CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT

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'Chartered Accountant (CA)' is the title used by members of certain professional accountancy associations in the British Commonwealth countries and Ireland. The term ''chartered'' comes from the Royal Charter granted to the world's first professional body of accountants upon their establishment in 1854^[1].
Chartered Accountants work in all fields of business and finance. Some are engaged in public practice work, others work in the private sector and some are employed by government bodies.

United Kingdom

In the UK, there are no licence requirements for an individual to describe himself/herself or to practice as an accountant (except in the areas of audit or insolvency) but a Chartered Accountant must be a member of one of the following organisations:

★ the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW) (designatory letters ACA or FCA);

★ the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) (designatory letters CA);

★ the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICAI) (which is a UK body as it operates in Northern Ireland, designatory letters ACA or FCA);
Each of these bodies admits members only after passing examinations and undergoing a period of relevant work experience. Once admitted, members are expected to comply with ethical guidelines and gain appropriate continuing professional experience.
Chartered Accountants who engage in public practice work (ie selling services to the public rather than acting as an employee) must gain a "practising certificate" by meeting further requirements such as purchasing adequate insurance and undergoing regular inspections.
Chartered Accountants holding "practising certificates" may also become "Registered Auditors", providing they can demonstrate the necessary professional ability in that area.
Further restrictions apply to accountants who carry out insolvency work.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, Chartered Accountants are generally members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland and use the designatory letters ACA or FCA. Chartered Accountants may also be members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales or the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.

EU accountants

Under the Mutual Recognition Directive, EEA and Swiss nationals holding a professional qualification can become members of the equivalent bodies in another member state.
They must, however, pass an aptititude test in understanding local conditions (which for accountants will include local tax and company law variations).
The local title is however not available for use if the professional does not choose to join the local professional body. For example a holder of the French 'expert comptable' qualification could practice as an accountant in England without taking a local test but could only describe him/herself as "Expert Comptable (France)" not "Chartered Accountant". Within the EEA, only the UK and Ireland have bodies that issue the Chartered Accountant title.

Australia

Chartered Accountants in Australia belong to the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Australia and use the designatory letters CA. Some senior members of the Institute may be elected Fellows and use the letters FCA.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, Chartered Accountants belong to the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants and use the designatory letters CA. Some senior members may be elected Fellows and use the letters FCA.
There is also a mid-tier qualification called ''Associate Chartered Accountant'' with the designatory letters ACA. Associate Chartered Accountants are not eligible to hold a Certificate of Public Practice and therefore cannot offer services to the public.

Canada

In Canada, Chartered Accountants must be members of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA). However, CICA membership must be held alongside membership of at least one CA institute (or ''ordre'' in French) of a Canadian province or territory. It is not possible to join the CICA directly.
Auditing rights are regulated by provincial governments. In British Columbia, the Business Corporations Act (which had replaced the longstanding Company Act) provides that only CAs, CGAs (Certified General Accountants), or anyone who has been granted an accounting licence by the provincial regulatory body may audit public companies. In Prince Edward Island, only qualified CAs and CGAs can perform public accounting and auditing in accordance with the Public Accounting and Auditing Act. In all other provinces, except Quebec and Ontario, only qualified CAs, CGAs, and CMAs (Certified Management Accountants) may audit public companies.
Historically Quebec and Ontario only allowed CAs to audit public companies. However, CGAs and CMAs can audit a selected list of public bodies in Quebec. In 2004, the Ontario government passed legislation that would enable CGAs and CMAs to practice public accounting, but only after these bodies had demonstrated to a reconstituted Public Accountants Council that they could attain qualification standards of equivalent rigour to CAs. Until that process is completed sometime in 2007 or 2008, neither CGAs nor CMAs can be eligible for public accounting licenses.
In Quebec, the situation is currently under review and challenge based on the Agreement of Internal Trade (AIT). In August 2005, the AIT issued a report recommending Quebec to change its legislation by opening public auditing to qualified accountants who are not CAs.
The size of the accounting bodies varies across Canada. In Ontario and Quebec, CA is substantially bigger than CGA or CMA. In Manitoba, CGA is the largest accounting body, whereas in British Columbia, CA and CGA are about the same size.
Canadian Chartered Accountants use the designatory letters 'CA'. However, a Canadian CA who is a member of a different institute/ordre to that of the province or territory in which he resides may face a restriction on using designatory letters in that province or territory. It is however normally straightforward to transfer membership from one provincial institute to another.

South Africa

In South Africa only one accounting body manages the designation CA(SA) (Chartered Accountant (South Africa) namely SAICA (South African Institute of Chartered Accountants). A separate registration is needed for Chartered Accountants wishing to act as Auditors, namely RA (Registered Auditor). The RA Designation are controlled by IRBA (Independent Regulatory Board For Auditors), previously known as PAAB (Public Accountants and Auditors Board.).
The public are often mistaken by thinking that all Chartered Accountants may act as Auditors. Since TOPP (Training Outside Public Practice)originated, a great number of members earned the designation Chartered Accountant with no knowledge or experience in Auditing. These Chartered Accountants specialise in financial management and almost exclusively act as financial directors or managers for large corporations.
To attain a CA(SA) qualification one must complete 3 years of 'articles' experience. That is one must work for a registered training office for that period. Article clerks who switch employers during this period have that 3 years extended by 6 months. This rule prevents a free employer-employee market developing and results in abuse of trainees for whom the 'articles' employment contract is usually the first of their career.
After completing a relevant degree, normally a bachelors in accounting, and completing a CTA (Certificate for Theory in Accounting), part one (QE) and part two (PPE) of the qualifying exams must be completed before finally qualifying as a CA(SA).
A discussion forum for Chartered Accountancy (SA) could assist for anyone who has relevant questions to ask. CA Forum - a discussion for Chartered Accountancy in South Africa

India

In India, the profession of chartered accountancy is regulated by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India which was founded under the Chartered Accountants Act of 1949. The ICAI is self-regulatory and is both, an examining as well as a licensing body.
Members are awarded the C.A. (Chartered Accountants) designation.
The Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 was passed on May 1. The term Chartered Accountant came to be used in place of Indian Registered Accountants. So the term "Chartered" does not relate to Royal Charter as in case in UK or Australia as there is no Royal Charter in the Republic of India.
A person shall be awarded the [C.A.] after passing of the CPT (Common Proficiency Test),PCC and Final examinations along with Computer Training and completion of 3 and a half years of articleship training (apprenticeship).
Statutory Audit under the Companies Act, 1956 and Tax Audit under the Income-Tax Act, 1961 can be carried out only by Chartered Accountants holding a Certificate of Practice.
The ICAI has also entered into Mutual Recognition Agreements with several overseas accounting bodies. e.g. the CECA with Singapore. The Institute is in process for opening up with various other countries and governments.
The "C.A" is a much sought after designaton in India and is considered to be quite prestigious and though open to students from science & humanities backgrounds it is cut out for and is usually the First Choice for students from the commerce field and hence attracts the best of the talent in the country.
The examinations are very rigorous with very low pass rates. The curriculum involves a blend of theoretical education and practical training which run concurrently for a period of three years and equips a student with knowledge, ability, skills and other qualities required to pursue a career as a professional accountant and also other careers as financial analysts, tax consultants, etc.
The three and a half years training is very comprehensive and covers all aspects of practical training : accounting, auditing, taxation, financial analysis, and also gives the student a choice of opting for Industrial Training in the last year of the training.
The craze for the CA Profession is also fuelled by the fact that a fresh Chartered Accountant in India, earns at least three times than an average MBA or Company Secretary.
The ICAI has recently started Campus Placement for CA's and the response from the industry was overwhelming. The maximum salary bagged by a fresh CA was 39 Lakhs(Approx) with average salary at around 6.5 Lakhs ( A Lakh is 100,000 Indian Rupees. A US Dollar is approximately 41 Indian Rupees and a Great Britain Pound is 82 Indian Rupees).

Pakistan

'Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan ICAP' 'Introduction'
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) was established on July 1, 1961 to regulate the profession of accountancy in the Country. It is a statutory autonomous body established under the Chartered Accountants Ordinance 1961.With the significant growth in the profession, the CA Ordinance and Bye-Laws were revised in 1983.
In view of globalization of the accountancy profession, the Institute is in the process of updating the Ordinance and Bye-Laws once again.
The head office of the Institute is in Clifton, Karachi in its own premises. The Institute also has regional offices at Lahore and Islamabad. The ICAP is a member of International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), Confederation of a Asian & Pacific Accountants (CAPA) and South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA).
'Brief History of The Institute'
The accountancy profession in this subcontinent originated with the concepts of limited liability and statutory audit which were introduced in the subcontinent with the promulgation of the Companies Acts in 1850 and 1857. However, the accountancy profession took some discernible shape in early part of the current century and in 1920 the Government of India formed an Indian Accountancy Board to advise the government on the conduct and development of this profession. The Auditor's Certificate Rules were published in 1932 whereby government authorities sought to regulate the accountancy profession.
When Pakistan came in existence in 1947, the 1932 Auditors Certificate Rules were adopted temporarily. In 1950 a new set of Auditor's Certificate Rules mainly based on the old rules, was published for regulating the profession in Pakistan. A person who satisfied the conditions laid down regarding practical training and theoretical knowledge could have his name placed on the register maintained by the Ministry of Commerce and was entitled to use the designation Registered Accountant". The Companies act in force allowed only a Registered Accountant to act as the auditor of a public company.
In 1952 the Registered Accountants formed a body known as the Pakistan Institute of Accountants to look after their interest and to take up with the Ministry of Commerce matters affecting the profession. The Government began to realize that the accountancy profession was growing in importance and in June 1959 the Department of Accountancy was set up in the Ministry of Commerce with a Controller of Accountancy to deal with the profession instead of a Section Officer. In 1961 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan was formed as a statutory autonomous body.

Reference

1. The Edinburgh Society of Accountants (formed 1854), the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries (1854) and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants (1867) were each granted a royal charter almost from their inception.Perks, R.W.(1993): ''Accounting and Society''. Chapman & Hall (London); ISBN 0412473305. p.16

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CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT

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