CHEVROLET CORVETTE

The 'Chevrolet Corvette' is the sports car that has been manufactured by Chevrolet since 1953. It has been proclaimed as "America's Sports Car". It is built today exclusively at a General Motors assembly plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky, but in the past it was built in Flint, Michigan and St. Louis, Missouri. It was the first all-American sports car built by an American car manufacturer. The National Corvette Museum and annual National Corvette Homecoming are also located in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
For 54 years, Corvettes have combined very powerful engines with relative affordability. Examples of engine power include the LS2 or LS7. Older generations of the Corvette have been criticized for being crude and lacking in refinement by European sports car standards, and their on-limit handling is a divisive issue garnering both praise and reproach.^[1] Recent generations of the Corvette, however, are widely seen as being much improved in these areas.^[2]
Corvettes tend to emphasize simplicity over technical complexity. Where nearly all competing marques rely on smaller displacement, more complex and faster-revving engines, the Corvette uses a simpler overhead valve (OHV) design coupled with a larger displacement to make up for the lower rev limit pushrods impose. The result is usually less expensive to manufacture and maintain. Another example of this philosophy is the continued use of transverse leaf springs in the suspension. This has fueled the aforementioned "lack of refinement" argument, although the Corvette's units differ substantially from traditional leaf springs, being made of a composite material and arranged in such a way as to act as stabilizer bars.

Contents

Early history

C1 (solid-axle)

C2 (mid-year)

C3 (Shark)

C4

1984 Model Year

B2K Callaway Twin-Turbo

ZR-1

Grand Sport

C5

C5 Z06

C5-R

C6

C6 Z06

ZR1

C6.R

Z06-R

C7

Oldest surviving unit

Awards

Corvette as marque

Corvette in popular culture

Corvette Sedan

Corvette Distinguishing Features

See also

References

External links

Early history

While the style of a car may be just as important to some as to how well the car runs, it was not until 1927, when General Motors hired designer Harley Earl, that automotive styling and design became important to American automobile manufacturers. What Henry Ford did for automobile manufacturing principles, Harley Earl did for car design. Most of GM's flamboyant "dream car" designs of the 1950s are directly attributable to Earl, leading one journalist to comment that the designs were "the American psyche made visible." Harley Earl loved sports cars, and GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, Alfa Romeos, and the like. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling a two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pinin Farina and British auto engineer Donald Healey. Earl convinced GM that they also needed to build a two-seat sports car. Earl and his Special Projects crew began working on the new car later that year, which was code named "Opel." The result was the 1953 Corvette, unveiled to the public at that year's Motorama car show. The original concept for the Corvette emblem incorporated an American flag into the design, but was changed well before production since associating the flag with a product was frowned upon.
Taking its name from the corvette, a small, maneuverable fighting frigate (the credit for the naming goes to Myron Scott), the first Corvettes were virtually handbuilt in Flint, Michigan in Chevrolet's Customer Delivery Center, now an academic building at Kettering University. The outer body was made out of a revolutionary new composite material called fiberglass, selected in part because of steel quotas left over from the war. Underneath that radical new body were standard Chevrolet components, including the "Blue Flame" inline six-cylinder truck engine, two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, and drum brakes from Chevrolet's regular car line. Though the engine's output was increased somewhat, thanks to a triple-carburetor intake exclusive to the Corvette, performance of the car was decidedly lackluster. Compared to the British and Italian sports cars of the day, the Corvette was underpowered, required a great deal of effort as well as clear roadway to bring to a stop, and even lacked a "proper" manual transmission. Up until that time, the Chevrolet division was GM's entry-level marque, known for excellent but no-nonsense cars. Nowhere was that more evident than in the Corvette. A Paxton supercharger became available in 1954 as a dealer-installed option, greatly improving the Corvette's straight-line performance, but sales continued to decline.
GM was seriously considering shelving the project, leaving the Corvette to be little more than a footnote in automotive history, and would have done so if not for two important events. The first was the introduction in 1955 of Chevrolet's first V8 engine (a 265 in³ {4.3 L}) since 1919, and the second was the influence of a Soviet emigré in GM's engineering department, Zora Arkus-Duntov. Arkus-Duntov simply took the new V8 and backed it with a three-speed manual transmission. That modification, probably the single most important in the car's history, helped turn the Corvette from a two-seat curiosity into a genuine performer. It also earned Arkus-Duntov the rather inaccurate nickname "Father of the Corvette."
Another key factor in the Corvette's survival was Ford's introduction, in 1955, of the two-seat Thunderbird, which was billed as a "personal luxury car", not a sports car. Even so, the Ford-Chevrolet rivalry in those days demanded that GM not appear to back down from the challenge. The "T-Bird" was changed to a four-seater in 1958.
There have been six generations of the Corvette so far, sometimes referred to as C1 through C6.

C1 (solid-axle)

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C1


The first generation is most commonly referred to as a solid-axle, based on the fact that independent rear suspension (IRS) was not available until 1963. The first generation started in 1953 and ended in 1962, with the noteworthy addition of optional fuel injection in mid-1957 (also available on Chevrolet Bel Air). Fuel injection first saw regular use on a gasoline engine two years prior on the Mercedes-Benz 300SL "gullwing" roadster. Although the Corvette's GM-Rochester injection used a constant flow system as opposed to the diesel style nozzle metering system of the Mercedes', it nevertheless produced about (gross). The number was listed by Chevrolet's advertising agency for the 283 hp/283in³ (4.6L) "one hp ''per'' cubic inch" slogan, making it one of the first mass-produced engines in history to reach 1 hp/in³. In 1962, the GM small block was enlarged to and produced a maximum of . Other early options included power windows (1956), hydraulically operated power convertible top (1956), four speed manual transmission (late 1957), and heavy duty brakes and suspension (1957). The car nearly died in 1955, but that year a V-8 replaced the six-cylinder used in 1953 and 1954.

C2 (mid-year)

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C2


The second generation, or ''mid-year'', was designed by Larry Shinoda with major inspiration from a previous unproduced design called the "Q Corvette" by Peter Brock and Chuck Pohlmann, and under the styling direction of Bill Mitchell, started in 1963 and ended in 1967. 1963 would see the introduction of the new 'Corvette Sting Ray' coupé with its distinctive split rear window and fake hood vents as well as an independent rear suspension. The split rear window was discontinued in 1964 due to safety concerns. Because they made the design too busy, the hood vents were also cut. Power for 1963 was at hitting in 1964.
Four-wheel disc brakes were introduced in 1965, as was a "big block" engine option (the (6.5 L) V8). Side exhaust pipes appeared on the 1965 Sting Ray and persisted through 1969. Chevrolet would up the ante in 1966 with the introduction of an even larger 427 in³ (7 L) version, creating what would be one of the most collectible Corvettes ever. 1967 saw a L88 version of the 427 introduced which was rated at , but unofficial estimates place the actual output at or more. Only twenty such engines were placed in the 1967 Corvette, and the cars can fetch US$1,000,000 or more in auction today. From 1967 to 1969, the 1282 ft³/min Holley triple two-barrel carburetor, or Tri-Power, was available on the 427. The 1967 Corvette originally was going to be the first of the C3 generation; however, due to delays the C3 had to be put off until 1968. Other early options available on the C2 included an AM-FM radio (mid 1963), air conditioning (1963), a telescopic steering wheel (1965) and headrests, presumably to prevent whiplash (1966).

The 1965 introduction of the 425 hp 396 in³ big block was ultimately the harbinger of doom for the Rochester fuel injection system. The 396 in³ option cost $292.70 while the fuel injected 327 in³ engine cost $538.00. Few people could justify spending $245 more for 50 hp less. When only 771 fuel-injected cars were built in 1965, Chevrolet stopped the program.
In 2004, ''Sports Car International'' named the Sting Ray number five on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1960s.
The design of this generation had several inspirations. The first was the contemporary Jaguar E-Type, one of which Mitchell owned and enjoyed driving frequently. Bill Mitchell also sponsored a car known as the "Mitchell Sting Ray" in 1959, because Chevrolet no longer participated in factory racing. This vehicle had the largest impact on the styling of this generation, although it had no top and didn't give away what the coupe would look like. The third inspiration was a mako shark that Mitchell had caught while deep-sea fishing.
In 1961 the Corvette finally sold over 10,000 vehicles per year, hitting a number of 10,947 in that production year.
In 1962 Corvette chief engineer Zora Arkus-Duntov came up with a lightweight version of the C2. Concerned about Ford and what they were doing with the Shelby Cobra, GM planned 100 Grand Sport Corvettes. The plans never came about and only five were built. They were driven by historic drivers such as Roger Penske, A. J. Foyt, Jim Hall, and Dick Guldstrand among others. The Grand Sports, however, had many issues; the aero package made for a very frightful driving experience to say the least. Delmo Johnson said it was "the only car I ever drove that would lift the front wheels off the ground in all four gears." Dick Thompson was the only driver to drive the Grand Sport to victory. He won a Sports Car Club of America race at Watkins Glen. Today there are only five left, cars 001-005 all held by private owners. They are among the most coveted and valuable Corvettes ever built.
The popular Z06 performance package on the C5 and C6 model Corvettes is named after a Z06 performance option dating back to the 1963 model year.^[3]

C3 (Shark)

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C3


The third generation, patterned after Chevrolet's "Mako Shark II" (designed by Larry Shinoda), started in 1968 and ended in 1982. This generation has the distinction of being introduced to the motoring public in an unorthodox — and unintended — fashion. 1968 marked the introduction of Mattel's now-famous Hot Wheels line of 1/64-scale die cast toy cars. General Motors had tried their best to keep the appearance of the upcoming car a secret, but the release of the Hot Wheels line several weeks before the Corvette's unveiling had a certain version of particular interest to Corvette fans: the "Custom Corvette", a GM-authorized model of the 1968 Corvette.
In 1969, GM enlarged their small block again to , and in 1970, the 427 big block was enlarged to . Power peaked in the 1970 and 1971 models, with the 1970 LT-1 small block putting out and the 1971 454 big block having its last year of big power with . In 1972, GM moved to the SAE Net measurement for power (away from the previous SAE Gross standard), which resulted in lower values expressed in HP. Along with the move to unleaded fuel, emission controls, and catalytic converters, power continued to decline and bottomed out in 1975 — the base ZQ3 engine put out , and the optional L82 engine put out . Power remained fairly steady for the rest of the C3 generation, ending in 1982 with the L83 engine.
Styling changed subtly over the generation. Minor trim changes occurred through the 1972 model. In 1973, the Corvette dropped the front chrome bumpers for a urethane-compound "5 mph" bumper but kept the rear chrome bumpers. In 1974, the rear chrome bumpers became urethane as well, resulting in the first ever chrome-less production Corvette. 1976 was the last year in which the Stingray badge was used, and 1978 saw the introduction of a glass bubble rear window. In 1980, the Corvette got an integrated aerodynamic redesign that resulted in a significant reduction in drag. In 1982, an opening rear hatch was offered for the first time on the Corvette available on the collectors edition model only. A new engine featuring cross fire injection, a fuel injection carburator hybrid, was also introduced that year as the L83. It was the only engine available in 1982, and was not offered with a manual transmission.

C4

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C4


The highly anticipated fourth generation Corvette began production in March 1983 as a 1984 model. The 1983 model year was skipped due to production problems, although 44 prototype 1983 models were completed. All 44 1983 model year prototypes assembled were crushed except for one (the 23rd produced), which is displayed at the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The C4 was praised for its sleek styling and its groundbreaking aerodynamic design. The C4 coupe incorporated a rear glass hatch, like the 1982 Collector's Edition, for much improved cargo access. It also had all new brakes with aluminum calipers. The Corvette C4 came standard with an electronic dashboard with digital liquid crystal displays for the speedometer and tachometer. The C4 was a complete and total redesign except for its engine, and the emphasis was on handling. The C4 Corvette was proclaimed the best handling production car ever when it was released. This handling came with the penalty of a harsh, uncompromising ride.^[4]
From 1984 through 1988, the Corvette used an unusual "4+3" transmission — a 4-speed manual coupled to an automatic overdrive on the top three gears. It was designed to help the Corvette meet U.S. fuel economy standards. The transmission was problematic and was eventually replaced by a much more modern ZF 6-speed manual gearbox in 1989. This new transmission was also the first to feature Computer Aided Gear Selection (CAGS), which used a solenoid to lock out 2nd gear during certain driving conditions. This allowed the Corvette to maintain EPA fuel economy ratings high enough to avoid the "gas guzzler" tax.
Beginning in 1985, the 230 horsepower L98 engine with tuned port fuel injection was installed in most Corvettes, replacing the throttle body fuel injected powerplant. For the 1992 model year, the 300 horsepower LT1 engine was introduced, which significantly improved the performance of the base C4 cars. Also introduced in 1992 was Acceleration Slip Regulation (ASR), a form of traction control which utilized the Corvette's brakes, spark retard and throttle close-down to prevent excessive rear wheel spin, and possible loss of control. The traction control device could be switched off if desired. In 1996, the final year of C4 production, the LT4 V-8 was installed in all manual transmission equipped Corvettes; all 1996 Corvettes with automatic transmissions utilized the LT1. The C4's incredible handling characteristics and cornering ability allowed it to dominate SCCA events and races during the 1980s.

1984 Model Year

This first year model of the C4 carried over the L83 engine from the previous generation of Corvette. The L83 engine had a unique fuel delivery method, named "Crossfire", a dual-throttle-body injection system. The 1984 and 1985 were the only C4's to lack the third brake light (CHMSL, Center High Mounted Signal Light) which was required by federal law beginning in 1986.

B2K Callaway Twin-Turbo

In 1987, the factory B2K option became available from the factory. The price of this spectacular option package was almost equal to the Corvette's base price.
The Callaway Corvette was a Regular Production Option (RPO B2K), the only time in Chevrolet's history a specialist manufacturer was entrusted with a technically advanced high performance RPO. The B2K option was eventually replaced by the ZR1 option, though they coexisted from 1990-1991.
The early B2K's produced and 450 ft·lbf of torque.^[5]
The later B2K's produced and 613 ft·lbf of torque.^[6]
A derivative of the Twin Turbo Corvette, the Callaway SledgeHammer, recorded a speed of 254.76 mph on Ohio's Transportation Research Center track, although it did not achieve this speed in street-legal trim.

ZR-1

In 1986, the Corvette team approached Lotus, then a GM subsidiary, with the idea of developing an ultra-high performance vehicle based on the C4 Corvette. With input from GM, Lotus designed a new engine to replace the traditional pushrod L98 V-8 that powered the standard C4. The result was the ''LT5'', an aluminum-block V-8 with the same bore centers as the L98, but with four overhead camshafts and 32 valves. Lotus designed a unique air management system for the engine to provide a wider power band by shutting off 8 of the 16 intake runners and fuel injectors when the engine was at part-throttle, while still giving the ZR-1 a stellar 375 hp when at wide open throttle.
In addition to the engine, Lotus aided the development of the ZR-1's standard "FX3" active suspension system, helping to ensure that the vehicle had real capability on the race track.
Since the engine required precise hand assembly, and because neither the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky nor any of GM's normal engine production facilities could handle the workload, Mercury Marine corporation of Stillwater, Oklahoma was contracted to assemble the engines. Completed LT5's were shipped to the Corvette factory in Bowling Green, where the ZR-1s were assembled.
The vehicle went on sale in 1990 and was distinguishable from other Corvette coupes by its wider tail section, 11 inch wide rear wheels, new convex rear fascia with four square shaped taillights, and a third brake light mounted at the top of the rear glass.
The ZR-1 displayed stunning acceleration and handling capabilities, but it carried a price tag nearly double that of a standard Corvette: MSRP for the ZR-1 in 1990 was $58,995, and ballooned to $66,278 by 1995. Some dealers reportedly sold ZR-1's for as high as $100,000. Even at its base MSRP, the ZR-1 was in the same price range as Porsche's 964-generation 911, making it a tough sell for Chevrolet dealers.
In 1991, all Corvettes received updates to body work, interior, and wheels. The convex rear fascia that set the 1990 ZR-1 apart from the base model was now included on L98 Corvettes, making the styling of the expensive ZR-1 even closer to that of the base cars. The most obvious difference remaining between the base and ZR-1 models besides the wider rear wheels was the location of the CHMSL (center high mounted stop lamp), which was integrated into the new rear fascia used on the base model, but remained at the top of the rear-hatch on the ZR-1's.
Further changes were made in 1992: ZR-1 badges were displayed on both front fenders and traction control was added as a standard feature. In 1993, Lotus redesigned the cylinder heads and valvetrain of the LT5, resulting in a horsepower increase from 375 to 405. In addition, a new exhaust gas recirculation system improved emissions control. Production of the ZR-1 ended in 1995, after 6,939 cars had been built.
Although the ZR1 was extremely quick (0-60 mph in 4.6 seconds, and onto 180+ mph), the huge performance of the LT5 engine was matched by its robustness. As evidence of this, a stock ZR1 set a number of international and world records at a test track in Fort Stockton, Texas on March 1, 1990, which was verified by the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile), including:
7 New International Records for FIA Category A, Group 11, Class 10:

• 100 Miles @ 175.600 mph;
  
• 500 Miles @ 175.503 mph;
  
• 1000 Miles @ 174.428 mph;
  
• 5000 km @ 175.710 mph;
  
• 5000 Miles @ 173.791 mph;
  
• 12 Hours Endurance @ 175.523 mph;
  
• 24 Hours Endurance @ 175.885 mph for 4,221.256 Miles
  

3 World Records - Irrespective of category or class:

• 5000 km @ 175.710 mph;
  
• 5000 Miles @ 173.791 mph;
  
• 4,221.256 Miles @ 175.885 mph
  

Grand Sport

Chevrolet released the Grand Sport version in 1996 at the end of C4 Corvette production. The "Grand Sport" moniker was a nod to the original Grand Sport model produced in 1963. A total of 1,000 Grand Sports were produced. The 810 coupes and 190 convertibles were produced with a special VIN sequence to differentiate them from the other 1996 C4 models. The 1996 Grand Sport was equipped with the LT4 engine, which produced and of torque. All LT4-powered Corvettes included a Grand Sport nameplate on the engine's throttle body. The Grand Sport came only in Admiral Blue with a white center stripe, distinctive black five spoke wheels, and two red hash marks on the hood above the left front wheel. Interior colors were black and red only. A hardtop option was not available with Grand Sport convertibles.

C5

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C5



Production of the C5 Corvette began in 1997 and ended with the 2004 model year. The C5 was a radical change from the long-running C4. The car now had a denture holders, the transmission was moved to the rear of the car to form an integrated rear-mounted transaxle assembly and was connected to the engine via a axle tube. Gone were most of the squeaks and rattles of the C4. The new C5 was judged by the enthusiast automotive press as improved in nearly every area over the previous Corvette design.
Also introduced with the C5 was GM's new LS1 small block. This third-generation small block was a completely new design, including a distributorless ignition and a new cylinder firing order. It was initially rated at 345 horsepower and 350 ft·lbf torque, but was increased to 350 horsepower in 2001.
For its first year, the C5 was available only as a coupe, even though the new platform was designed from the ground up to be a convertible. The convertible returned to the lineup in 1998, followed by the predecessor to the Z06, the fixed-roof coupe (FRC), in 1999.
The Corvette's 50th Anniversary was celebrated June 20-21, 2003, in Nashville, Tennessee. The venue provided a bonanza of flawlessly restored Corvettes, a chronological display set up by the National Corvette Museum with every model year of the Corvette along with engineering and restoration seminars. The anniversary also brought some Chevrolet Concept Vehicles into focus including the approved-for-production Chevrolet SSR. Also on hand were several Corvette race cars, including the Corvette SS built by Zora Arkus-Duntov and the C5-R that won its class at Le Mans. Among the many displays were examples of the 2003 50th Anniversary Edition as well as a few 2004 "Commemorative Edition" Corvettes.
Recently, the factory has expanded to build the Cadillac XLR roadster, which shares its platform with the sixth-generation Corvette. Bowling Green is also home to the Corvette Museum, which celebrates this American automotive icon by displaying in chronological order the various regular production models as well as some unique one-off versions created by Chevrolet. Bowling Green is also the home of the National Corvette Homecoming, a large annual gathering of Corvettes and their owners.
The building in Flint in which the first cars were assembled was spun off with GM's Delphi Electronics division and later donated to GMI/Kettering University in the late 1990s. The building has since been remodeled and is now the C.S. Mott Engineering and Science Center, housing the Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry programs. In the garage housing the school's Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) club is a plaque commemorating it as the place where the first Corvette was built.

C5 Z06

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06

A successor to the FRC C5 made its debut in 2001 as the Z06, a nod to the high performance Z06 version of the C2 Corvette of the 1960s. The Z06 models replace the FRC hardtop (1999-2000) models as the highest performance C5 Corvette. Instead of a heavier double-overhead cam engine like the ZR-1, the Z06 used an LS6, a high-output version of the standard LS1 Corvette engine producing 385 hp (287 kW). Although the Z06's total power output was less than that of the last ZR-1's, the Z06 was lighter and therefore quicker than the ZR-1. Despite these specifications, the ZR-1 still had a higher top speed, thus maintaining its "King of the Hill" status.
As with the ZR-1, Chevrolet found that added power output did the Z06 little good without platform modifications to bring the rest of the car up to par. A hardtop body, upgraded suspension, larger wheels and tires, a new six-speed manual transmission, along with improved gearing and functional brake cooling ducts, all became part of the total package. The Z06 is 38 lb (17.3 kg) lighter than the previous hardtop C5 thanks to a titanium exhaust (from the catalytic converter back), thinner glass, lighter wheels, and a lighter battery. From 2002 onward, the Z06 produced 405 hp (302 kW) thanks to minor engine modifications including a more aggressive camshaft profile, lightweight sodium filled exhaust valves, stiffer valve springs, and deletion of the precats. Many dynamometer test have proven that Chevrolet underrated the engine by 20 hp giving it a total of 425 hp.^[7]
The 2002 Z06 also received revised rear shock valving and steel links to replace plastic ones of the 2001 model. An Electron blue color replaced Speedway white. The HUD became standard, and the previous forged wheels were replaced by lighter spun cast ones. The fender Z06 badges bear "405 hp" on them. The 2003 models received special silver 50th anniversary badges and revised headliner. Later 2003 models received a more durable steel shift fork instead of aluminum.
GM claimed that 405 hp versions of the Z06 could make the 0-60 run in 3.9 seconds and through the quarter mile in 12.4 seconds. In the hands of experienced drivers the 2002-2004 Z06 has made 11 second passes.^[8] The current quarter mile record is 11.7. The car's top speed of 176 mph (283 km/h) was achieved in 5th gear at 6,500 rpm (redline), as 6th gear was an overdrive/economy gear. It proved to be a well rounded track vehicle as well, with the ability to do more than simply accelerate. Thanks in part to its upgraded suspension system, the Z06 is capable of holding its own against contemporary versions of the Dodge Viper, Ford Mustang Cobra R, and even the Porsche 911 around a road track.
The 2004 Z06 Commemorative Edition came with a carbon fiber hood which saved some weight and also received polished aluminum wheels. In addition it was equipped with a Nürburgring-tested suspension tuning to improve handling, along with an exclusive Le Mans blue color.

C5-R

The C5-R racer was built by Pratt and Miller for GM Racing. It was based on the C5 road car but had a longer wheelbase, a wider track, an enlarged 7000 cc V8, and different bodywork with exposed headlamps. It took part in the American Le Mans Series in the GTS Class and competed in four 24 Hours of Le Mans races.

★ '2001' The car's debut racing season produced eight victories in ten races, including an overall win in the 24 Hours of Daytona and a 1-2 finish in the GTS class at Le Mans.

★ '2002' In 2002 the C5-R repeated its 1-2 victory in the GTS class at Le Mans and also dominated the GTS class in the American Le Mans Series. A new transaxle unit replaced the previous year's separate transmission and differential. Corvette faced stiff competition from the new Prodrive-built Ferrari 550, which led many laps at Le Mans, but the Ferraris suffered problems late in the race, resulting in another Corvette GTS class victory.

★ '2003' In 2003, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest placed additional restrictions on all 24 Hours of Le Mans competitors, reducing power by 10% in an attempt to slow the cars. At the 2003 season-opening 12 Hours of Sebring, the C5-Rs remained in winning form, with one of them finishing first in class and eighth overall. Also in 2003 a special red, white, and blue color scheme was introduced to celebrate the Corvette's 50th anniversary. At Le Mans the Prodrive Ferraris spoiled the anniversary and GM's effort for a three-peat in the GTS class.

★ '2004' The C5-R was again victorious in the GTS class at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. One of the Prodrive Ferraris led most of the race. About halfway into the event, both Prodrive cars suffered mechanical problems, causing them to pit and lose laps. The Corvettes went on to finish 1-2 in their class.

★ '2005' In the FIA GT Championship, the GLPK-Carsport team won races at Imola, Italy and Zhuhai, China, and finished on the podium on several occasions. In the ALMS, Pacific Coast Motorsports scored several podium finishes behind the new factory C6-R cars. SRT fielded a C5-R in the Belcar series in Belgium, and PSI Experience did the same in the FFSA GT Championship in France.

★ '2006' The C5-R returned to Le Mans for the first time as a non-factory entry, run by Le Mans regular Luc Alphand. It finished 3rd in the GT1 class behind the C6.R and Prodrive Aston Martin. C5-Rs were run in Belcar and FFSA GT once more.

★ '2007' GLPK-Carsport and SRT run C5-Rs in FIA GT, while Luc Alphand runs a Corvette for the Le Mans Series and 24 Hours of Le Mans.

C6

:Main articles: Chevrolet Corvette C6


The new C6 gets an overhaul of the suspension geometry, all new bodywork with exposed headlamps (for the first time since 1962), a larger passenger compartment, a larger 6.0 L engine, and a higher level of refinement. Overall, it is 5.1 in (13 cm) shorter than the C5, but its wheelbase has increased by 1.2 in (3 cm). It is also one inch (2.5 cm) narrower, making for a smaller, sportier Corvette. The reduced dimensions came in response to criticism that the C5 Corvette looked too wide—the new body is supposed to give the impression of a much sleeker, faster car. Chevrolet hopes the new design will attract buyers of comparable European sports cars like the Porsche 911, but some purists dislike the new styling. The new 6.0 L LS2 V8 produces 400 hp (298 kW) at 6000 rpm and 400 ft·lbf (542 N·m) of torque at 4400 rpm. Its redline is increased to 6500 rpm like the C5 Z06.
The C6 retains its relatively good fuel economy, in part by upshifting to higher gears as soon as possible and in part due to its relatively low drag coefficient and low weight. Equipped with an automatic transmission, the C6 achieves 18/27 mpg (city/highway), and the manual transmission version is slightly better at 18/28. However, some prospective Corvette buyers are surprised to find that the C6's manual transmission is fitted with Computer Aided Gear Selection (CAGS), which has been included in all manual transmission Corvettes since 1989. CAGS requires the driver to shift from 1st directly to 4th when operating at lower RPMs by using a solenoid to block out 2nd gear. While this boosts the EPA's derived fuel economy, thus allowing the buyer to avoid paying the "gas guzzler" tax, it is an open secret that more than a few C6 owners with manual transmissions simply have a $20 aftermarket part (CAGS eliminator) fitted to their vehicle to re-enable a normal 1-2-3-4-5-6 sequence at any engine speed.
For 2008, the Corvette receives a mild freshening - the heart of which is the new engine, the LS3. With displacement increased to 6.2 liters, power is increased to and of torque. The manual transmission also has improved shift linkage, while the automatic is set up for quicker shifts giving the C6 Automatic a 0-60 time of 4.3 seconds, faster then any other production automatic Corvette. The wheels were also updated to a new five-spoke design.^[9]

C6 Z06

The new Z06 arrived as a 2006 model in the third quarter of 2005. It has a 7.0 L (7,008 cc/427.6 in³) version of the small block engine codenamed ''LS7''. Officially certified output is . Dave Hill, the chief engineer for the C6 Corvette, says that it is a much further departure from the standard Corvettes and more like the C6-R that GM is building for the American Le Mans Series. Its performance is similar to the Ford GT and the Dodge Viper SRT-10. Official performance figures indicate that the Z06 can reach 60 mph in just 3.7 seconds from a standing start in first gear. In the summer of 2005, GM and Corvette Racing driver Jan Magnussen brought the new Z06 to the Nürburgring in Germany. Magnussen drove the Z06 to a time of 7:42.99; few production cars have posted faster times. In their March 2007 comparison, Car and Driver selected the Corvette Z06 as the winner of their three-way comparison test of performance cars, with the Porsche 911 GT3 finishing second and the Lotus Exige S third.[4] The Z06 also posted better performance figures than the other two cars, with a 0-60 mph time of 3.6 seconds and a quarter mile time of 11.8 seconds at 122 mph.[5]
In addition to the larger engine, the C6 Z06 has a dry sump oiling system, ensuring proper engine lubrication during periods of high (lateral) acceleration and allowing the engine to be mounted low inside the chassis. Connecting rods made out of titanium further lighten the reciprocating mass of the engine while being stronger than the steel rods they replace. Altogether, the Z06 model not only produces more power, it revs higher than any other Chevrolet LS-motor.
In a radical departure from anything Chevrolet has ever done before, the primary structural element of the C6 Z06 is aluminum instead of steel as on the non-Z06 cars. The hydroformed aluminum frame remains dimensionally identical to its steel brethren but is significantly lighter. The front fenders are made of carbon fiber by Plasan USA to reduce weight, while wider rear fenders allow for the wider tires necessary to deal with the engine's increased power. The Z06 officially weighs 3132 lb (1421 kg), giving it a power to weight ratio of 6.2 lb/hp (3.8 kg/kW or 361 bhp per tonne). The C6 Corvette Z06 is the first 500+ hp production car to avoid the US government Gas Guzzler tax.
On October 31, 2005, the application of magnesium AE44 alloy in the engine cradle (the world's first magnesium chassis component) was bestowed an Honorable Mention in the Automotive News PACE™ (Premier Automotive Suppliers' Contributions to Excellence) Awards competition. This is the first award granted to the C6 Z06 Corvette. The suppliers receiving the award were Norsk Hydro Magnesium and Meridian Technologies, Inc.
Taken as a whole, the C6 Z06 is more similar to its race-going variant, the C6-R, than the C5 Z06 was to the C5-R. The number of production automobiles from all marques across the globe featuring more than 500 hp (370 kW) is small indeed. With an official list price of US$70,000 per unit, it will likely be the only such vehicle in existence with a price tag under US$85,000. Proof that the car was priced aggressively, dealers in the United States have successfully marked the Z06 up to anywhere from $80,000 to $100,000, due to strong sales and low inventories [in 2006].
The Z06 was the official pace car for both the 2006 Daytona 500 and the Indianapolis 500 race. The special Pace Car edition Z06 was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January. It was also awarded to St. Louis Cardinals shortstop David Eckstein as his prize for being the 2006 World Series MVP, although Eckstein does not know how to drive a stick. The 2007 Z06 was also one of Automobile Magazine's ''"Automobile All-Stars"'' for 2007.^[10]
The Z06 ($69K) is known by enthusiasts as "The Supercar Killer"^[11], a term often used on any relatively inexpensive but very fast sportscar, due to its ability to keep up with many Italian exotics like the Ferrari F430 (Price $168K-$227K) and the Lamborghini Gallardo (Price $175K-$195K) that cost two to three times as much.
2007 Z06 had minor changes including retuning of the suspension after some magazine test drivers announced the suspension did not perform up to their original estimates. Chevrolet announced the models were pre released, and for 2007 they would retune the damping. In more recent tests the Corvette has shown improved driveability and track manners.
2008 Z06 received the new TR6060 six speed manual transmission which replaces the T-56.

ZR1

The Corvette variant, now officially know as the ZR1 was first reported by several print and online publications who were speculating that Chevrolet was developing a high performance production version of the Corvette and are internally calling it ''blue devil'' (GM CEO Rick Wagoner's alma mater is Duke University) . The production version is expected to debut at the 2008 North American International Auto Show and be available as a 2009 model. The car was originally rumored to feature a supercharged "LS9" engine producing more than with prices reported to exceed $100,000 USD.^[12]
The October 12, 2006 issue of ''AutoWeek'' published photos by photographer Chris Doane of a C6 with special auto-manufacturer-issued license plates on a Z06 with a hood bulge, widely thought to confirm the presence of a supercharger on the "Blue Devil," now being referred to as the "Corvette SS."^[13] In November 2006, ''Motor Trend'', ''Autoweek'', and several other online publications showed photos of a C6 with a larger hood bulge that turned out to be an elaborate hoax by online publisher, ''Winding Road''.^[14]
In February 2007, a worker at a Michigan shipping company posted on the internet pictures of a Corvette Blue Devil powertrain development mule that was being shipped to Germany. The car had manufacturer's license plates, carbon-ceramic brakes, enlarged fender vents, a hood bulge, and, most notably, an engine with a positive-displacement supercharger in the valley between the cylinder banks and a water-to-air intercooler atop it. The photographer was fired and may face civil or criminal legal action, pending a GM investigation.
On April 13, 2007, GM did finally confirm the existence of the ''Blue Devil'' project, in an interview with ''Car and Driver''. Power levels were confirmed to be between 600 and 700 horsepower (447 to 521 kW), but contrary to prior rumors of a supercharged 6.2 liter engine, the engine was only confirmed to have greater displacement than the 7.0 liter LS7 in the Z06.^[15] ''Motor Trend'' recently published an article stating the super Corvette car will likely be labeled the Z07, and will be released in late 2008 for the last year of the C6 body style.^[16]
Recently, ''Motor Trend'' has now confirmed that the Blue Devil will resurrect the old ZR1 nameplate (without the dash as used in the 1990 "ZR-1", but similar to the original 8 "ZR1s" developed in 1971)^[17].

C6.R

The C6.R was unveiled for its first race at the 2005 12 Hours of Sebring endurance race of the American Le Mans Series. It came in second and third, just behind the new Aston Martin DBR9 racecar. It was put on display a week later at the New York International Auto Show next to the Z06.
Later, in the 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans, it made up for Sebring by placing first and second in the GT1 car class after a lengthy duel with the Aston Martin team's DBR9 racers by finishing 5th and 6th overall, a considerably high finish for a GT1 class car given the extraordinary performance of the Le Mans Prototypes cars (LMP1 and LMP2).
Corvette C6.R went on to win its class at every race it entered in the 2005 ALMS season. It defeated the Aston Martins again at Road Atlanta and at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. Olivier Beretta and Oliver Gavin took home the drivers championships.
In 2006 Corvette C6.R won both American Le Mans GT1 Championships: Teams and Manufacturers. On March 17, 2007 it won the GT1 class in the 12 Hours of Sebring.
For Le Mans 2007, there were four C6.R's on the entry list, as the two Corvette Racing entries will be joined by single entries from the Luc Alphand Aventures and PSI-Motorsport teams. However, the Corvettes could not equate their increased numbers into a GT1 class win, as Corvette Racing finished second in class, one lap behind the class-winning DBR9 entered by Aston Martin Racing.
The heart of the C6.R, its LS7.R motor, was crowned "Global Motorsport Engine of the Year" by a jury of 50 race engine engineers on the Professional Motorsport World Expo 2006 in Cologne, Germany . Considering the relative simplicity of the motor compared to offerings from other manufacturers (including Aston Martin's state-of-the-art V12 engine in it's DBR9), this was significant.
The Carsport Holland Corvette C6.R won the 2007 Spa 24 Hours, beating a field of Aston Martins, Maseratis and Lamborghinis in the GT1 class.

Z06-R

Entered in the FIA-GT series as a GT3 class car, the Z06-R is a modified production Z06. The 6 cars were constructed by Callaway Competition in Leingarten, Germany. Changes were necessary to make the car endurance-race ready. These include a stripped interior, full rollcage, center-locking wheels, as well as carbon fiber doors, fenders, rear deck spoiler, and front splitter. The engine and drivetrain are stock, but the former is mapped for 98 octane race fuel. The result is a 7200 rpm redline, 200 higher than stock and 10 extra hp. The massive power output of the 7.0 L engine, coupled with the production car's proven roadholding, calls into question whether or not the FIA will place restrictions on the car. The Z06-R is not road legal.

C7

According to several issues of Motor Trend magazine, a C7 Corvette will debut in the 2010 calendar year.

Oldest surviving unit

The oldest surviving production Corvette^[18] is serial number E53F001003. This historic, one-time GM "test mule" is the third 1953 Corvette to ever come off the Flint assembly line and is known as "double-o-three" to Corvette enthusiasts. It was sold at a Barrett-Jackson auction on January 21, 2006 in Scottsdale, AZ, for US$1,000,000.
However, the oldest Corvette in existence is believed to be the EX-122, a pre-production prototype that was hand built and first shown to the public at the 1953 GM Motorama at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City on January 17, 1953.^[19] That car can now be seen at the Atlantic City Showroom and Museum of Kerbeck Corvette.
Another noteworthy 1953 Corvette belonged to actor John Wayne. Vin #51 was delivered to Wayne on October 7, 1953.^[20]

Awards

The Corvette was ''Motor Trend'' magazine's Car of the Year for 1984 and 1998. It has also been on ''Car and Driver'' magazine's annual Ten Best list eleven times: the C4 from 1985 through 1989 and the C5 in 1998, 1999, and 2002 through 2005. The new C6 was also named to that list and was nominated for the ''North American Car of the Year'' award for 2005. The C6 Z06 was named "Most Coveted Vehicle" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year contest.
''Automobile Magazine'' called the Sting Ray the "coolest car in history", and ''Sports Car International'' placed it at number 5 on their list of the Top Sports Cars of the 1960s.
The 1999 Corvette Convertible, along with the Mercedes-Benz S500, were named ''Best Engineered Car of the 20th Century'' by the Society of Automotive Engineers publication Automotive Engineering International.^[21]
A Corvette has been selected as the pace car at the Indianapolis 500 nine times: 1978, 1986, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007.
See also the John Lingenfelter Memorial Trophy.

Corvette as marque

With the move toward rebadging Daewoo cars as budget-priced Chevrolets in Europe, Corvette became a marque in its own right in 2005. The brand is sold separately from Korean-built Chevrolets, usually by dealers with the premium Cadillac range. Corvette is also marketed as a separate marque in Japan. The rumor that Corvette would become its own brand has been circulating since the late 1980s.

Corvette in popular culture

The Corvette image or logo can be found on or in a very wide variety of items, ranging from clothing to toys, and from games to movies and television shows.
Chevrolet launched an advertising campaign in the 1990s pronouncing the claim that the Corvette and Chevrolet is as American as apple pie and hot dogs. C4 Corvettes were branded with a hidden picture of an apple pie, a bow-tie, and a hot dog. This picture is hidden beneath the rear cargo carpet.
Another example is the movie Corvette Summer, released in 1978 and starring Mark Hamill and Annie Potts. Ken (Mark Hamill) is a high school student who dreams of driving Corvettes. His passion leads him to a perfect job as a Corvette mechanic, but he is soon embroiled in his boss's dirty dealings. The movie premiered in Maumee, Ohio and was ushered in by the world's longest Corvette parade, ending at T. Michaelis Corvette Supplies, Inc. The Corvette from the movie resides in Effingham, Illinois at Mid America Motorworks.

Corvette Sedan

In May 2007, Bob Lutz stated he is not at all opposed to the idea of a Corvette sedan. This would follow in the footsteps of the Porsche Panamera and Aston Martin Rapide.^[22]

Corvette Distinguishing Features

Corvette has several key features that make it instantly recognizable.
The first is the double-flag oval, which has been around (with some changes) from the beginning. The checkered flag is a lasting tribute to the race-inspired design and lineage, while the Chevrolet logo was likely added as a replacement for the original proposal, an American flag.
The second is the four rounded taillights. Introduced in 1961 towards the end of the C1 era, these have also gone through some revisions; they are usually perfect circles, but ovals - and even rounded rectangles - have found their way onto the rear of the car. During the C2 era, some new car dealers added an extra set of tail lights (to make 6) before they were sold to the general public. This made a lot of people think that it was a standard option. During the C4 era the tail lights were changed to a rounded rectangle and starting in 1997 with the introduction of the C5, the tail lights became oval
Another element that almost achieved trademark status with the 1963 C2 was the flip-up-flip-down headlight housing. These were removed in the 2005 C6 redesign, amid mixed responses. This was done to improve the performance of the car - it led to a lighter, simpler front end, and also significantly improved the car's aerodynamics.

See also

★ Chevrolet Corvette CERV

★ Corvette Mako Shark (Concept car)

★ Corvette Stingray (Concept car)

★ Chevrolet Aerovette

★ Chevrolet Corvette GTP

★ Head-Up Display

References

1. Frank Oleski (1993). ''World Sports Cars''. ISBN 3-927258-19-9
2. New York Times article on Corvette C6[1]
3. Z06 Spec/Info - 1963 Model
4. http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/images/corvette_design.pdf
5. 1987 Twin Turbo Callaway Corvette
6. 1990 Twin Turbo Callaway Corvette
7. Supercar Killer Chevy's '04 Z06 does 11s bone stock--and so much more[2]
8. Supercar Killer Chevy's '04 Z06 does 11s bone stock--and so much more[3]
9. http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Drives/FirstDrives/articleId=120575
10. Automobile All-Stars 2007, , Don, Sherman, Automobile Magazine, 2007
11. http://www.gmhightechperformance.com/features/0410htp_2004_z06_corvette_feature/
12. Is Blue Devil Alive? Chevy Performance Might Be Heating Up article from AutoWeek
13. Auto Week prototype Blue Devil photos
14. Faked Blue Devil prototype article by AutoBlog
15. 2009 Corvette Blue Devil confirmed and in final tuning phase - Daily Auto Insider article by Car and Driver
16. Z07 coming in late 2008 article by Motor Trend
17. Corvette Blue Devil (finally) gets a name - ZR1
18. World's Oldest Corvette
19. World's Oldest Corvette
20. John Wayne's 1953 Corvette #51
21. http://www.sae.org/automag/bestcar/10.htm
22. Kranz, Rick. "Why not build a 4-door Corvette?" ''Automotive News, 14 May 2007''.


★ Mueller, Mike. ''Corvette Milestones''. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Co., 1996. ISBN 0-7603-0095-X.

★ Nichols, Richard. ''Corvette: 1953 to the Present''. London: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-86124-218-1.

External links

★ Chevrolet Corvette — Official site

★ Corvette Europe

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