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'George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale' (
22 January,
1788 –
19 April,
1824) was an Anglo-Scottish poet and a leading figure in
Romanticism. Among Lord Byron's best-known works are the
narrative poems ''
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' and ''
Don Juan''. The latter remained incomplete on his death. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and remains widely read.
Lord Byron's fame rests not only on his writings but also on his life, which featured extravagant living, numerous love affairs, debts, separation, and allegations of
incest and
sodomy. He was famously described by
Lady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad, and dangerous to know." Byron served as a regional leader of Italy's revolutionary organization the
Carbonari in its struggle against
Austria, and later travelled to fight against the Turks in the
Greek War of Independence, for which the Greeks consider him a national hero. He died from
fever in
Messolonghi.
His daughter
Ada Lovelace, notable in her own right, collaborated with
Charles Babbage on the
analytical engine, a predecessor to modern computers.
Name
Byron had two last names (in addition to his title) but only one at any given time. He was christened ''George Gordon Byron'' in London. ''Gordon'' was a baptismal name, not a surname, to honour his maternal grandfather. In order to claim his wife's estate in Scotland, Byron's father took the surname ''Gordon''. Byron was registered at school in Aberdeen as ''George Byron Gordon''. At age 10, he inherited the English family title, becoming ''George Gordon Byron, Baron Byron of Rochdale''. When his mother-in-law died, her will required that he change his surname to ''Noel'' in order to inherit half her estate. He was thereafter ''George Gordon Noel Byron, Lord Byron''. He then signed himself "Noel Byron". ''Wentworth'' was Lady Byron's eventual title, her surname before marriage had been Milbanke. The Noels had inherited it from the
Wentworths in 1745.
Early life
Catherine Gordon, Byron's mother
Byron was born in
London, the son of Captain John "Mad Jack" Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon, heiress of
Gight in
Aberdeenshire,
Scotland. His paternal grandfather was
Vice-Admiral John "Foulweather Jack" Byron, who had circumnavigated the globe and was the younger brother of the
5th Baron Byron, known as "the Wicked Lord". He is one of the descendants of
King Edward III of
England.
[1] From birth, Byron suffered from
talipes of the right foot, causing a limp, which resulted in lifelong misery for him, aggravated by the suspicion that with proper care it might have been cured. He was christened George Gordon at
St Marylebone Parish Church, after his maternal grandfather,
George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of
King James I. This grandfather committed suicide in 1779. Byron's mother Catherine had to sell her land and title to pay her father's debts. John Byron may have married Catherine for her money and, after squandering it, deserted her. Catherine moved back to
Scotland shortly afterwards, where she raised her son in
Aberdeen. On
21 May 1798, the death of his great-uncle made him the 6th Baron Byron, inheriting
Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire, England. Byron only lived there infrequently as the Abbey was rented to
Lord Grey de Ruthyn among others during Byron's adolescence.
He received his early formal education at
Aberdeen Grammar School. In 1801 he was sent to
Harrow, where he remained until 1805. He represented Harrow during the very first
Eton v Harrow cricket match at
Lord's in 1805; a match that has been played every year since. After school he went on to
Trinity College,
Cambridge. While not at school or college, he lived, in some antagonism, with his mother at Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire. While there, he cultivated several important early friendships with Elizabeth Pigot and her brother, John, with whom he staged two plays for the delight of the community. During this time, with the help of Elizabeth Pigot, who copied many of his rough drafts, he was encouraged to write his first volumes of poetry. "Fugitive Pieces" was the first, printed by Ridge of Newark, which contained poems written when Byron was only fourteen. However, it was promptly recalled and burned on the advice of his friend, the Reverend Thomas Becher, on account of its more amorous verses, particularly the poem "To Mary". "Pieces on Various Occasions", a "miraculously chaste" revision according to Byron, was published after this. "Hours of Idleness", which collected many of the previous poems, along with more recent compositions, was the culminating book. The savage criticism this received at the hands of Henry P. Brougham of "The Edinburgh Review" prompted his first major satire, "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers". While at Trinity, he met and shortly fell deeply in love with a fifteen year old choirboy by the name of John Edleston. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my almost constant associate since October, 1805, when I entered Trinity College. His voice first attracted my attention, his countenance fixed it, and his manners attached me to him for ever." Later, upon learning of his friend's death, he wrote, "I have heard of a death the other day that shocked me more than any, of one whom I loved more than any, of one whom I loved more than I ever loved a living thing, and one who, I believe, loved me to the last." In his memory Byron composed ''Thyrza'', a series of elegies, in which he changed the pronouns from masculine to feminine so as not to offend sensibilities.
Travels to the East
From 1809 to 1811, Byron went on the
Grand Tour then customary for a young nobleman. The
Napoleonic Wars forced him to avoid most of
Europe, and he instead turned to the
Mediterranean. Correspondence among his circle of Cambridge friends also makes clear that a key motive was the hope of homosexual experience.
[2] He travelled from
England over
Spain to
Albania and spent time there and in
Athens. While in Athens he had a torrid love affair with
Nicolò Giraud, a boy of fifteen or sixteen who taught him Italian. In gratitude for the boy's love Byron sent him to school at a monastery in
Malta and bequeathed him seven thousand pounds sterling – almost double what he was later to spend refitting the Greek fleet. For most of the trip, he had a travelling companion in his friend
John Cam Hobhouse. On this tour, the first two
cantos of his epic poem ''
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' were written, though some of the more risqué passages, such as those touching on
pederasty, were suppressed before publication.
[3]
Beginning of poetic career
As previously mentioned, some early verses which he had published in 1806 were suppressed. He followed those in
1807 with ''Hours of Idleness'', which the
Edinburgh Review, a
Whig periodical, savagely attacked. In reply, Byron sent forth ''English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'' (
1809), which created considerable stir and shortly went through five editions. While some authors resented being satirized in its first edition, over time in subsequent editions it became a mark of prestige to be the target of Byron's cool pen.
After his return from his travels, the first two cantos of ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' were published in
1812, and were received with acclaim. In his own words, "I awoke one morning and found myself famous." He followed up his success with the poem's last two cantos, as well as four equally celebrated Oriental Tales, ''The Giaour'', ''The Bride of Abydos'', ''The Corsair'', and ''Lara'', which established the
Byronic hero. About the same time began his intimacy with his future biographer,
Thomas Moore.
Political career
Byron eventually took his seat in the
House of Lords in 1811, shortly after his return from the Levant, and made his first speech there on
27 February 1812. A strong advocate of social reform, he received particular praise as one of the few
Parliamentary defenders of the
Luddites. He also spoke in defence of the rights of
Roman Catholics. These experiences inspired Byron to write political poems such as "Song for the Luddites" (1816) and "The Landlords' Interest" (1823). Examples of poems where he attacked his political opponents include "
Wellington: The Best of the Cut-Throats" (1819) and "The Intellectual Eunuch
Castlereagh" (1818). Note: "The Landlords' Interest" will not be found in any Byron anthology; it is Canto XIV of "The Age Of Bronze" (1823).
Affairs and scandals
Ultimately he was to live abroad to escape the censure of British society, where men could be forgiven for sexual misbehaviour only up to a point, one which Byron far surpassed.
In an early scandal, Byron embarked in 1812 on a well-publicised affair with
Lady Caroline Lamb. Byron eventually broke off the relationship, and Lamb never entirely recovered, pursuing him even after he tired of her. She was emotionally disturbed and lost so much weight that Byron cruelly commented to her mother-in-law, his friend Lady Melbourne, that he was "haunted by a skeleton."
[4] She began to call on him at home, sometimes dressed in disguise, at a time when such an act could ruin both of them socially. One day, during such a visit, she wrote on a book at his desk, "Remember me!" As a retort, Byron wrote a poem beginning: "Remember thee!" and ending "Thou false to him, thou fiend to me."
As a child, Byron had seen little of his half-sister
Augusta Leigh; in adulthood, he formed a close relationship with her that has widely been interpreted as
incestuous.
[4] Augusta had been separated from her husband since 1811 when she gave birth on
15 April 1814 to a daughter,
Elizabeth Medora Leigh. The extent of Byron's joy over the birth has been construed as evidence that he was Medora's father, a theory reinforced by the many passionate poems he wrote to Augusta.
Eventually Byron began to court Lady Caroline's cousin
Anne Isabella Milbanke ("Annabella"), who refused his first proposal of marriage but later accepted. They married at
Seaham Hall,
County Durham, on
2 January 1815. The marriage proved unhappy. He treated her poorly and showed disappointment at the birth of a daughter (
Augusta Ada), rather than a son. On
16 January 1816, Lady Byron left him, taking Ada with her. On 21 April, Byron signed the Deed of Separation. Rumours of marital violence, adultery with actresses, incest with Augusta, and sodomy were circulated, assisted by a jealous Lady Caroline. In a letter, Augusta quoted him as saying: "Even to have such a thing said is utter destruction & ruin to a man from which he can never recover."
After this break-up of his domestic life, Byron again left England, as it turned out, forever. Byron passed through Belgium and up the Rhine; in the summer of 1816 Lord Byron and his personal physician,
John William Polidori settled in
Switzerland, at the Villa Diodati by
Lake Geneva. There he became friends with the poet
Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Shelley's wife-to-be
Mary Godwin. He was also joined by Mary's step-sister,
Claire Clairmont, with whom he had had an affair in London. Byron initially refused to have anything to do with Claire, and would only agree to remain in her presence with the Shelleys, who eventually persuaded Byron to accept and provide for
Allegra, the child she bore him in January 1817.
At the Villa Diodati, kept indoors by the "incessant rain" of
"that wet, ungenial summer", over three days in June the five turned to reading fantastical stories, including "
Fantasmagoriana" (in the French edition), and then devising their own tales. Mary Shelley produced what would become ''
Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus'' and Polidori was inspired by a fragmentary story of Byron's to produce ''
The Vampyre'', the progenitor of the
romantic vampire genre. Byron's story fragment was published as a postscript to ''Mazeppa''; he also wrote the third canto of ''Childe Harold''. Byron wintered in Venice, but in 1817 he journeyed to Rome, whence returning to Venice he wrote the fourth canto of ''Childe Harold''. About the same time he sold Newstead and published ''Manfred'', ''Cain'', and ''The Deformed Transformed''. The first five cantos of ''Don Juan'' were written between 1818 and 1820, during which period he made the acquaintance of the
Countess Guiccioli, who soon separated from her husband. It was about this time that he received a visit from Moore, to whom he confided his autobiography, which Moore, in the exercise of the discretion left to him, burned in 1824.
Byron and the Armenians
In 1816 Byron visited
Saint Lazarus Island in
Venice where he acquainted himself with
Armenian culture by the
Mekhitarist Order. He learned the
Armenian language from Fr. H. Avgerian and attended many seminars about language and history. He wrote ''"English grammar and the Armenian"'' in 1817, and ''"Armenian grammar and the English"'' (1819) in which he quoted samples from
classical and
modern Armenian. He participated in the compilation of ''"English Armenian dictionary''" (1821) and wrote the preface where he explained the relationship of the Armenians with and the oppression of the
Turkish "
pashas" and the
Persian satraps, and their struggle of liberation. His two main translations are the ''"Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians''", several chapters of
Khorenatsi's ''"Armenian History''" and sections of
Lambronatsi's ''"Orations''". When in
Polis he discovered discrepancies in the Armenian vs the English version of the
Bible and translated some passages that were either missing or deficient in the English version. His fascination was so great that he even considered a replacement of
Cain story of the Bible with that of the legend of Armenian patriarch
Haik. He may be credited with the birth of
Armenology and its propagation. His profound lyricism and ideological courage has inspired many Armenian poets, the likes of
Fr. Ghevond Alishan,
Smbat Shahaziz,
Hovhannes Tumanyan,
Ruben Vorberian and others.
Byron in Italy and Greece
'''George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron''', painted by
Thomas Phillips in 1813
In 1821-22 he finished cantos 6-12 of ''Don Juan'' at Pisa, and in the same year he joined with
Leigh Hunt and
Percy Bysshe Shelley in starting a short-lived newspaper, ''The Liberal'', in the first number of which appeared The Vision of Judgment. His last Italian home was Genoa, where he was still accompanied by the Countess Guiccioli, and where he met
Charles John Gardiner, 1st Earl of Blessington and
Marguerite, Countess of Blessington and provided the material for her work "Conversations with Lord Byron", an important text in the reception of Byron in the period immediately after his death.
Byron lived in Genoa until 1823 when - growing bored with his life there and with the Countess - he accepted overtures for his support from representatives of the movement for
Greek independence from the
Ottoman Empire. On July 16, Byron left Genoa on the ''Hercules'', arriving at
Kefalonia in the
Ionian Islands on August 4. He spent £4000 of his own money to refit the Greek fleet, then sailed for
Messolonghi in western Greece, arriving on December 29 to join
Alexandros Mavrokordatos, a Greek politician with military power.
Mavrokordatos and Byron planned to attack the Turkish-held fortress of
Lepanto, at the mouth of the
Gulf of Corinth. Byron employed a fire-master to prepare artillery and took part of the rebel army under his own command and pay, despite his lack of
military experience, but before the expedition could sail, on
15 February 1824, he fell ill, and the usual remedy of bleeding weakened him further. He made a partial recovery, but in early April he caught a violent cold which the bleeding — insisted on by his doctors — aggravated. The cold became a violent fever, and he died on April 19.
Post mortem
The Greeks mourned Lord Byron deeply, and he became a hero. The national poet of Greece, Dionisios Solomos (Διονύσιος Σολωμός) wrote a poem about his unexpected loss, named "For the death of Lord Byron" (Για τον θάνατο του λόρδου Μπάυρον). ''Βύρων'' (''Viron''), the Greek form of "Byron", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a suburb of Athens is called
Vironas in his honour. His body was embalmed and his heart buried under a tree in
Messolonghi. His remains were sent to England for burial in
Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused. He is buried at the
Church of St. Mary Magdalene in
Hucknall,
Nottingham. At her request, Ada, the child he never knew, was buried next to him. In later years, the Abbey allowed a duplicate of a marble slab given by the
King of Greece, which is laid directly above Byron's grave. In 1969, 145 years after Byron's death, a memorial to him was finally placed in Westminster Abbey.
Upon his death, the barony passed to a cousin,
George Anson Byron (1789–1868), a career military officer and Byron's polar opposite in temperament and lifestyle.
Poetic works
Byron wrote prolifically.
[6] In 1833 his publisher,
John Murray, released the complete works in 17 octavo volumes, including a life by
Thomas Moore. His
magnum opus,
''Don Juan'', a poem spanning 17 cantos, ranks as one of the most important long poems published in England since
Milton's
''Paradise Lost''. ''Don Juan'', Byron's masterpiece, often called the
epic of its time, has roots deep in literary tradition and, although regarded by early
Victorians as somewhat shocking, equally involves itself with its own contemporary world at all levels – social, political, literary and ideological.
The
Byronic hero pervades much of Byron's work. Scholars have traced the literary history of the Byronic hero from
Milton, and many authors and artists of the
Romantic movement show Byron's influence -- during the 19th century and beyond. The Byronic hero presents an idealised but flawed character whose attributes include:
★ having great talent
★ exhibiting great passion
★ having a distaste for society and social institutions
★ expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege
★ thwarted in love by social constraint or death
★ rebelling
★ suffering exile
★ hiding an unsavoury past
★ arrogance, overconfidence or lack of foresight
★ ultimately, acting in a self-destructive manner
Although Byron falls chronologically into the period most commonly associated with Romantic poetry, much of his work looks back to the satiric tradition of
Pope and
Dryden. In Canto III of
Don Juan, he expresses his detestation for poets such as
Wordsworth and
Coleridge. The most striking thing about Byron’s poetry is its strength and masculinity. Trenchantly witty, he used unflowery and colloquial language in many poems, such as ''Written after Swimming from Sestos to Abydos''. His talent for drama was expressed in the vibrantly galloping rhythms of ''The Destruction of Sennacherib''. However, poems such as ''When We Two Parted'' and ''So We’ll Go No More A-Roving'' express strong feelings in simple and touching language. He made little use of imagery and did not aspire to write of things beyond this world; the Victorian critic
John Ruskin wrote of him that he ''spoke only of what he had seen and known; and spoke without exaggeration, without mystery, without enmity, and without mercy.''
His attitude towards writing poetry is summed up well in a letter to Thomas Moore on July 5th 1821:
''I can never get people to understand that poetry is the expression of excited passion, and that there is no such thing as a life of passion any more than a continuous earthquake, or an eternal fever. Besides, who would ever shave themselves in such a state?''
Lord Byron and the Parthenon marbles
Another reason Greeks hold Lord Byron in such a high esteem is that he has always been one of the proponents for the return of the
Parthenon marbles to Greece. He even wrote the poem "The curse of Minerva" to denounce
Lord Elgin's actions.
[...]
'Scaped from the ravage of the Turk and Goth,
Thy country sends a spoiler worse than both.
[...]
What more I owe let gratitude attest--
Know, Alaric and Elgin did the rest.
That all may learn from whence the plunderer came,
The insulted wall sustains his hated name.
Character
Lord Byron, by all accounts, had a particularly magnetic personality – one may say astonishingly so. He obtained a reputation as being unconventional, eccentric, flamboyant and controversial. He was given to extremes of temper. Byron had a great fondness for animals, most famously for a
Newfoundland dog named Boatswain; when Boatswain contracted
rabies, Byron reportedly nursed him without any fear of becoming bitten and infected. Boatswain lies buried at Newstead Abbey and has a monument larger than his master's. The inscription, Byron's "
Epitaph to a Dog", has become one of his best-known works, reading in part:
:: Near this Spot
:: are deposited the Remains of one
:: who possessed Beauty without Vanity,
:: Strength without Insolence,
:: Courage without Ferosity,
:: and all the Virtues of Man without his Vices.
:: This praise, which would be unmeaning Flattery
:: if inscribed over human Ashes,
:: is but a just tribute to the Memory of
:: BOATSWAIN, a DOG,
:: who was born in Newfoundland May 1803,
:: and died at Newstead Nov.
r 18
th, 1808.
[1]
Byron also kept a bear while he was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge (reputedly out of resentment of Trinity rules forbidding pet dogs - he later suggested that the bear apply for a college fellowship). At other times in his life, Byron kept a
fox, monkeys, a
parrot,
cats, an
eagle, a
crow, a
crocodile, a
falcon, peacocks, guinea hens, an Egyptian
crane, a
badger,
geese, and a
heron.
Lasting influence
The re-founding of the
Byron Society in 1971 reflects the fascination that many people have for Byron and his work.
[7] This society has become very active, publishing a learned annual journal. Today some 36 International Byron Societies function throughout the world, and an International Conference takes place annually. Hardly a year passes without a new book about the poet appearing. In the last 20 years two new feature films about him have screened, and a television play has been broadcast.
Byron exercised a marked influence on Continental literature and art, and his reputation as poet is higher in many European countries than in Britain or America, although not as high as in his time.
A complete picture of Byron's character has only been possible in recent years with the freeing up of the archive of Murray, Byron's original publishers, who had formerly withheld compromising letters and instructed at least one major biographer (Leslie Marchard) to censor details of his
bisexuality.
[8]
Fictional depictions
Byron is the main character of the film "Byron" by the Greek film maker
Nikos Koundouros.
Byron's spirit is one of the title characters of the "
Ghosts of Albion" books by
Amber Benson and
Christopher Golden, published by
Del Rey in 2005 and 2006.
Byron is an immortal still alive in modern times in the hit television show in the 5th season episode The Modern Prometheus, living as a decadent rock star.
John Crowley's novel ''Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land'' (2005) involves the rediscovery of a lost manuscript by Lord Byron, as does Frederick Prokosch's ''The Missolonghi Manuscript'' (1968).
Byron appears as a character in
Tim Powers' ''The Stress of Her Regard'' (1989) and
Walter Jon Williams' novella ''Wall, Stone Craft'' (1994), as also in
Susanna Clarke's ''
Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell'' (2004).
''The Black Drama'' by
Manly Wade Wellman (''
Weird Tales'', 1938; ''Fearful Rock and Other Precarious Locales'', 2001) involves the rediscovery and production of a lost play by Byron (from which Polidori's ''The Vampyre'' was plagiarised) by a man who purports to be a descendant of the poet.
In the 1995 novel ''Lord Of The Dead,'' Tom Holland romantically describes how Lord Byron became a vampire during his first visit to Greece - a fictional transformation that explains a lot of his subsequent behaviour towards family and friends, and finds support in quotes from Byron poems and the diaries of John Cam Hobhouse. The Byron as vampire character returns in the sequel ''Slave of My Thirst''...
Tom Stoppard's play ''
Arcadia'' revolves around a modern researcher's attempts to find out what made Byron leave the country.
Symphonic metal band
Bal-Sagoth's vocalist
Byron Roberts goes by the moniker Lord Byron.
Blackened
Gothic Metal band
Cradle of Filth have a song on their album
Thornography entitled "The Byronic Man", which is based on the life of Lord Byron.
Television portrayals include a major 2003
BBC drama on Byron's life, and minor appearances in '' (as well as the Shelleys), ''
Blackadder the Third'', ''
The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy'', and episode 60 "The Darkling" on .
He makes an appearance in the
alternative history novel
The Difference Engine, by
William Gibson and
Bruce Sterling. In a Britain powered by the massive, steam-driven, mechanical computers invented by
Charles Babbage, he is leader of the 'Industrial Radical party', eventually becoming Prime Minister.
The events featuring the Shelley's and
Lord Byron's relationship at the house beside Lake Geneva in 1816 have been fictionalized in film, at least three times.
(1)A 1986 British production,
Gothic, directed by
Ken Russell, and starring
Gabriel Byrne as Byron.
(2)A 1988 Spanish production,
Rowing with the Wind (Remando al viento), starring
Hugh Grant as Byron.
(3)A 1988 U.S.A. production 'Haunted Summer.' Adapted by Lewis John Carlino from the speculative novel by Anne Edwards, staring Philip Anglim as Lord Byron.
In the 2006 book ''
The History of Lucy's Love Life in 10 ½ Chapters'' by
Deborah Wright, the main character, Lucy, has an obsession with Byron. She eventually meets her hero - portrayed as a cruel but attractive man - when she takes a time machine from her boss.
Q -
John de Lancie mentions Byron as an inspiration for his portrayal of Q on.
Musical settings of poems by Byron
★
Giuseppe Verdi -
Il corsaro (1848) Opera in three acts
★
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky -
Manfred Symphony in B minor, Op.58 (1885)
★
Hugo Wolf - "Vier Gedichte nach Heine, Shakespeare und Lord Byron" (1896) for voice and piano: 3. Sonne der Schlummerlosen 4. Keine gleicht von allen Schönen
★
Germaine Tailleferre "Two Poems of Lord Byron"(1934) 1. Sometimes in moments... 2. 'Tis Done I heard it in my dreams... for Voice and Piano (Tailleferre's only setting of English language texts)
★
Arnold Schoenberg - "Ode to Napoleon" (1942) for Voice and String Quartet
★
Arion Quinn - "
She Walks in Beauty" (mid-70s)
★
Solefald - "When the Moon is on the Wave" (1997)
★
Kris Delmhorst - "We'll Go No More A-Roving" (2006)
★
Ariella Uliano - "So We'll Go No More A'Roving" (2004)
Bibliography
Major works
★ ''
Hours of Idleness'' (
1806)
★ ''
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'' (
1809)
[2]
★ ''
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' (
1812 –
1818)
[3]
★ ''
The Giaour'' (
1813)
[4]
★ ''
The Bride of Abydos'' (1813)
★ ''
The Corsair'' (
1814)
[5]
★ ''
Lara'' (1814)
★ ''
Hebrew Melodies'' (
1815)
★ ''
The Siege of Corinth (poem)'' (
1816)
★ ''
Parisina'' (1816)
★ ''
The Prisoner Of Chillon'' (1816) ()
★ ''
The Dream'' (1816)
★ ''
Prometheus'' (1816)
★ ''
Darkness'' (1816)
★ ''
Manfred'' (
1817) ()
★ ''
The Lament of Tasso'' (1817)
★ ''
Beppo'' (1818)
★ ''
Mazeppa'' (
1819)
★ ''
The Prophecy of Dante'' (1819)
★ ''
Marino Faliero'' (
1820)
★ ''
Sardanapalus'' (
1821)
★ ''
The Two Foscari'' (1821)
★ ''
Cain'' (1821)
★ ''
The Vision of Judgement'' (1821)
★ ''
Heaven and Earth'' (1821)
★ ''
Werner'' (
1822)
★ ''
The Deformed Transformed'' (1822)
★ ''
The Age of Bronze'' (
1823)
★ ''
The Island'' (1823)
★ ''
Don Juan'' (1819 –
1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)
Minor works
★ ''
So, we'll go no more a roving'' ()
★ ''
The First Kiss of Love'' (1806) ()
★ ''
Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination'' (1806) ()
★ ''
To a Beautiful Quaker'' (1807) ()
★ ''
The Cornelian'' (1807) (}
★ ''
Lines Addressed to a Young Lady'' (1807) ()
★ ''Lachin y Garr'' (1807) ()
★ ''
Epitaph to a Dog'' (1808) ()
★ ''
She Walks in Beauty'' (1814) ()
★ ''
When We Two Parted'' ()
See also
★
Lord Byron (chronology)
★
Bridge of Sighs
★
Asteroid 3306 Byron
★
Henry Edward Yelverton, 19th Baron Grey de Ruthyn
Further reading
★ MacCarthy, Fiona: ''Byron: Life and Legend''. John Murray, 2002
★
McGann, Jerome: ''Byron and Romanticism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-00722-4
★ Rosen, Fred: ''Bentham, Byron and Greece.'' Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992.
References
:
1. AOL news article. Retrieved on ?
2. Crompton, Louis: ''Byron And Greek Love'' (1985), pp123-128
3. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Cantos I and II, uncensored. The International Byron Society. Retrieved on ?.
4. http://englishhistory.net/byron/lclamb.html
5. http://englishhistory.net/byron/lclamb.html
6. List of Byron's works. Retrieved on ?.
7. The Byron Society. Retrieved on ?.
8. The Guardian, November 9, 2002.
External links
★
Poems by Lord Byron at PoetryFoundation.org
★
Podcast - Listen Live or download Audio of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage by Lord Byron
★
A Website of the Romantic Movement
★
★
The Byron Society
★
The Byron Society's Journal
★
Byron's Grave
★
Detailed site on Newstead Abbey, Byron's ancestral home, and on Byron's life in general
★
Hucknall Parish Church, Byron's final resting place
★
Statue of Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge
★
Complete list of Byron poetry
★
The Byron Cronology
★
''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage''
★
Discussion of Byron's homosexuality
★
''Byron's Poetical Works, Vol. 1''
★
''Byron's Poetical Works, Vol. 6''
★
''The Works Of Lord Byron, Letters and Journals, Vol. 1''
★
''The Works of Lord Byron: Letters and Journals, Vol. 2''
★
Byron's 1816-1824 letters to Murray and Moore about Armenian studies and translations
★ The biography ''
Byron'' by
John Nichol
★
Byron quotes
★
Lord George Gordon Byron – Biography & Works
★
Centre for Byron Studies, University of Nottingham
★
The first Full English translation of Fantasmagoriana (Tales of The Dead)
★
Byron page on The Literature Network
★
Films based on Byron's life and works
★
2003 television dramatization of Byron's life by the BBC
★
Detailed account of Byron's love for animals
★
Inscription on the monument to Boatswain, Byron's dog
★
More on Byron's Newfoundland dogs
★
Biography resources dedicated to Lord Byron
★
Byron manuscripts at the Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas
★
George Gordon, Lord Byron at Find-A-Grave
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