris.ac.uk/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?&pid=190&srcid=178
102. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/visualidentity/arms.html
External links
★ University of Bristol – official website
★ University of Bristol Union – official website
★ The Times' profile for Bristol University - The Times
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