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'Ceratopogonidae', or 'biting midges' (or, in the United States, 'no-see-ums', 'sand flies', 'punkies', and others), are a family of small flies (1-4 mm long) in the order Diptera. They are closely related to the Chironomidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. They are found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat throughout the world. Females of most species are adapted to suck blood from some kind of host animal. ''Culicoides'', ''Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea)'', and ''Leptoconops'' suck vertebrate blood. Some ''Atrichopogon'' and ''Forcipomyia'' are ectoparasites on larger insects. ''Dasyhelea'' feed exclusively on nectar. Species in other genera are predatory on other small insects. Larvae are always found in some damp location, such as under bark, in rotten wood, compost, mud, stream margins, tree holes, or water-holding plants (i.e., phytotelmata). Many of the blood-sucking species, or those that feed via hematophagy, are pests in beach or mountain habitats. Other species are important pollinators of tropical crops such as cacao. The blood-sucking species may be vectors of disease-causing viruses, protozoa, and filarial worms. The bite of midges in the genus ''Culicoides'' causes an allergic response in equines known as sweet itch.

Contents

See also

References

External links

See also

★ ''Culicoides impunctatus''

★ ''Culicoides imicola''

References

★ Blanton, F.S. and W.W. Wirth. 1979. The sand flies (''Culicoides'') of Florida (Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

★ Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1-257.

★ Clastrier, J. and W.W. Wirth. 1978. The ''Leptoconops kerteszi'' complex in North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1573.

★ Downes, J.A. and W.W. Wirth. 1981. Chapter 28: Ceratopogonidae. Pp. 393-421. ''In'': McAlpine, J.F., B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, and D.M. Wood. Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.

★ Hendry, George. ''Midges in Scotland'' 4th Edition, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 2003 ISBN 1-84183-062-3

★ Mullen, G.R. and L.J. Hribar. 1988. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology 13: 60-81.

★ Wirth, W.W. and F.S. Blanton. 1974. The West Indian sandflies of the genus ''Culicoides'' (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin Number 1474.

★ Wirth, W.W. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 1988. The Predaceous Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; Tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook Number 4. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden. xv + 160 pp.

★ Wirth, W.W., N.C. Ratanaworabhan, and D.H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90(3): 615-647.

External links

★ British insects: the families of Diptera - Delta guides, Biodiversity and Biological Collections

★ Ceratopogonidae - AAFC, Government of Canada

★ The Ceratopogonidae - Inbio Site, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad

★ Ceratopogonid Web Page - Belmont University