CHESTNUT

:''For other uses, see Chestnut (disambiguation). "Chinkapin" and "Chinquapin" redirect here; for other uses see Chinkapin (disambiguation) and Chinquapin (disambiguation)
'Chestnut' is a common name for several species of trees in the genus ''Castanea'', in the Beech family Fagaceae. Chestnuts are native to warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name also refers to the edible nuts produced by these trees. Most are large trees to 20-40 m tall, but some species are smaller, often shrubby. All are flowering broadleafs with catkins.
The leaves of the American and European chestnut are simple, ovate or lanceolate, 10-30 cm long and 4-10 cm broad, with sharply pointed, widely-spaced teeth, with shallow rounded sinuses between. The flowers are catkins, produced in mid summer; they have a heavy, unpleasant odour (Bean 1970). The fruit is a spiny cupule 5-11 cm diameter, containing one to seven nuts. Chestnut trees thrive on acidic soils, such as soils derived from granite or schist, and do not grow well on alkaline soils such as limestone. When wanting to grow chestnut trees on such soils, the practice was to graft them onto oak rootstocks.
Neither the horse chestnut (family Sapindaceae) nor the water chestnut (family Cyperaceae) is closely related to the chestnut, though both are so named for producing similar nuts. The name ''Castanea'' comes from an old Latin name for the sweet chestnut.

Contents

Chinkapin

Diseases

Uses

In popular culture

References

Chinkapin

The closely related golden chinkapin (''Castanopsis chrysophylla'') is a small broadleaf evergreen tree native to middle-elevation mountain areas of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest. The tree grows in small, clonal clusters. Nuts are similar to chestnuts but much smaller and almost always rotten. The wood is also similar to chestnut but, like the nuts, has an extreme tendency to rot.

Diseases

When the first settlers arrived, they discovered these magnificent old growth forests where 1 in every 4 trees was a chestnut. In the very beginning of the 20th century a fungal disease, chestnut blight, ''Cryphonectria parasitica'' was introduced in the New York area. This blight was introduced by importing an Asian chestnut, which is naturally resistant to blight. In the first 40 years of the 20th century, this blight destroyed over 3.5 billion American chestnuts. What had been the most important tree throughout the east coast was reduced to insignificance. No comparable devastation of a species exists in recorded history.
The American chinkapins are also very susceptible to chestnut blight. The European and west Asian Sweet Chestnut is susceptible, but less so than the American, and the east Asian species are resistant. These resistant species, particularly Japanese Chestnut and Chinese Chestnut but also Seguin's Chestnut and Henry's Chestnut, have been used in breeding programs in the US to create hybrids with the American Chestnut that are also disease resistant.
''Castanea'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Castanea.

Uses

The nuts are an important food crop in southern Europe, southwestern and eastern Asia, and also in eastern North America before the chestnut blight. In southern Europe in the Middle Ages, whole forest-dwelling communities which had scarce access to wheat flour relied on chestnuts as their main source of carbohydrates.
The nuts can be eaten candied, boiled or roasted; the former are often sold under the French name ''marrons glacés''. One easy method for roasting is to cut a slit in the top of each nut and heat in a shallow container, tossing occasionally, at 400 °F for 10-15 minutes. The nuts must be slit as they tend to explode when roasted. They may also be pan-roasted or boiled.
Another important use of chestnuts is to be ground into flour, which can then be used to prepare bread, cakes and pasta.
Chestnut-based recipes and preparations are making a comeback in Italian cuisine, as part of the trend toward rediscovery of traditional dishes.
To preserve chestnuts to eat through the winter, they must be made perfectly dry after they come out of their green husk; then put into a box or a barrel mixed with, and covered over by, fine and dry sand, three parts of sand to one part of chestnuts. Any maggots in any of the chestnuts will emerge and work up through the sand to get to the air without damaging other chestnuts. Chestnuts to be grown in the spring need to be kept in moist sand and chilled over the winter.
Chestnuts should not be confused with Horse-chestnuts, which are used in the United Kingdom to play a game called conkers. Conkers, or Horse-chestnuts, are poisonous and are obtained from the tree of the same name.
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The wood is similar to oak wood in being decorative and very durable. Due to disease, American Chestnut wood has almost disappeared from the market. It is difficult to obtain large size timber from the Sweet Chestnut, due to the high degree of splitting and warping when it dries. The wood of the Sweet Chestnut is most used in small items where durability is important, such as fencing and wooden outdoor cladding ('shingles') for buildings. In Italy, it is also used to make barrels used for aging balsamic vinegar.
The bark was also a useful source of natural tannins, used for tanning leather before the introduction of synthetic tannins.

In popular culture

★ The most famous depiction of chestnuts is probably their mention in the Mel Tormé and Bob Wells' classic, ''The Christmas Song'' which begins with the phrase "Chestnuts roasting on an open fire." Written in 1944, the song is most identified with Nat King Cole, although Tormé recorded his own version in 1965.

★ A reference to the chestnut tree was made in the movie ''Howards End'' directed by James Ivory and based on the novel by E.M.Forster, where Mrs. Ruth Wilcox (played by Vanessa Redgrave) converses with Ms. Margaret Schlegel (played by Emma Thompson) about her (Ms. Wilcox's)childhood home in "Howards End", where superstitious farmers would place pig teeth in the bark of the chest nut trees and then they would chew on the bark to ease the discomfort and pain derived from tooth aches.

★ In the Polish film, ''Ashes and Diamonds'', two characters reminisce about the chestnut trees that once lined a famous Warsaw boulevard now destroyed by the Nazis after the Warsaw Uprising.

★ One of the most beloved American poems is "The Village Blacksmith," by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Its opening lines are 'Under a spreading chestnut-tree the village smithy stands.' The appearance of the ill-fated breed of tree is much remarked upon by those involved with projects to return the American chestnut to the wild.

References

★ Bean, W. J. (1970). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'', 8th ed., revised. John Murray, London.

★ Flora of North America:''Castanea''

★ Flora of China:''Castanea''