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EspañolCAUCASIAN RACE
(Redirected from Caucasoid)
The 'Caucasian race', sometimes the 'Caucasoid race',[1][2] is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "relating to a broad division of humankind covering peoples from Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia" or "white-skinned; of European origin" or "relating to the region of the Caucasus in SE Europe".[3] The concept's existence is based on the now disputed typological method of racial classification.[4][5]
In Europe, especially in Russia and nearby, ''Caucasian'' usually describes ''exclusively'' people who are from the Caucasus region or speak the Caucasian languages.
The term ''Caucasian'' originated as one of the racial categories recognized by 19th century craniology and is derived from the region of the Caucasus mountains[6].The concept of a "Caucasian race" or ''Varietas Caucasia'' was first proposed under those names by the German scientist and classical anthropologist, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840).[7] His studies based the classification of the Caucasian race primarily on skull features, which Blumenbach claimed were optimized by the Caucasian Peoples.Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach,
translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006. [4] Blumenbach writes:
The Caucasus was historically an area of fascination for Europeans; Prometheus and Jason and the Argonauts were myths featured in the Caucasus.Caucasus, Historical Notes [5] Greek mythology considered women from the Caucasus to have magical powers.[9] In Greek mythology, this area was thought of as a kind of hell since Zeus imprisoned many Titans who opposed him (e.g. Prometheus) there.
The Caucasian race has a long history in anthropology. 19th century anthropologists Thomas Huxley considered India to be completely not Caucasian. Edgar Thurston considered India to be largely a Dravidian and Aryan mixture with the former not being Caucasian, but 20th century anthropologist Carleton S. Coon classified Dravidians as Caucasian and considered India to be largely Caucasian. With the turn away from racial theory in the late 20th century, the term ''Caucasian'' as a racial classification fell into disuse in Europe. Consequently, in the United Kingdom, ''Caucasian'' is more likely than in the United States to describe people from the Caucasus, although it may still be used as a racial classification.[10] Sarah A Tishkoff and Kenneth K Kidd state, "Despite disagreement among anthropologists, this classification remains in use by many researchers, as well as lay people."[11] According to Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, the concept of race has all but been completely rejected by modern mainstream anthropology.[12] In 2003, United States National Library of Medicine stopped using the term Caucasian race in favor of the term "European".[13]
In 2003, the term "''Caucasoid race''" is a term used in physical anthropology to refer to people of a certain range of anthropometric measurements [14]. The 2007 Encyclopedia Britannica characterizes the Caucasoid race as having light skin color, biochemical similarities and a variability in hair and eye colors.[15] University of College Cork chair of anatomy and physiology, M. A. MacConaill,[16] describes Caucasoids as being "''native to Europe... [and having] light skin and eyes, narrow noses, and thin lips. Their hair is usually straight or wavy''".[17] Caucasoids are said to have the lowest degree of projection of the alveolar bones which contain the teeth, a notable size prominence of the cranium and forehead region, and a projection of the midfacial region.
In the United States, ''Caucasian'' has been mainly a distinction, based on skin color, for a group commonly called ''White Americans'', as defined by the government and Census Bureau.[9]
Between 1917 and 1965, immigration to the USA was restricted by "national origins quota".
The Supreme Court in ''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind'' (1923) decided high caste Aryan Punjabis were not "free white men" as they are not genetically White. The decision was based on the intention of the lawmakers and the difference between European and Asiatic stock a common man recognized.[19]
1. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ''Caucasoid'' as as noun or adjective meaning ''Of, pertaining to, or resembling the Caucasian race.''
2. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50034773?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Caucasoid&first=1&max_to_show=10
3. http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/caucasian?view=uk
4. O'Neil, Dennis. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007. Palomar College.[1]
5. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective by George W. Gill.
6. University of Pennsylvania [2]
7. University of Pennsylvania [3]
8. Blumenbach , ''De generis humani varietate nativa'' (3rd ed. 1795), trans. Bendyshe (1865). Quoted e.g. in Arthur Keith, ''Blumenbach's Centenary'', ''Man'', Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1940).
9. Painter, p.
10. Katsiavriades, Kryss. Qureshi, Talaat. English Usage in the UK and USA. 1997. October 26, 2006. [6]; see also Pearsell, Judy and Trumble, Bill (Eds) Oxford English Reference Dictionary. 2002.
11. http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html
12. Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, "Perishing Paradigm: Race—1931-99," ''American Anthropologist'' 105, no. 1 (2003): 110-13
13. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd03/nd03_med_data_changes.html
14. Reinhard, K.J., & Hastings, D. (Annual 2003) Learning from the ancestors: the value of skeletal study.(study of ancestors of Omaha Tribe of Nebraska). In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, p177(1).
15. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Europe the people." 2007. August 23, 2007.[7]
16. University of College Cork. Department of Anatomy. 2007. September 5, 2007. [8]
17. M. A. MacConaill. The Last Two Million Years: Reader's Digest History of Man. Readers Digest. 1981. ISBN 0895770180
18. Painter, p.
19. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5076
★ A Family Tree in Every Gene Armand Marie Leroi
★ Confusions About Human Races
★
★ Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease, , Neil, Risch, Genome Biology, 2002
★ Genetic structure of human populations, , Noah A., Rosenberg, Science,
★ Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure, , Noah A., Rosenberg, PLoS Genet,
★ Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective, , Alan R., Templeton, American Anthropologist, 1998
★ Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots Kim Camberg
★ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, ''On the Natural Varieties of Mankind'' (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
★ Stephen Jay Gould, ''The Mismeasure of Man'' — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
★ L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, ''The History and Geography of Human Genes'' — a major reference of modern population genetics
★ L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages''
★ H. F. Augstein, "From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond," in Waltraud Emst and B. Harris, ''Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-1960'' (London: Routledge, 1999): 58-79.
★ Bruce Baum, ''The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity'' (New York: New York University Press, 2006)
★ Paul Lawrence Guthrie, ''The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman'' (Paperback), ISBN 0-948390-49-2
★ The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, by John W. Cole (Author), Eric R. Wolf University of California Press; 1 edition (October 11, 1999) ISBN-10: 0520216814 ISBN-13: 978-0520216815
★ Scientific racism
★ Craniofacial anthropometry
★ Race and genetics
★ Race (U.S. Census)
★ Race (historical definitions)
★ Caucasian peoples
★ White people
★ European people
★ White American
★ Caucasian-American
★ European American
The 4th edition of Meyers Konversationslexikon (Leipzig, 1885-1890) shows the "Caucasian race" (in blue) as comprising "Aryans", "Semites" and "Hamites". "Aryans" are further sub-divided into "European Aryans" and "Indo-Aryans" (the latter corresponding to the group now designated Indo-Iranians).
Georgian girl (1881 photograph).
The 'Caucasian race', sometimes the 'Caucasoid race',[1][2] is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "relating to a broad division of humankind covering peoples from Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia, North Africa and South Asia" or "white-skinned; of European origin" or "relating to the region of the Caucasus in SE Europe".[3] The concept's existence is based on the now disputed typological method of racial classification.[4][5]
In Europe, especially in Russia and nearby, ''Caucasian'' usually describes ''exclusively'' people who are from the Caucasus region or speak the Caucasian languages.
| Contents |
| Origins of the term |
| Physical anthropology |
| History |
| Physical characteristics |
| United States |
| Notes |
| References |
| Literature |
| See also |
Origins of the term
The term ''Caucasian'' originated as one of the racial categories recognized by 19th century craniology and is derived from the region of the Caucasus mountains[6].The concept of a "Caucasian race" or ''Varietas Caucasia'' was first proposed under those names by the German scientist and classical anthropologist, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840).[7] His studies based the classification of the Caucasian race primarily on skull features, which Blumenbach claimed were optimized by the Caucasian Peoples.Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach,
translated by Thomas Bendyshe. 1865. November 2, 2006. [4] Blumenbach writes:
''Caucasian variety - I have taken the name of this variety from Mount Caucasus, both because its neighborhood, and especially its southern slope, produces the most beautiful race of men, I mean the Georgian; and because all physiological reasons converge to this, that in that region, if anywhere, it seems we ought with the greatest probability to place the autochthones (birth place) of mankind''.[8]
The Caucasus was historically an area of fascination for Europeans; Prometheus and Jason and the Argonauts were myths featured in the Caucasus.Caucasus, Historical Notes [5] Greek mythology considered women from the Caucasus to have magical powers.[9] In Greek mythology, this area was thought of as a kind of hell since Zeus imprisoned many Titans who opposed him (e.g. Prometheus) there.
Physical anthropology
''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' (Leipzig, 1932) divides "Caucasiod types" into: Nordic, Dinaric, Mediterranean, Alpine, East Baltic, Turks, Bedouins, Afghan.
History
The Caucasian race has a long history in anthropology. 19th century anthropologists Thomas Huxley considered India to be completely not Caucasian. Edgar Thurston considered India to be largely a Dravidian and Aryan mixture with the former not being Caucasian, but 20th century anthropologist Carleton S. Coon classified Dravidians as Caucasian and considered India to be largely Caucasian. With the turn away from racial theory in the late 20th century, the term ''Caucasian'' as a racial classification fell into disuse in Europe. Consequently, in the United Kingdom, ''Caucasian'' is more likely than in the United States to describe people from the Caucasus, although it may still be used as a racial classification.[10] Sarah A Tishkoff and Kenneth K Kidd state, "Despite disagreement among anthropologists, this classification remains in use by many researchers, as well as lay people."[11] According to Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, the concept of race has all but been completely rejected by modern mainstream anthropology.[12] In 2003, United States National Library of Medicine stopped using the term Caucasian race in favor of the term "European".[13]
Physical characteristics
In 2003, the term "''Caucasoid race''" is a term used in physical anthropology to refer to people of a certain range of anthropometric measurements [14]. The 2007 Encyclopedia Britannica characterizes the Caucasoid race as having light skin color, biochemical similarities and a variability in hair and eye colors.[15] University of College Cork chair of anatomy and physiology, M. A. MacConaill,[16] describes Caucasoids as being "''native to Europe... [and having] light skin and eyes, narrow noses, and thin lips. Their hair is usually straight or wavy''".[17] Caucasoids are said to have the lowest degree of projection of the alveolar bones which contain the teeth, a notable size prominence of the cranium and forehead region, and a projection of the midfacial region.
United States
In the United States, ''Caucasian'' has been mainly a distinction, based on skin color, for a group commonly called ''White Americans'', as defined by the government and Census Bureau.[9]
Between 1917 and 1965, immigration to the USA was restricted by "national origins quota".
The Supreme Court in ''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind'' (1923) decided high caste Aryan Punjabis were not "free white men" as they are not genetically White. The decision was based on the intention of the lawmakers and the difference between European and Asiatic stock a common man recognized.[19]
Notes
1. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ''Caucasoid'' as as noun or adjective meaning ''Of, pertaining to, or resembling the Caucasian race.''
2. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50034773?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Caucasoid&first=1&max_to_show=10
3. http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/caucasian?view=uk
4. O'Neil, Dennis. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007. Palomar College.[1]
5. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective by George W. Gill.
6. University of Pennsylvania [2]
7. University of Pennsylvania [3]
8. Blumenbach , ''De generis humani varietate nativa'' (3rd ed. 1795), trans. Bendyshe (1865). Quoted e.g. in Arthur Keith, ''Blumenbach's Centenary'', ''Man'', Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1940).
9. Painter, p.
10. Katsiavriades, Kryss. Qureshi, Talaat. English Usage in the UK and USA. 1997. October 26, 2006. [6]; see also Pearsell, Judy and Trumble, Bill (Eds) Oxford English Reference Dictionary. 2002.
11. http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html
12. Leonard Lieberman, Rodney C. Kirk, and Alice Littlefield, "Perishing Paradigm: Race—1931-99," ''American Anthropologist'' 105, no. 1 (2003): 110-13
13. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd03/nd03_med_data_changes.html
14. Reinhard, K.J., & Hastings, D. (Annual 2003) Learning from the ancestors: the value of skeletal study.(study of ancestors of Omaha Tribe of Nebraska). In American Journal of Physical Anthropology, p177(1).
15. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. "Europe the people." 2007. August 23, 2007.[7]
16. University of College Cork. Department of Anatomy. 2007. September 5, 2007. [8]
17. M. A. MacConaill. The Last Two Million Years: Reader's Digest History of Man. Readers Digest. 1981. ISBN 0895770180
18. Painter, p.
19. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5076
References
★ A Family Tree in Every Gene Armand Marie Leroi
★ Confusions About Human Races
★
★ Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease, , Neil, Risch, Genome Biology, 2002
★ Genetic structure of human populations, , Noah A., Rosenberg, Science,
★ Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure, , Noah A., Rosenberg, PLoS Genet,
★ Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective, , Alan R., Templeton, American Anthropologist, 1998
★ Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots Kim Camberg
Literature
★ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, ''On the Natural Varieties of Mankind'' (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
★ Stephen Jay Gould, ''The Mismeasure of Man'' — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
★ L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, ''The History and Geography of Human Genes'' — a major reference of modern population genetics
★ L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, ''Genes, Peoples, and Languages''
★ H. F. Augstein, "From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond," in Waltraud Emst and B. Harris, ''Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-1960'' (London: Routledge, 1999): 58-79.
★ Bruce Baum, ''The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity'' (New York: New York University Press, 2006)
★ Paul Lawrence Guthrie, ''The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman'' (Paperback), ISBN 0-948390-49-2
★ The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, by John W. Cole (Author), Eric R. Wolf University of California Press; 1 edition (October 11, 1999) ISBN-10: 0520216814 ISBN-13: 978-0520216815
See also
★ Scientific racism
★ Craniofacial anthropometry
★ Race and genetics
★ Race (U.S. Census)
★ Race (historical definitions)
★ Caucasian peoples
★ White people
★ European people
★ White American
★ Caucasian-American
★ European American
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