CAMELOT

'Camelot' is the most famous fictional castle and court associated with the legendary King Arthur. Later romance depicts it as the fantastic capital of Arthur's realm, from which he fought many of the battles and quests that made up his life. Camelot as a place is associated with ideals like justice, bravery and truth, all the virtues Arthur and his knights embodied in the romances. As it is absent from the early material, and its location, if it even existed, is unknown. Thus most modern academic scholars regard it as being entirely fictional, its vague geography being perfect for romance writers: "Camelot, located nowhere in particular, can be anywhere." ^[1] Nevertheless arguments about the location of the "real Camelot" have occurred since the 15th century and continue to rage today in popular works and for tourism purposes.

Contents

Early appearances

Etymology

Description in the Romances

Comparison with other Courts

Identifications of Camelot

Cadbury/Camelot

Camulos and Camulodunum

Camelford

Later uses

See also

Notes

External links

Early appearances

The castle is mentioned for the first time in Chrétien de Troyes' poem ''Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart'', dating to the 1170s. It is mentioned in passing, and is not described, and does not appear in all the manuscripts: ^[2]
:Upon a certain Ascension Day King Arthur had come from Caerleon, and had held a very magnificent court at Camelot as was fitting on such a day. (Vv. 31-32.)
Nothing in Chrétien's poem suggests the level of importance Camelot would have in later romances. For Chrétien, Arthur's chief court was in Caerleon in Wales; this was the king's primary base in Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' and most subsequent literature. Chrétien pictured Arthur like a typical medieval monarch holding court at a number of cities and castles. It is not until the 13th century French prose romances, including the Lancelot-Grail and the Post-Vulgate Cycle, that Camelot began to supersede Caerleon, and even then, many descriptive details applied to Camelot derive from Geoffrey's earlier grand depiction of the Welsh town. The Arthurian romances of this period produced in English or Welsh such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight did not follow this trend, Camelot was referred to infrequently and only in translations from French. In the British Isles Arthur's court continued to be located at Caerleon, or at Carlisle, which is usually identified with the "Carduel" of the French Romances.
^[3] It was not until the late 15th century Thomas Malory created the image of Camelot most familiar to English speakers today in his ''Le Morte d'Arthur'' based on the French Romances. He firmly identifies Camelot with Winchester, an identification that remained popular over the centuries, though it was rejected by Malory's own editor, William Caxton.

Etymology

The name's derivation is also unknown. Some have suggested it is similar enough to other Iron Age and Romano-British place names such as Camulodunum to suggest some historicity. If historical the first part of it ''Cam'' could also reflect the Celtic word meaning "crooked" which is commonly used in place names as seen in Camlann. Given Chrétien's known tendency to create new stories and characters, being the first to mention the hero Lancelot and his love affair with Queen Guinevere for example, the name might also be entirely invented as many literary scholars believe.

Description in the Romances

"There met two knights, the one came froward Camelot, and the other from the north, and either saluted other.What tidings at Camelot? said the one. By my head, said the other, there have I been and espied the court of King Arthur, and there is such a fellowship they may never be broken, and well-nigh all the world holdeth with Arthur, for there is the flower of chivalry." 'Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur BK III/14.'

The romances depict the city of Camelot as standing along a river, downstream from Astolat. It is surrounded by plains and forests, and its magnificent cathedral, St. Stephen's, is the religious center for Arthur's knights. There Arthur and Guinevere are married and there are the tombs of many kings and knights. A mighty castle holds a hall in which sits the Round Table where sits the Siege Perilous and it is here the knights feast and see a vision of the Holy Grail and swear to find it. Jousts are held in a meadow outside the city.
The city's location though vague in the romances is clearly somewhere in Logres, itself a vague area although this does mean it is definitely not located in the romances in the various other sub kingdoms of Britain such as Cornwall, North Wales or Lothian. In various romances Camelot was eventually destroyed by King Mark of Cornwall after the loss of Arthur at the Camlann.

Comparison with other Courts

The romancers' versions of Camelot drew on earlier descriptions of Arthur's fabulous court. From Geoffrey's grand description of Caerleon, Camelot gains its impressive architecture, its many churches and the chivalry and courtesy of its inhabitants. Geoffrey's description in turn drew on an already established tradition in Welsh oral tradition of the grandeur of Arthur's court. The tale ''Culhwch and Olwen'', associated with the ''Mabinogion'' and perhaps written in the 11th century, draws a dramatic picture of Arthur's hall and his many powerful warriors who go from there on great adventures, placing it in Celliwig, an uncertain locale in Cornwall. Although the court at Celliwig is the most prominent in remaining early Welsh manuscripts the various versions of the Welsh Triads agree in giving Arthur multiple courts, one in each of the areas inhabited by the Brythons: Cornwall, Wales and in the Old North. This perhaps reflects the influence of widespread oral traditions common by 800 which are recorded in various place names and features such as Arthur's Seat indicating Arthur was a hero known and associated with many locations across Brythonic areas of Britain and indeed Brittany. Even at this stage Arthur could not be tied to one location.^[4] Many other places are listed as a location where Arthur holds court in the later romances Carlisle and London perhaps being the most prominent.

Identifications of Camelot

As every new attempt to find a Historical basis for King Arthur seems to come up with a new location for Arthur's court claiming it to be the "real Camelot" there are now more candidates than ever before. Many of these works dismiss any attempt to find Camelot itself, believing it is too uncertain and appeared too late to be historically valid. Despite this the search for Camelot has a long history beginning with Malory as he liked having definite British locations for the vague places mentioned in the French romances he used as sources for his work, for example he located Astolat at Guilford. Malory's definite identification of Camelot as Winchester was probably partially inspired by the latter city's history. It had been the capital of Wessex under Alfred the Great, and boasted the Winchester Round Table, an artefact constructed in the 13th century but widely believed to be the original by Malory's time. Malory's editor Caxton in the preface to the book in 1485 rejected the association saying of Arthur:"And yet of record remain in witness of him in Wales, in the town of Camelot, the great stones and marvellous works of iron lying under the ground, and royal vaults, which divers now living hath seen." This location is either the Roman ruins at Caerwent or the ruins at Caerleon. ^[5]

Cadbury/Camelot

In 1542 John Leland reported the locals around Cadbury Castle in Somerset considered it to be the original Camelot. This theory is bolstered, or may have derived from, Cadbury's proximity to the River Cam and towns Queen Camel and West Camel, and remained popular enough to help inspire a large scale archaeological dig in the 20th century. Excavations by Leslie Alcock 1966-70 were titled 'Cadbury-Camelot', and won much media attention even being referred too in the film of the musical Camelot at the time. Highly successful they revealed by far the largest known fortification of the period, with Mediterranean artefacts (representing extensive trade) and Saxon artefacts (indicating battle victories, enemy artefacts generally not being obtained in trade). The use of the name Camelot and the support of Geoffrey Ashe helped ensure much publicity for the finds reflected in books by Alcock like ''By South Cadbury Is That Camelot...''. in 1972. Alcock himself later grew embarrassed by the supposed Arthurian connection to the site, following the arguments of David Dumville, feeling it was too late and too uncertain and modern archaeologists follow him in rejecting the name calling it Cadbury Castle hill fort. ^[6] Cadbury remains widely associated with Camelot.

Camulos and Camulodunum

The fact there were two towns in Roman Britain named Camulodunum, Colchester in Essex, and Slack in Yorkshire, deriving from the Celtic god Camulos has led to the suggestion they originated the name. However, the Essex Camulodunum was located well within territory usually thought to be been conquered early in the 5th century by Saxons, so it is not likely to have been the location of any "true" Camelot. As early as 917 the town was definitely known as Colchester in the Anglo Saxon chronicle and that was the name was the used by Geoffrey of Monmouth in referring to the town. ^[7] Even Colchester Museum argues strongly regarding the historical Arthur: "it would be impossible and inconceivable to link him to the Colchester area, or to Essex more generally" pointing out that the connection between the name Camuloduum and Colchester was unknown till the eighteenth century. ^[8] In general the idea of a link between Chrétien's Camelot and the name of the god Camulos who is also well known from inscriptions in Gaul, remains highly uncertain given the variety of other possibilities.

Camelford

Other places in Britain with names related to "Camel" have also been suggested, such as Camelford in Cornwall, located down the River Camel from where Geoffrey places Camlann, the scene of Arthur's final battle. The area's connections with Camelot and Camlann have been claimed to be merely speculative.

Later uses

In American contexts, the phrase "Camelot" refers to the presidency of John F. Kennedy, as his term was said to have potential and promise for the future, and the period was symbolic of hope for many in the world, who were inspired by Kennedy's speeches, vision and political policies. The period was ended by Kennedy's November 22, 1963, assassination, which is often compared to the fall of King Arthur. The line "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment, that was known as Camelot," from the musical ''Camelot'', has been used in pop culture to refer to this period.
The 1960 musical ''Camelot'', by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, is based on T. H. White's literary version of the legend, ''The Once and Future King''. White's novel consisted of five books (''The Sword in the Stone, The Witch in the Wood, The Ill-Made Knight, The Candle in the Wind'' and ''The Book of Merlyn''), and contains witty anachronisms, a plethora of medieval tidbits, and ultimately a tragic and elegiac tone. The Lerner and Loewe musical on the other hand is a sentimentalized snapshot of the love triangle of Arthur, Lancelot and Guinevere. Boasting some rhythmic tunes and poignant lyrics, the musical proved a successful vehicle on stage for Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, and Robert Goulet. The film adaptation was released in 1967 and starred Richard Harris as Arthur; Harris later recreated the role on stage in a number of revivals; the most recent revival is a 2007-08 United States Regional Tour starring Michael York as Arthur.

See also

Sites and places associated with Arthurian legend

Notes

1. ''Camelot'' in Norris J. Lacy, Editor, The Arthurian Encyclopaedia' (1986 Peter Bedrick Books, New York) 75-6.
2. Camelot Project on Camelot

3. Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of King Arthur (London, 2005) 612-3
4. ''Topography'' in Norris J. Lacy, Editor, The Arthurian Encyclopaedia' (1986 Peter Bedrick Books, New York)
5. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/middleages/topic_2/caxton.htm Caxton's preface
6. Alcock, L, Stenvenson, S. J. & Musson, C. R. 1995 Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The Early Medieval Archaeology. University of Wales Press.
7. http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/badger/placenames.htm Place Names
8. Official Response to linking Arthur and Colchester

External links

★ About Camelot and King Arthur