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'Calypso' is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in Trinidad at about the start of the 20th century. The roots of the genre lay in the arrival of African slaves, who, not being allowed to speak with each other, communicated through song. This forged a sense of community among the Africans, who saw their colonial masters change rapidly, bringing French, Spanish and British music styles to the island of Trinidad. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, especially after the abolition of slavery in 1834 . While most authorities stress the African roots of calypso, in his 1986 book ''Calypso from France to Trinidad, 800 Years of History'' veteran calypsonian The Roaring Lion (Rafael de Leon) asserted that calypso descends from the music of the medieval French troubadours.
Over 100 years ago, calypso further evolved into a way of spreading news around Trinidad. Politicians, journalists, and public figures often debated the content of each song, and many islanders considered these songs the most reliable news source. Calypsonians pushed the boundaries of free speech as their lyrics spread news of any topic relevant to island life, including speaking out against political corruption. Eventually British rule enforced censorship and police began to scan these songs for damaging content. Even with this censorship, calypsos continued to push boundaries.
The first calypso recordings, made by Lovey's String Band, came in 1912, and inaugurated the Golden Age of Calypso. By the 1920s, calypso tents were set up at Carnival for calypsonians to practice before competitions; these have now become showcases for new music.
The first major stars of calypso started crossing over to new audiences worldwide in the late 1930s. Attila the Hun, Roaring Lion and Lord Invader were first, followed by Lord Kitchener, one of the longest-lasting calypso stars in history -- he continued to release hit records until his death in 2000 . 1944's ''Rum and Coca-Cola'' by the Andrews Sisters, a cover of a Lord Invader song, became an American hit.
Calypso, especially a toned down, commercial variant, became a worldwide craze with the release of the "Banana Boat Song", a traditional Jamaican folk song, whose best-known rendition was done by Harry Belafonte on his 1956 album ''Calypso''; ''Calypso'' was the first full-length record to sell more than a million copies. 1956 also saw the massive international hit ''Jean and Dinah'' by Mighty Sparrow. This song was a sly comment as a "plan of action" for the calypsonian on the easy availability of prostitutes after the closing of the United States naval base on Trinidad at Chagaramas.
In the 1957 Broadway musical ''Jamaica'' Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg cleverly parodied "commercial", Harry Belafonte style Calypso.
Early forms of calypso were also heavily influenced by jazz such as Sans Humanitae, the extempo melody in which calypsonians lyricise impromptu, commenting socially or insulting each other, without humanity - once again the French influence. Many calypso chord progressions can be linked to twelve bar jams in jazz as demonstrated by Lord Kitchener, one of the most famous calypsonians and a melodic genius.
Elements of calypso have been incorporated in jazz to form calypso jazz.

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References

★ Quevedo, Raymond (Atilla the Hun). 1983. ''Atilla's 'Kaiso': a short history of Trinidad calypso''. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. (Includes the words to many old calypsos as well as musical scores for some of Atilla's calypsos.)

★ Hill, Donald R. 1993. ''Calypso Calaloo: Early Carnival Music in Trinidad''. University Press of Florida. (Includes a CD of early calypso music, also called "Calypso Calaloo".)ISBN 0-8130-1221-X (Cloth), ISBN 0-8130-1222-8 (pbk).

★ Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006, Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey, , , , , ISBN 1-59213-463-7

See also

★ Caribbean Carnival

★ Carnival Road March

★ List of calypso musicians

★ Soca music

★ Extempo

★ Mento, a Jamaican folk music related to Calypso

★ List of calypso-like genres

★ Mighty Sparrow

★ Lord Kitchener

External links

★ The Calypso Archives

★ Calypsonians Database

★ Origin of Calypso

★ Calypso Dreams

★ Muriel's Treasure: A Weekly Hour of Calypso on WFMU Radio

★ Listen to Calypso Music