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(Redirected from Cedar waxwing)
The 'Cedar Waxwing' (''Bombycilla cedrorum'') is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of passerine birds. It breeds in open wooded areas in North America, principally southern Canada and the northern United States.
It is 16.5 cm in length and weighs 32 g. It is smaller and browner than its close relative, the Bohemian Waxwing, which breeds further north and west. The tail is tipped with yellow or orange depending on diet. Birds that have fed on berries of introduced Eurasian honeysuckles while growing tail feathers will have darker orange-tipped tail-feathers. Adults have a pale yellow belly. Immature birds are streaked on the throat and flanks, and often do not have the black mask of the adults.
The flight of waxwings is strong and direct, and the movement of the flock in flight resembles that of a flock of small pale European Starlings.
The calls of these birds include very high-pitched whistles and buzzy trills often represented as ''see'' or ''sree''.
Outside the breedings season, Cedar Waxwings often feed in large flocks numbering hundreds of birds. This species is irruptive, with erratic winter movements, though most of the population migrates further south into the United States and beyond, sometimes reaching as far as northern South America. They will move in huge numbers if berry supplies are low. Rare vagrants have reached western Europe, and there are two recorded occurrences of Cedar Waxwing sightings in Great Britain. Individual Bohemian Waxwings will occasionally join large winter flocks of Cedar Waxwings.
Birds in winter can be very confiding and will come into gardens for berry bushes and trees and to splash and drink from fountains or bird baths.
''Migratory'' Cedar Waxwing ''spotted in Rockwall, TX.''
The Cedar Waxwing eats berries and sugary fruit year-round, with insects becoming an important part of the diet in the breeding season. Its fondness for the small cones of the Eastern Redcedar (a kind of juniper) gave this bird its common name.
When the end of a twig holds a supply of berries that only one bird at a time can reach, members of a flock may line up along the twig and pass berries beak to beak down the line so that each bird gets a chance to eat.
Preferred habitat consists of trees at the edge of wooded areas, or "open" forests, especially those that provide access to berry sources as well as water. Waxwings are attracted to the sound of running water, and love to bathe and drink from shallow creeks. In urban or suburban environments, waxwings often favor parkland with well-spaced trees, golf courses, cemeteries, or other landscaping with well-spaced trees, bushes that provide berries, and a water source, including fountains or birdbaths, is always a big plus.
Cedar Waxwing ''perched in the branches of a Weeping Holly tree.''
The nest is a loose open cup built with grass and twigs, lined with softer materials and supported by a tree branch averaging 2 to 6 meters above ground but, at times, considerably higher. The outer diameter of the nest is approximately 12cm to 16cm.
During courtship, the pair may pass a flower petal or insect back and forth repeatedly. Usually 4 or 5 eggs are laid and the female incubates them for 12 to 16 days. The eggs are oval shaped with a smooth surface and very little, if any, gloss. The egg shells are of various shades of light or bluish grey with irregular, dark brown spots or greyish-brown splotches. Both parents build the nest and feed the young. Typically, there are two broods during the mating season. Young leave the nest about 14 to 18 days after hatching.
Cedar Waxwings are also known as the Southern Waxwing, Canada Robin, Cedar Bird, Cherry Bird, or Recellet.
According to experts on the writing of Vladimir Nabokov, this species almost certainly inspired the waxwing mentioned prominently in his novel ''Pale Fire''.
Waxwings are protected by law in the US and may not be kept in captivity.
★ -- Cornell University -- great info and sound file from one of the world's premier ornithology institutions
★ -- United States Geological Survey general info on cedar waxwings
★ -- USGS summer (breeding) map for cedar waxwings
★ -- USGS winter distribution map for cedar waxwings
★ -- General info, including photos and videos, with specific sites for finding cedar waxwings in San Diego County, California
★ -- South Dakota Birds - Cedar Waxwing Information and Photos
★ Stamps
★ Cedar Waxwing videos on the Internet Bird Collection
★ Witmer, Mark C., Mountjoy, D. James, and Elliot, Lang. "Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla Cedrorum)." in The Birds of North America, Number 309 (Alan Poole and Frank Gill, editors.) The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 1997.
★ Tyler, W.M. "Bombycilla Cedrorum: Cedar Waxwing" in Life Histories of North American Wagtails, Shrikes, Vireos and Their Allies. (Arthur Cleveland Bent, editor.) New York: Dover Publications: 1965 (Unedited reprint of: U.S. Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution United States National Museaum, Bulletin 197: 1950). pp.79-102
★ Bent, Arthur Cleveland, editor. "Bombycilla Garrulus: Bohemian Waxwing" in Life Histories of North American Wagtails, Shrikes, Vireos and Their Allies. New York: Dover Publications: 1965 (Unedited reprint of: U.S. Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution United States National Museaum, Bulletin 197: 1950). pp.62-79.
★ Stokes, Donald & Lillian. Guide to Bird Behavior, Volume 2. New York: Little, Brown &Company. 1983. (Cedar Waxwing, pp. 177-188)
★ Sibley, David Allen. National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2000. (Waxwings: pp. 423.)
★ Sibley, David, et. al, editors. National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2001. (Waxwings: pp. 485-487; waxwing article by Mark Witmer.)
★ Martin, Alfred G. Hand-Taming Wild Birds at the Feeder. Brattleboro, VT: Alan C. Hood & Company. 1963. (Waxwings: pp 113-117)
★ Leister, Mary. "Cedar Waxwings: Unpredictable Birds." BirdWatcher's Digest. November/December 1991 (Vol 14, No. 2). pp. 50-55.
★ Iliff, Marshall J. "Identify Yourself: Waxwings -- Cedar versus Bohemian." BirdWatcher's Digest. October 2001 (Vol 24, No. 1). pp. 38-42.
★ Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
★ Stiles and Skutch, ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica'' ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
★ Witmer, M. C., D. J. Mountjoy, and L. Elliot. 1997. ''Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 309 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
★ Best LS. Ph.D. (1981). ''THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC FRUIT AND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS ON SEED DISPERSAL''. University of Washington, United States -- Washington.
★ Gorchov DL. Ph.D. (1987). ''PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSES OF FRUIT RIPENING ASYNCHRONY IN VERTEBRATE-DISPERSED PLANTS IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
★ Holthuijzen AMA. Ph.D. (1983). ''DISPERSAL ECOLOGY OF EASTERN RED CEDAR JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA L. (VIRGINIA)''. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States -- Virginia.
★ Howell JC. Ph.D. (1973). ''COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CEDAR WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM) AND THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA GARRULUS)''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
★ Hudon J. Ph.D. (1989). ''Keto-carotenoid usage and evolutionary dynamics in birds''. The University of Connecticut, United States -- Connecticut.
★ Martinez del Rio C. Ph.D. (1990). ''Sugar preferences in birds: Physiological and ecological correlates''. University of Florida, United States -- Florida.
★ Mountjoy DJ. M.Sc. (1987). ''Behavioural ecology of the cedar waxwing during the breeding season''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
★ Neudorf DL. M.Sc. (1991). ''Nest defense in four host species of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater)''. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
★ Putnam LS. Ph.D. (1948). ''THE BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE CEDAR WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM)''. The Ohio State University, United States -- Ohio.
★ Richardson RK. M.S. (1986). ''GROWTH PATTERN, NEST SUCCESS, AND PARENTAL INVESTMENT IN AN ISLAND POPULATION OF CEDAR WAXWINGS (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM) (MICHIGAN)''. Central Michigan University, United States -- Michigan.
★ Witmer MC. Ph.D. (1994). ''Contrasting digestive strategies of frugivorous birds''. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
★ Brewer R & Drewiske DF. (1980). ''Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum Catching Snowflakes''. Jack Pine Warbler. vol '58', no 3. p. 121-122.
★ Browning MR & Banks RC. (1996). ''Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, (1808) and Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, (1809) (Aves, Passeriformes): Proposed conservation of the specific names''. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. vol '53', no 3. p. 187-200.
★ Brush AH. (1990). ''A POSSIBLE SOURCE FOR THE RHODOXANTHIN IN SOME CEDAR WAXWING TAILS - COMMENT''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '61', no 3. p. 355-355.
★ Buchholz R & Levey DJ. (1990). ''The Evolutionary Triad of Microbes Fruits and Seed Dispersers an Experiment in Fruit Choice by Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Oikos. vol '59', no 2. p. 200-204.
★ Burtt EHJ, Sustare BD & Hailman JP. (1976). ''Cedar Waxwing Feeding from Spider Web''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '88', no 1. p. 157-158.
★ Dowler RC & Swanson GA. (1982). ''High Mortality of Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum Associated with Highway Plantings''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '94', no 4. p. 602-603.
★ Fisk EJ. (1970). ''Common Grackle Kills Cedar Waxwing in Air''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '82', no 4.
★ Grubbe O. (1970). ''Something Concerning the Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Gefiederte Welt. vol '94', no 10. p. 184-187.
★ Hedrick LD & Woody AD. (1983). ''Northern Mockingbird Mimus-Polyglottos Kills Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '95', no 1. p. 157-158.
★ Holthuijzen AMA & Adkisson CS. (1984). ''Passage Rate Energetics and Utilization Efficiency of the Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '96', no 4. p. 680-684.
★ Hudon J & Brush AH. (1989). ''Probable Dietary Basis of a Color Variant of the Cedar Waxwing''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '60', no 3. p. 361-368.
★ International Commission On Zoological N. (1998). ''Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, (1808) and Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, (1809) (Aves, Passeriformes): Specific names conserved''. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. vol '55', no 1. p. 62-63.
★ King DI. (1996). ''Carnivory observed in the Cedar waxwing''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '108', no 2. p. 381-382.
★ Leck CF & Cantor FL. (1979). ''Seasonality Clutch Size and Hatching Success in the Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Auk. vol '96', no 1. p. 196-198.
★ Levey DJ & Duke GE. (1992). ''How do frugivores process fruit? Gastrointestinal transit and glucose absorption in cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum)''. Auk. vol '109', no 4. p. 722-730.
★ Loncke DJ. (1973). ''Cedar Waxwing Courts White-Throated Sparrow''. Auk. vol '90', no 3. p. 674-675.
★ McKay CR. (2000). ''Cedar Waxwing in Shetland: New to the Western Palearctic''. British Birds. vol '93', no 12. p. 580-587.
★ Mountjoy DJ & Robertson RJ. (1988). ''Nest-Construction Tactics in the Cedar Waxwing''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '100', no 1. p. 128-130.
★ Mountjoy DJ & Robertson RJ. (1988). ''Why Are Waxwings Waxy Delayed Plumage Maturation in the Cedar Waxwing''. Auk. vol '105', no 1. p. 61-69.
★ Mulvihill RS, Parkes KC, Leberman RC & Wood DS. (1992). ''Evidence Supporting a Dietary Basis for Orange-Tipped Rectrices in the Cedar Waxwing''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '63', no 2. p. 212-216.
★ Murphy MT, Cummings CL & Palmer MS. (1997). ''Comparative analysis of habitat selection, nest site and nest success by cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) and eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus)''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '138', no 2. p. 344-356.
★ Pittaway R. (1991). ''Orange-Banded Variant of the Cedar Waxwing''. Ontario Birds. vol '9', no 1. p. 7-8.
★ Rodgers SPJ & Post W. (1989). ''Cedar Waxwing Breeding on the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina USA''. Chat. vol '53', no 4.
★ Rothstein SI. (1971). ''High Nest Density and Nonrandom Nest Placement in the Cedar Waxwing''. Condor. vol '73', no 4. p. 483-485.
★ Rothstein SI. (1972). ''Egg Shell Thickness and Its Variation in the Cedar Waxwing''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '84', no 4. p. 469-474.
★ Rothstein SI. (1973). ''Variation in the Incidence of Hatching Failure in the Cedar Waxwing and Other Species''. Condor. vol '75', no 2. p. 164-169.
★ Rothstein SI. (1976). ''Cowbird Parasitism of the Cedar Waxwing and Its Evolutionary Implications''. Auk. vol '93', no 3. p. 498-509.
★ Studier EH, Szuch EJ, Tompkins TM & Cope VW. (1988). ''Nutritional Budgets in Free Flying Birds Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum Feeding on Washington Hawthorn Fruit Crataegus-Phaenopyrum''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology A. vol '89', no 3. p. 471-474.
★ Witmer MC. (2001). ''Nutritional interactions and fruit removal: Cedar Waxwing consumption of Viburnum opulus fruits in spring''. Ecology. vol '82', no 11. p. 3120-3130.
★ Wolfenbarger DO. (1973). ''Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum Feeds on Avocado Flowers''. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. vol '85', no 1973. p. 341-343.
The 'Cedar Waxwing' (''Bombycilla cedrorum'') is a member of the family Bombycillidae or waxwing family of passerine birds. It breeds in open wooded areas in North America, principally southern Canada and the northern United States.
| Contents |
| Description |
| Vocalizations |
| Seasonal movements |
| Diet |
| Habitat |
| Nesting |
| Cedar Waxwings in literature and law |
| Links |
| References |
| Further reading |
| Book |
| Thesis |
| Articles |
Description
It is 16.5 cm in length and weighs 32 g. It is smaller and browner than its close relative, the Bohemian Waxwing, which breeds further north and west. The tail is tipped with yellow or orange depending on diet. Birds that have fed on berries of introduced Eurasian honeysuckles while growing tail feathers will have darker orange-tipped tail-feathers. Adults have a pale yellow belly. Immature birds are streaked on the throat and flanks, and often do not have the black mask of the adults.
The flight of waxwings is strong and direct, and the movement of the flock in flight resembles that of a flock of small pale European Starlings.
Vocalizations
The calls of these birds include very high-pitched whistles and buzzy trills often represented as ''see'' or ''sree''.
Seasonal movements
Outside the breedings season, Cedar Waxwings often feed in large flocks numbering hundreds of birds. This species is irruptive, with erratic winter movements, though most of the population migrates further south into the United States and beyond, sometimes reaching as far as northern South America. They will move in huge numbers if berry supplies are low. Rare vagrants have reached western Europe, and there are two recorded occurrences of Cedar Waxwing sightings in Great Britain. Individual Bohemian Waxwings will occasionally join large winter flocks of Cedar Waxwings.
Birds in winter can be very confiding and will come into gardens for berry bushes and trees and to splash and drink from fountains or bird baths.
Diet
The Cedar Waxwing eats berries and sugary fruit year-round, with insects becoming an important part of the diet in the breeding season. Its fondness for the small cones of the Eastern Redcedar (a kind of juniper) gave this bird its common name.
When the end of a twig holds a supply of berries that only one bird at a time can reach, members of a flock may line up along the twig and pass berries beak to beak down the line so that each bird gets a chance to eat.
Habitat
Preferred habitat consists of trees at the edge of wooded areas, or "open" forests, especially those that provide access to berry sources as well as water. Waxwings are attracted to the sound of running water, and love to bathe and drink from shallow creeks. In urban or suburban environments, waxwings often favor parkland with well-spaced trees, golf courses, cemeteries, or other landscaping with well-spaced trees, bushes that provide berries, and a water source, including fountains or birdbaths, is always a big plus.
Nesting
The nest is a loose open cup built with grass and twigs, lined with softer materials and supported by a tree branch averaging 2 to 6 meters above ground but, at times, considerably higher. The outer diameter of the nest is approximately 12cm to 16cm.
During courtship, the pair may pass a flower petal or insect back and forth repeatedly. Usually 4 or 5 eggs are laid and the female incubates them for 12 to 16 days. The eggs are oval shaped with a smooth surface and very little, if any, gloss. The egg shells are of various shades of light or bluish grey with irregular, dark brown spots or greyish-brown splotches. Both parents build the nest and feed the young. Typically, there are two broods during the mating season. Young leave the nest about 14 to 18 days after hatching.
Cedar Waxwings are also known as the Southern Waxwing, Canada Robin, Cedar Bird, Cherry Bird, or Recellet.
Cedar Waxwings in literature and law
According to experts on the writing of Vladimir Nabokov, this species almost certainly inspired the waxwing mentioned prominently in his novel ''Pale Fire''.
Waxwings are protected by law in the US and may not be kept in captivity.
Links
★ -- Cornell University -- great info and sound file from one of the world's premier ornithology institutions
★ -- United States Geological Survey general info on cedar waxwings
★ -- USGS summer (breeding) map for cedar waxwings
★ -- USGS winter distribution map for cedar waxwings
★ -- General info, including photos and videos, with specific sites for finding cedar waxwings in San Diego County, California
★ -- South Dakota Birds - Cedar Waxwing Information and Photos
★ Stamps
★ Cedar Waxwing videos on the Internet Bird Collection
References
★ Witmer, Mark C., Mountjoy, D. James, and Elliot, Lang. "Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla Cedrorum)." in The Birds of North America, Number 309 (Alan Poole and Frank Gill, editors.) The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 1997.
★ Tyler, W.M. "Bombycilla Cedrorum: Cedar Waxwing" in Life Histories of North American Wagtails, Shrikes, Vireos and Their Allies. (Arthur Cleveland Bent, editor.) New York: Dover Publications: 1965 (Unedited reprint of: U.S. Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution United States National Museaum, Bulletin 197: 1950). pp.79-102
★ Bent, Arthur Cleveland, editor. "Bombycilla Garrulus: Bohemian Waxwing" in Life Histories of North American Wagtails, Shrikes, Vireos and Their Allies. New York: Dover Publications: 1965 (Unedited reprint of: U.S. Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution United States National Museaum, Bulletin 197: 1950). pp.62-79.
★ Stokes, Donald & Lillian. Guide to Bird Behavior, Volume 2. New York: Little, Brown &Company. 1983. (Cedar Waxwing, pp. 177-188)
★ Sibley, David Allen. National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2000. (Waxwings: pp. 423.)
★ Sibley, David, et. al, editors. National Audubon Society: The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2001. (Waxwings: pp. 485-487; waxwing article by Mark Witmer.)
★ Martin, Alfred G. Hand-Taming Wild Birds at the Feeder. Brattleboro, VT: Alan C. Hood & Company. 1963. (Waxwings: pp 113-117)
★ Leister, Mary. "Cedar Waxwings: Unpredictable Birds." BirdWatcher's Digest. November/December 1991 (Vol 14, No. 2). pp. 50-55.
★ Iliff, Marshall J. "Identify Yourself: Waxwings -- Cedar versus Bohemian." BirdWatcher's Digest. October 2001 (Vol 24, No. 1). pp. 38-42.
★ Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
★ Stiles and Skutch, ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica'' ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
Further reading
Book
★ Witmer, M. C., D. J. Mountjoy, and L. Elliot. 1997. ''Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)''. In ''The Birds of North America'', No. 309 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
Thesis
★ Best LS. Ph.D. (1981). ''THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC FRUIT AND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS ON SEED DISPERSAL''. University of Washington, United States -- Washington.
★ Gorchov DL. Ph.D. (1987). ''PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSES OF FRUIT RIPENING ASYNCHRONY IN VERTEBRATE-DISPERSED PLANTS IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
★ Holthuijzen AMA. Ph.D. (1983). ''DISPERSAL ECOLOGY OF EASTERN RED CEDAR JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA L. (VIRGINIA)''. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States -- Virginia.
★ Howell JC. Ph.D. (1973). ''COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CEDAR WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM) AND THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA GARRULUS)''. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
★ Hudon J. Ph.D. (1989). ''Keto-carotenoid usage and evolutionary dynamics in birds''. The University of Connecticut, United States -- Connecticut.
★ Martinez del Rio C. Ph.D. (1990). ''Sugar preferences in birds: Physiological and ecological correlates''. University of Florida, United States -- Florida.
★ Mountjoy DJ. M.Sc. (1987). ''Behavioural ecology of the cedar waxwing during the breeding season''. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
★ Neudorf DL. M.Sc. (1991). ''Nest defense in four host species of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater)''. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
★ Putnam LS. Ph.D. (1948). ''THE BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE CEDAR WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM)''. The Ohio State University, United States -- Ohio.
★ Richardson RK. M.S. (1986). ''GROWTH PATTERN, NEST SUCCESS, AND PARENTAL INVESTMENT IN AN ISLAND POPULATION OF CEDAR WAXWINGS (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM) (MICHIGAN)''. Central Michigan University, United States -- Michigan.
★ Witmer MC. Ph.D. (1994). ''Contrasting digestive strategies of frugivorous birds''. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
Articles
★ Brewer R & Drewiske DF. (1980). ''Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum Catching Snowflakes''. Jack Pine Warbler. vol '58', no 3. p. 121-122.
★ Browning MR & Banks RC. (1996). ''Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, (1808) and Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, (1809) (Aves, Passeriformes): Proposed conservation of the specific names''. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. vol '53', no 3. p. 187-200.
★ Brush AH. (1990). ''A POSSIBLE SOURCE FOR THE RHODOXANTHIN IN SOME CEDAR WAXWING TAILS - COMMENT''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '61', no 3. p. 355-355.
★ Buchholz R & Levey DJ. (1990). ''The Evolutionary Triad of Microbes Fruits and Seed Dispersers an Experiment in Fruit Choice by Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Oikos. vol '59', no 2. p. 200-204.
★ Burtt EHJ, Sustare BD & Hailman JP. (1976). ''Cedar Waxwing Feeding from Spider Web''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '88', no 1. p. 157-158.
★ Dowler RC & Swanson GA. (1982). ''High Mortality of Cedar Waxwings Bombycilla-Cedrorum Associated with Highway Plantings''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '94', no 4. p. 602-603.
★ Fisk EJ. (1970). ''Common Grackle Kills Cedar Waxwing in Air''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '82', no 4.
★ Grubbe O. (1970). ''Something Concerning the Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Gefiederte Welt. vol '94', no 10. p. 184-187.
★ Hedrick LD & Woody AD. (1983). ''Northern Mockingbird Mimus-Polyglottos Kills Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '95', no 1. p. 157-158.
★ Holthuijzen AMA & Adkisson CS. (1984). ''Passage Rate Energetics and Utilization Efficiency of the Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '96', no 4. p. 680-684.
★ Hudon J & Brush AH. (1989). ''Probable Dietary Basis of a Color Variant of the Cedar Waxwing''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '60', no 3. p. 361-368.
★ International Commission On Zoological N. (1998). ''Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot, (1808) and Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, (1809) (Aves, Passeriformes): Specific names conserved''. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. vol '55', no 1. p. 62-63.
★ King DI. (1996). ''Carnivory observed in the Cedar waxwing''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '108', no 2. p. 381-382.
★ Leck CF & Cantor FL. (1979). ''Seasonality Clutch Size and Hatching Success in the Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla-Cedrorum''. Auk. vol '96', no 1. p. 196-198.
★ Levey DJ & Duke GE. (1992). ''How do frugivores process fruit? Gastrointestinal transit and glucose absorption in cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum)''. Auk. vol '109', no 4. p. 722-730.
★ Loncke DJ. (1973). ''Cedar Waxwing Courts White-Throated Sparrow''. Auk. vol '90', no 3. p. 674-675.
★ McKay CR. (2000). ''Cedar Waxwing in Shetland: New to the Western Palearctic''. British Birds. vol '93', no 12. p. 580-587.
★ Mountjoy DJ & Robertson RJ. (1988). ''Nest-Construction Tactics in the Cedar Waxwing''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '100', no 1. p. 128-130.
★ Mountjoy DJ & Robertson RJ. (1988). ''Why Are Waxwings Waxy Delayed Plumage Maturation in the Cedar Waxwing''. Auk. vol '105', no 1. p. 61-69.
★ Mulvihill RS, Parkes KC, Leberman RC & Wood DS. (1992). ''Evidence Supporting a Dietary Basis for Orange-Tipped Rectrices in the Cedar Waxwing''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '63', no 2. p. 212-216.
★ Murphy MT, Cummings CL & Palmer MS. (1997). ''Comparative analysis of habitat selection, nest site and nest success by cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) and eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus)''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '138', no 2. p. 344-356.
★ Pittaway R. (1991). ''Orange-Banded Variant of the Cedar Waxwing''. Ontario Birds. vol '9', no 1. p. 7-8.
★ Rodgers SPJ & Post W. (1989). ''Cedar Waxwing Breeding on the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina USA''. Chat. vol '53', no 4.
★ Rothstein SI. (1971). ''High Nest Density and Nonrandom Nest Placement in the Cedar Waxwing''. Condor. vol '73', no 4. p. 483-485.
★ Rothstein SI. (1972). ''Egg Shell Thickness and Its Variation in the Cedar Waxwing''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '84', no 4. p. 469-474.
★ Rothstein SI. (1973). ''Variation in the Incidence of Hatching Failure in the Cedar Waxwing and Other Species''. Condor. vol '75', no 2. p. 164-169.
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