CATHEDRAL OF LEARNING

The 'Cathedral of Learning', a local and national landmark[1][2], is the centerpiece of the University of Pittsburgh's main campus in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Standing at 535 feet (>163 m)http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=121991, the 42-story Late Gothic Revival Cathedral is the tallest educational building in the western hemisphere and the second tallest educational building in the world. (Moscow State University's main building in Russia, while only 36 stories, has very tall floors and stands at 240m, including a 57m spire).http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=111633 The Cathedral was commissioned in 1921 and finished in 1937, and has 2,529 windows. An impressive scenic building, the Cathedral of Learning is often used by the University in photographs, postcards, and other advertisements.

Contents

Usage

History

Funding

Nationality rooms

Display rooms

Classrooms

Proposed rooms

Commons room

University Honors College

The Croghan-Schenley Ballroom

Darlington Memorial Library

The Braun Room

Studio Theatre

Recent proposed changes to the Cathedral

References

Notes

See also

Usage

The basement through floor 36 are used for educational purposes. These floors include theaters, computer laboratories, classrooms, and departmental offices. The first and third floors are home to 26 "Nationality Rooms", classrooms designed by members of the Pittsburgh community in the styles of different nations. The building houses the Department of Philosophy [3], considered one of the top five in the United States [4], and the Department of History and Philosophy of Science [5], long considered the best in its field [6] [7]. Other departments in the Cathedral include English and Religious Studies. Additionally, the University Honors College is located on the 35th and 36th floors. Floors 38-42 are closed to the general public, as they contain electrical wiring for the building; they also house a nesting pair of Peregrine Falcons. A view from the top is available via a webcam [8]. On the 40th floor is the Babcock Room, a large conference room with a panoramic view of downtown Pittsburgh, the rest of the University, and Carnegie Mellon University.

History

In 1921, John Gabbert Bowman traveled to the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to become the tenth chancellor of the University. At that time, the school consisted of a series of short, small buildings, with some classes being held in "temporary" buildings from World War I. The story goes that as he entered the city, he asked a streetcar driver to take him to the University. When that driver had no idea what he was talking about, Bowman decided he had to do something to make sure the University made an impression on the city. He then began to envision what would be called the Cathedral of Learning.
His reasoning is summarized in this quote:
In attempting to find a suitable place for this building, Bowman's eyes were drawn to a 14-acre (57,000 m²) plot of land named Frick Acres. In November of 1921, with aid from the Mellon family, the University bought the plot, and began plans for a proper university building on the site.
One of the foremost Gothic architects of the time, Philadelphian Charles Klauder, was hired to design the tower. The design took two years to finish, with the final plan attempting to fuse the idea of a modern skyscraper with the tradition and ideals of Gothic architecture. The plans received strong resistance from the community and from some University officials, who felt it was too tall for the city.
Local legend states that to counteract this resistance Bowman ordered that the construction of the walls would start at the top floor and work their way down, so the project could not be canceled. This has been traced to an account in the November 21st, 1943 issue of ''At Ease'', a tabloid related to local military personnel on campus, which stated that "the masonry was started from the top downward." Construction photographs show that this was not the case, and that some stonework was done on the first floor before any other stonework was begun. One engineer with the company working on the Cathedral explained that the exterior walls of the Cathedral are not load-bearing. Because of this, many similar buildings would start construction at the third or fourth floors. Practically, this makes sense, as it allows easy movement of building materials and equipment into and out of the building. Instead, in the Cathedral's case, the issue was one of the stone that would be used in lower stories. In fact, the quarry was not prepared to deliver the stone on schedule, so construction was delayed, and work begun on the higher stories.

Funding

Fundraising for this project came in many forms, including donations from industries, corporations, individuals and foreign governments. To raise public views of the Cathedral, and at the same time finance the construction, Bowman started a fundraising campaign in 1925.
An important part of this campaign was a project reaching out to the children of the city entitled "Buy a Brick for Pitt". Each schoolchild sent a dime ($0.10) and a letter to the University, explaining how they earned the dime for the building. In exchange, the child received a certificate for one brick contained in the Cathedral. A total of 97,000 certificates were issued to children.

Nationality rooms

The Cathedral is home to 26 nationality rooms (twenty-four working classrooms and two display rooms), on the first and third floors. Each nationality room is designed to celebrate a different culture that had an influence on Pittsburgh's growth. There are currently eight rooms in the process of being approved and funded. Virtual Tours of the existing rooms are available on the ''Nationality Rooms'' official site. [9]
Bowman decided that he wanted to involve the community as much as he could in constructing the Cathedral, so he proposed that each nationality that had a significant number of people in Pittsburgh would be allowed to design their nationality's room for the Cathedral. Each group had to form a Room Committee, which would be responsible for all fundraising, designing, and acquisition. The University provided only the room, while all other materials, labor, and design were provided by the individual committees. These were sometimes provided by foreign governments which, "...responded with generous support, often providing architects, artists, materials, and monetary gifts to assure authenticity and superb quality in their classrooms." [10]
A typical room on the 1st floor (those built between 1938 and the 1957) took between three and ten years to complete, and cost the equivalent of $300,000 USD in 2006 dollars. More recent rooms have cost in the range of $500,000 USD.

A second plan was proposed to create rooms modeled after each era of American history. These would primarily be on the third floor. Although the plans for the series of rooms were drawn up, only one room in the group was made; it is now known as the Early American room.
Set in the Cathedral of Learning's cornerstone in 1937, is a gift from the Nationality Room Committee chairpersons to the University: a copper plate engraved with these thoughts:
:''Faith and peace are in their hearts. Good will has brought them together. Like the Magi of ancestral traditions and the shepherds of candid simplicity, they offer their gifts of what is precious, genuine and their own, to truth that shines forever and enlightens all people.'' [11]
Since 1944, tours of the nationality rooms have been given to visitors by a Pitt student organization, Quo Vadis (meaning ''Where do you go?''); they guide over 30,000 tourists a year.

★ The first four rooms to be dedicated were the Scottish, Russian, German, and Swedish Rooms in 1938.” ^[2] The newest room is the Indian Room^[3], dedicated in 2000.^[4]

★ The largest room is the English Room^[5], designed after the House of Commons that was destroyed by Luftwaffe bombing in 1941. The fireplace from its Aye Lobby with the initials V.R. for Victoria Regina, the linenfold paneling, four stone corbels with the Tudor rose, and other accoutrements were gifts from the British government salvaged from the World War II ruins. The paneling itself arrived at the University still having a blackened coat from the bombing.^[6] Portraits of University of Pittsburgh alumnus and former Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, Andrew Mellon, and the former Earl of Chatham, William Pitt, after whom the City was named, flank the stained glass windows in the rear bay. A brick from 10 Downing Street serves as the room's cornerstone.

★ The smallest is the Irish Room^[7]. An original cornerstone from the Monastery of Clonmacnoise reads in Gaelic, "For the glory of God and the honor of Ireland." The cornerstone conceals a container of earth from North and South Ireland.
Gov. David L. Lawrence, Art Rooney Sr., founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and James W. Knox, a member of the Pittsburgh Irish community, were on the room's organizing committee. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy ordered a Marine guard to deliver the Oval Office Presidential and American flags to Evelyn Lincoln, private secretary to the president. In her will, Lincoln bequeathed the flags to the University of Pittsburgh for the Irish Room in honor of Knox. The John F. Kennedy scholarship for study in Ireland and a James W. Knox endowment for graduate study abroad were created from the proceeds generated from their auction.^[8]

★ The Armenian Room^[9] was inspired by the 10th- to 12th-century monastery of Sanahin. The design consists of intersecting arches and a domed ceiling built to lessen damage from frequent earthquakes in that country. The room's arches, built of Indiana limestone, make this the heaviest of the Nationality Rooms, weighing 22 tons, and required the second floor beneath the room to be reinforced in order to support its weight. The cornerstone is a basalt stone from the grounds of Sanahin. In the mortar behind it are the thumbprints of five of the oldest Armenian diaspora living in the Pittsburgh area, as well as the handprint of an infant, symbolizing the continuity of the Armenian presence in western Pennsylvania.

★ The classical architecture of the Greek Room ^[10] represents 5th-century B.C.E. Athens, the Golden Age of Pericles. In 1940, one of two marble pilasters, being constructed in Greece from the same stone quarry used to build the Parthenon, cracked shortly before shipping to the United States. With an invading World War II army massing on its borders, the column could not be replaced. Greek architect John Travlos ordered a matching crack etched into the undamaged column in order to preserve the symmetry. The marble was transported on the last ship to sail to America prior to the invasion and occupation of Greece. In November 1941, Travlos crouched under a blanket in his apartment closet listening to banned BBC radio broadcasts. Suddenly, Greek ecclesiastical music spouted from the radio, and Travlos heard the people of Pittsburgh dedicate his memorial to Greece^[6].

Display rooms

★ Early American (3rd floor): This room is usually locked, although it is occasionally opened for tours. The room contains a hidden upper floor, accessed via a staircase behind the fire place. This room is often said to be haunted.^[12]

★ Syrian-Lebanon (1st floor)

Classrooms

★ African Heritage (3rd floor) ★ Armenian (3rd floor) ★ Austrian (3rd floor) ★ Chinese ★ Czechoslovak ★ English

★ French ★ German ★ Greek ★ Hungarian ★ Indian (3rd floor) ★ Irish

★ Israeli Heritage (3rd floor) ★ Italian ★ Japanese (3rd floor) ★ Lithuanian ★ Norwegian ★ Polish

★ Romanian ★ Russian ★ Scottish ★ Swedish ★ Ukrainian (3rd floor) ★ Yugoslav

Proposed rooms

The University is planning eight nationality rooms to add to the current 26. The first will be the Turkish room, which will be completed by 2008. Ömer Akin, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, will oversee the architectural plans. The Welsh room will follow. The Welsh and Turkish rooms are slated to cost more than $300,000 [12]


★ Danish

★ Finnish

★ Latin American & Caribbean

★ Filipino


★ Swiss

★ Thai

★ Turkish

★ Welsh

Commons room

The main part of the Cathedral's first floor is the Commons room, a Gothic-style hall that covers half an acre (2,000 m²) and extends upwards four stories, reaching 52 ft (16 m) tall. The room was a gift of Andrew Mellon. It is a piece of true Gothic architecture; no steel supports were used in the construction of its arches. Each arch is a true arch, and they support their own weight. Each base for the arches weighs five tons, and it is said that they are so firmly placed that each could hold a large truck.
This perfection was insisted upon by Chancellor Bowman. The architect, Klauder, objected due to the increased costs of this construction method. Bowman responded with the comment: "You cannot build a great University with fraud in it."
Joseph Gattoni designed the stonework, much of which depicts western Pennsylvania plant life. The walls are made of Indiana limestone and the floor is green Vermont slate.
The wrought iron in the room, including the large gates leading to the elevators, were a gift from George Hubbard Clapp, and were designed by the ironworker Samuel Yellin. Over the gates are two lines from an untitled poem by Robert Bridges:
: “Here is eternal spring; for you the very stars of heaven are new.”^[13]

University Honors College

The University Honors College, dedicated in 1986, is housed in a 2002-2003 renovated space on the 35th and 36th floors of the Cathedral. The Honors College provides support and enriched opportunities for scholarship among the University's undergraduates and offers a Bachelor of Philosophy (BPhil) degree.[13]



The 2002-2003 renovation, by Rothschild Doyno Architects in Regent Square, created a two-story arched window that's visible at night for miles around. The four-leaf medieval quatrefoil medallion at the top of the Cathedral is a central motif in the design of Honors College. Stained glass behind the reception desk at the center of the space was design by Glenn Greene Glass of Regent Square and centers on a design representing the four seasons, done in polished agate. Wrought ironwork was produced by Vic Reynaud of Technique Manufacturing in the spirit of Samuel Yellin who did the Commons Room ironwork.[14]

The Croghan-Schenley Ballroom

The Croghan-Schenley room, situated on the first floor of the Cathedral in room 156, is actually two adjoining rooms, the Ballroom and the Oval Room, connected by a hidden passageway in the Ballroom's fireplace. The rooms were originally part of William Croghan Jr.'s mansion built in 1830 in the area known as Stanton Heights, in Pittsburgh.
His daughter, Mary Elizabeth, went to boarding school in New York, but in 1842 at the age of fifteen she eloped with 43-year-old Edward Wyndham Harrington Schenley, a captain in the British military. The elopement caused a family schism. Mary would not visit often, and in an effort to convince her to move back to Pittsburgh, the new rooms were commissioned. Following the death of William Croghan in 1850, the mansion was run by caretakers with no permanent residents for some 60 years. William S. Miller, then president of Steelwood Corp., purchased the Croghan mansion following World War II and it was soon leveled for a new housing development, but the Croghan-Schenley rooms were spared.
In 1955, the rooms, donated by Miller, were dismantled and rebuilt in the Cathedral, except that the original ceilings had to be lowered about 8 inches to accommodate the available space.
In 1982, the rooms were refurbished to their 19th century glory. Highlighting the ballroom are the hand-cut glass chandelier and four wooden, hand-carved Greek columns, surviving examples of western Pennsylvania’s Greek classical revival period popular with those of means in the 1830s.
The Croghan-Schenley rooms are the last extant vestiges of the estate of Mary Schenley, who before she died gave much of her holdings and property to the city of Pittsburgh — including Schenley farms, where the Cathedral sits, and Schenley Park.[15]
The rooms are purported to be haunted.

Darlington Memorial Library

The Darlington Memorial Library on the sixth floor of the Cathedral of Learning was given to the University of Pittsburgh by the daughters of William McCullough Darlington and Mary Carson Darlington. The initial gift of eleven thousand volumes was made in 1918 by Mary O'Hara Darlington and Edith Darlington Ammon. This was followed by Mary O'Hara Darlington's bequest in 1925 of the remainder of the family's library and a large part of the family estate. The Darlington family's tremendous interest in historical research was the force behind the creation of what was said to be the largest private library west of the Alleghenies. The collection is particularly rich in material pertaining to the French and Indian War and to the history of Western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley. Both William and Mary Darlington researched and published in these areas.
While the main focus of the collection is American history and literature, other highlights of the collection include rare maps and atlases, works on ornithology and natural history, and early travel narratives. The Darlington's son, O'Hara Darlington, amassed fine collections of Victorian literature, sporting books and works of illustrators and caricaturists. Over the years the collection has been enriched through the generosity of many individuals and organizations, enabling the library to fill in gaps, particularly those relating to the history of this region.[16]
A virtual tour of the Darlington Memorial Library is available for the entrance and the main room.

The Braun Room

Following the opening of the Cathedral of Learning, the offices of the Dean of Women moved to the twelfth floor of the Cathedral in 1938. The interior was unfinished but Dean Amos envisioned a dignified and beautiful space for women to meet.
When Dean Amos died in 1941, the new quarters were still unfinished. The Alumnae Association created the Thyrsa W. Amos Fund to plaster the walls and to furnish Room 1217 in her name. Room 1217 was never finished, but after World War II the other rooms on the twelfth floor were completed. Mrs. A.E. Braun, along with her daughter and son-in-law, donated the furnishings and wood paneling in 1946
Dean Helen Pool Rush and her successor, Dean Savina Skewis, carried on the traditions of Dean Amos until the Dean of Women's Office was closed in 1969, and its functions and quarters were assumed by other departments.[17]

Studio Theatre

The Studio Theatre, a facility utilized by the Department of Theatre Arts, is located in the basement of the Cathedral. The Studio Theatre is a black box space that can be configured for almost any set requirements. It is home to student-directed laboratory productions, play readings, Dark Night Caberet, and plays host to Pittsburgh's longest-running theatre show, Friday Nite Improvs, started in 1989 by graduate theatre students.[18]

Recent proposed changes to the Cathedral

In the early 2000s, there was some controversy over whether University funds should be used to illuminate the Cathedral at night, or to clean the building's façade. The cleaning was abandoned because it was too costly, and the building is now illuminated at night. Many Oakland residents spoke out against the cleaning, stating that the years of soot should stay as an homage to Pittsburgh's industrial past. However, the University approved nearly $5 million for cleaning and restoration of stonework on February 28, 2007. The work will be completed by the end of 2007, restoring the exterior of the building to its original condition.
In the wake of September 11th, the Cathedral was deemed "at risk" because terrorists could easily drive a vehicle into the ground floor. To address this concern, the University has since installed bollards that rise out of the sidewalk. Also, the University is currently working toward air-conditioning the first four floors, which contain many classrooms. [19] They plan to complete the effort to centrally cool the entire Cathedral by the end of the decade. Around 200 window air conditioners operate in the building.

References

★ Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787-1987, Alberts, Robert C., , , University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987, ISBN 0-8229-1150-7

★ Brown, Mark. ''The Cathedral of Learning: Concept, Design, Construction'', University of Pittsburgh Nationality Rooms Program

★ Bowman, John G. ''Unofficial Notes''

★ Nationality Rooms Guide Training Material

★ University of Pittsburgh Website^[14]

★ The Darlington Memorial Library, Starrett, Agnes Lynch, , , University of Pittsburgh Press, 1938,

Notes

1. National Register Information System
2. ''Pitt: the Story of the University of Pittsburgh, 1787-1987'', , Robert C., Alberts, University of Pittsburgh Press, ,
3. Indian Nationality Room
4. South Asia Studies University of Pittsburgh Website
5. English Nationality Room
6. Celebration of Nations Mike Wereschagin
7. Irish Nationality Room
8. Nationality Room offers glimpse at Irish history Marjorie Wertz
9. Armenian Nationality Room
10. Greek Nationality Room
11. Celebration of Nations Mike Wereschagin
12. The Haunted Heritage of Pitt’s Eerie…er, Early American Nationality Room Pitt Chronicle
13. ''Poetical Works of Robert Bridges Excluding the Eight Dramas'', , Robert, Bridges, Kessinger, ,
14. http://www.pitt.edu/~natrooms/pages/about_nr.html

See also