CHILD ACTOR

The term 'child actor' is generally applied to a child acting in motion pictures or television, but also to an adult who began his or her acting career as a child; to avoid confusion the latter is also called a former child actor. Closely associated is 'teenage actor', an actor who reached popularity as a teenager.
In some countries child actors in the performing arts (television, film or stage) are prohibited from doing certain things. In these countries, a child actor may not:
# risk his or her physical well being (no dangerous stunts)
# be exposed to morally compromising situations
# be nude or partially nude
# engage in overt sexual acts
Compulsory education laws mandate that the education of child actor not be disrupted while the child is working. Whether a child actor is enrolled in public school, private school, or home school, the child does schoolwork under the supervision of a set teacher while on the set.
Finally, the hours a child actor may work are limited. Generally, stricter time limits are imposed for younger actors. A very young infant might be allowed "under the lights" only a few minutes a day. It is common in television production for the role of a young child to be portrayed by identical twins to reduce each child's time on set. When a child turns 18, the legal limits on work time are lifted.

Contents

Regulation of child actors

Issues involving child actors

Ownership of earnings

Competitive pressure

Inappropriate behavior

Troubled adulthood?

Listings of child actors and singers

References

External links

Regulation of child actors

The activities of child actors are regulated by the governing labor union, if any, and state and federal laws. Being a minor, a child actor must secure a 'work permit' before accepting any paid performing work.
Limitations imposed by laws are not uniform across the states or beyond national boundaries. Longer work hours or risky stunts, prohibited in California, for example, might be permitted to a project filming in British Columbia. Some projects film in remote locations specifically to evade regulations intended to protect the child.

Issues involving child actors

Ownership of earnings

Using children in motion pictures has been criticized as exploitation, particularly since some prominent child actors never got to see the money they earned. Jackie Coogan became a millionaire while still a child but almost all of his money was used by his parents.
Some have defended this saying that the child directly benefited from the lifestyle the earnings made possible or that the child would not have achieved stardom without a significant investment of time and effort by the parents. Others argue that it is unfair for the child to have to support the family when the parents are capable, as this tends to invert the parent child relationship.
In 1939, California weighed in on this controversy by enacting the original Coogan Law, amended at various times since, which requires a portion of the earnings of a child actor to be preserved in a special savings account called a blocked trust.

Competitive pressure

Some people also criticize the parents of child actors for allowing their children to work, believing that more “normal” activities should be the staple during the childhood years. Others observe that competition is present in all areas of a child’s life—from sports to student newspaper to orchestra and band—and believe that the work ethic instilled, or the talent developed accrues to the child’s benefit.
The child actor may experience unique and negative pressures when working under tight production schedules. Large projects which depend for their success on the ability of the child to deliver an effective performance add to the pressure.

Inappropriate behavior

In the United States, despite the ban of nudity involving juvenile performers that exists in other countries, child actresses have appeared nude in several motion pictures. One example is when Olivia Hussey filmed a sex scene with Leonard Whiting in Romeo and Juliet. She was 15 at the time, and she showed her breasts for a split second in that scene. Another example is when Brooke Shields (or a body double of comparable age) appeared nude in ''Pretty Baby'' (1978), a film in which the 12-year-old actress plays a prostitute over whom a much older photographer becomes obsessed. Two years later, Shields appeared partially nude alongside child actor Christopher Atkins, with whom, as a castaway from a shipwreck, she set up housekeeping, in ''Blue Lagoon'' (1980). A then-barely 17-year-old Thora Birch showed her breasts in the film ''American Beauty'' (1999), under the aegis of her parents and legal representatives ensuring that the particular scene had artistic integrity. 13 year old Jennifer Connelly appeared nude in Sergio Leone's gangster epic ''Once Upon a Time in America''.
However, some studios have taken measures to protect child actors from exposure to inappropriate behavior. For example, ''The Guardian'' reported that "Child stars will be protected from nudity, swearing, smoking and drinking under a groundbreaking new policy that places the welfare, safety and education of performing children at the forefront of Disney's productions" (September 24, 2004).

Troubled adulthood?

Many child actors have had successful careers into adulthood including Christina Ricci, Drew Barrymore, Ron Howard, Kim Fields, Roddy McDowall, Tommy Rettig, Scott Baio, Tisha Campbell, Shelley Fabares, Mildred Harris, Bill Mumy, Angela Cartwright, Elijah Wood, Leonardo DiCaprio, Alyssa Milano, Tichina Arnold, Jodie Foster, Kurt Russell, Van Dyke Parks, Anna Paquin, Dean Stockwell, Mickey Rooney, Melissa Gilbert, Mickey Dolenz, Jerry Mathers, Tony Dow, Keith Coogan, Elinor Donahue, Danny Bonaduce, Matt Dillon, Christian Bale, Raven Symone, Susan Olsen, Maureen McCormick, Tempestt Bledsoe, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Sarah Jessica Parker, Neil Patrick Harris, Sean Astin, Kirsten Dunst, Emmanuel Lewis, Gary Coleman, Dick Van Patten and Jackie Coogan. Others transition to non-acting careers. Peter Ostrum, for example, is now a successful large-animal veterinarian after a starring role in ''Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory''. Most notably, Shirley Temple became a successful public figure and diplomat, eventually becoming U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and then United States Department of State Chief of Protocol under the Nixon Administration, Brandon Cruz is a successful punk rocker, after a co-starring role in ''The Courtship of Eddie's Father'', and Kirk Cameron is a successful minister, after a co-starring role in ''Growing Pains''.
Tragic and well publicized examples certainly exist where a child actor falls into self-destructive behavior. However, it has not been demonstrated that this hazard occurs more frequently in child actors than in the general population. One study by Lisa Rapport, Ph.D. concluded that "the present findings also indicate that the environment of the entertainment industry is not necessarily toxic to normal development. Instead, the results support the well-established theory that good parenting serves as a buffer for life stress."^[1]

Listings of child actors and singers

★ List of child actors

★ List of former child actors

★ Child singer

References

1. Lisa Rapport, Ph.D. ''The Relationships Between Professional Experience, Parenting History, and Adult Adjustment'', Wayne State University

External links

★ A Minor Consideration - a non-profit organization created by former child actor Paul Peterson, in order to support and educate young performers and their families

★ BizParentz - a non-profit organization founded by Anne Henry and Paula Dorn, parents of child actors, exists to educate and encourage actors and their families.

★ The Young Hollywood Hall of Fame - a website honoring hundreds of child actors